Haiti2005 INVESTMENT CLIMATE STATEMENT -- HAITI
Openness to Foreign Investment
Haiti's openness to foreign investment is codified in its laws. Government officials at the highest level have affirmed the Government of Haiti’s interest in attracting foreign investment. Haiti does not have economic or industrial strategies with discriminatory effects on foreign investors. Import and export policies are non-discriminatory and are not based upon nationality. The interim government of Haiti, installed in March 2004 following President Jean Bertrand Aristide’s resignation and departure, has taken initiatives in economic and monetary policies as well as governance and transparency to pave the way for new investments. Such actions include reducing interest rates to facilitate access to credit, the implementation of a trade facilitation unit, and an effort to enhance the dialogue between the public and private sectors. However, the continuing climate of insecurity has lessened the impact of the Interim Government of Haiti’s initiatives. As a result, the government’s commitment to modernize commercial laws, investment, banking, and tax codes has not produced results. Still, there is no significant public opposition to foreign investment in Haiti. Most Haitians welcome foreign investment because it means new jobs in difficult economic times.
In November 2002, the Haitian Parliament passed an investment law prohibiting fiscal and legal discrimination against foreign investors. The 2002 law explicitly acknowledges the crucial role of foreign investment in assuring economic growth and aims to facilitate, liberalize, and stimulate private investment in Haiti by offering benefits to enterprises in agriculture, craft making, tourism and other "special" sectors. New enterprises in these sectors may benefit from license exemptions as well as customs and tariff advantages depending on their physical location and the market for which they produce. Haitian lawmakers drafted the law in an effort to create competitiveness and employment, increase national production, reduce the deficit, and form a national work force in sectors supported by the law. Since the passage of the law, foreign and Haitian investors are afforded equal rights and protections provided that foreign investors are legal residents and pay the appropriate taxes and fees.
Some investments, however, still require special government authorization. Investments in electricity, water and telecommunications require both government concession and approval. Additionally, investments in the public health sector must first receive authorization from the Ministry of Public Health and Population. Finally, broadly speaking, natural resources are considered to be the property of the state. As a result, prospecting, exploring and exploiting mineral and energy resources requires concessions and permits from the Office of Mining and Energy.
Haiti has also made several commitments to the World Trade Organization with respect to the financial services sector. These include allowing foreign participation in financial services, retail, commercial and investment banking, as well as in consulting and auxiliary services in each of these areas. As a result, the Haitian banking system is open to the entry and operation of foreign banks. At present, there are two foreign banks operating in Haiti: Citibank of the United States and Scotiabank of Canada.
Since the legal end to discriminatory practices against foreign investors, the Interim Government of Haiti has implemented an Inter-ministerial Investment Commission (CII), comprised of representatives from the Ministries of Tourism, Economy and Finances, and Commerce and Industry. The CII monitors the eligibility of investors for license exemptions as well as customs and tariff advantages. In addition, the CII verifies compliance with the present code and establishes agencies or other entities to help facilitate foreign investment. All business sales, transfers, mergers and partnerships that fall under the 2002 law must be authorized by the CII. The CII also manages the process of fining and sanctioning enterprises that fail to abide by the 2002 law.
In addition, the Ministry of Commerce drafted legislation to establish an "Office de Facilitation" or a "one-stop” investment promotional office to help potential investors and streamline the bureaucratic process. However, the “Office de Facilitation” only exists on paper; its doors have not yet opened. Still, ministerial interest in creating an office to facilitate foreign investment continues. Recently, with the financial support of USAID, the Ministry of Commerce contracted with a consulting firm to articulate the final format of the office. It is expected that the “Office de Facilitation” will open in 2005. In the interim, a small group of officials in the Ministry of Commerce is available to act as the intermediary between investors and the Government of Haiti to facilitate the investment process.
In October 1996, the Government of Haiti established legislation on the modernization of public enterprises, which allows foreign investors to participate in the management and/or ownership of Haitian state-owned enterprises. A modernization commission (CMEP) was established in 1996 to choose among management contract, concession (long-term lease) or capitalization for each of the companies to be privatized. The CMEP was also tasked with determining, in the case of capitalization, the percentage of an enterprise to be retained by the government of Haiti (between 20 percent and 49 percent).
Since 1996, in conjunction with Unifinance, an arm of Haiti's second largest banking group, two Haitian state owned enterprises have been privatized. First in 1998, two U.S. companies, Seaboard and Continental Grain, purchased 70 percent of the state-owned flourmill. Currently, each partner owns 23.33 percent of the re-christened "Moulins d'Haiti." In 1999, a consortium of Colombian, Swiss and Haitian investors purchased a majority stake in the national cement factory.
However, since the privatization of the cement factory, privatization has stalled and appears to have been put on hold indefinitely. None of the major infrastructure-related enterprises (the airport, seaport, telephone company, or electric company) have been privatized. The privatization of two state-held banks as well as an essential oil plant is also unlikely in the near future. However, several private banks have expressed interest in merging with the state-owned banks when the economy improves. Although these entities were supposed to have been privatized by 2002, persistent political crises, strong opposition from the then-Aristide administration, which was inclined to use the enterprises to fund political activities, and a general lack of political will have stalled the process.
Some opposition to the privatization of state enterprises continues. Some elements of the Lavalas party, the party of former president Aristide, are still against privatization. Employees' unions have also expressed dismay at possible workforce reductions that privatization might entail.
Conversion and Transfer Policies
There are no restrictions or controls on foreign payments or other fund transfer transactions and little to indicate that this policy might change.
Foreign exchange is freely and readily available. Banks and exchange houses are free to set their own exchange rates. In general, the spread between buying and selling rates varies by less than five percent. The central bank publishes a daily reference rate that is a weighted average of exchange rates offered by the formal and informal exchange markets.
Expropriation and Compensation
The 1987 Constitution allows expropriation only for public use or land reform, and requires an advance payment of just compensation as determined by an expert. If the initial project for which the expropriation occurred is abandoned, the constitution stipulates that the expropriation will be annulled and the property restored to the original owner. The constitution prohibits nationalization and confiscation of real and personal property for political purposes.
Over the last 25 years, there have been a number of property disputes involving U.S. citizens. A majority of these disputes are among private individuals and are not instances of expropriation. However, the Embassy has been engaged in nine possible expropriations cases or property disputes involving property owned by U.S. citizens or corporations. There have been 3 new cases since July 2002.
The Haitian government maintains an office charged with implementing expropriations of private agricultural properties with proper compensation, which was responsible for the creation of a free trade zone near Ouanaminthe. The agrarian reform project has been controversial among Haitian and U.S. property owners alike. The Embassy has received several complaints from individuals who claim that they have not been compensated for the expropriation of their property. These cases are complicated by the unreliability of land records, surveys and titles in Haiti.
Dispute Settlement
There are several ongoing private disputes between U.S. and Haitian entities. Americans seeking resolution of these disputes are often hindered by Haiti's slow, inefficient and antiquated legal system. Additionally, there are persistent allegations that Haitian officials use their offices to obtain a favorable resolution for personal profit. While considerable international assistance has been directed toward rendering the police and judicial systems more credible and effective, serious structural weaknesses remain.
The protection and guarantees that Haitian law extends to investors are severely compromised by weak enforcement mechanisms, a lack of updated laws to handle modern commercial practices and a dysfunctional, resource-poor legal system. Business litigants are often frustrated with the legal process and most commercial disputes are settled out of court. In addition, commercial litigation entails certain risks. Bonds to release assets frozen through litigation are unavailable, and judges sometimes inflict their biases against commercial litigants through their application of "public order" policy concepts. Finally, the Embassy has received reports from litigants that widespread corruption has allowed disputing parties to purchase favorable outcomes.
Haiti's commercial code dates from 1826 and underwent its last significant revision in 1944. There are few commercial remedies available in the law. Injunctive relief is based upon penal sanctions rather than on securing desirable civil action. Similarly, contracts to comply with certain obligations, such as commodities futures contracts, are not enforced. Judges are not specialized, and their knowledge of commercial law is deficient. Using Haitian courts to settle disputes is a lengthy process and cases can remain unresolved for decades. For this reason, many litigants pursue out-of-court settlements.
U.S. Government and GOH efforts to improve Haiti's legal system by training judges and other judicial personnel have not produced significant results. Through the Presidential Commission on Growth and Modernization, Haiti has committed to reforming its commercial, investment and financial codes; drafting new patent and trademark laws; introducing legislation on loans and guarantees; and developing legal regimes for credit institutions, capital markets, savings, and other financial services. However, little progress has been made on any of this legislation except the investment code, which was passed in November 2002.
Haiti's bankruptcy law dates from 1826 and was last modified in 1944. There are three phases of bankruptcy under Haitian law. In the first stage payments are ceased and bankruptcy is declared. In the second stage a judgment of bankruptcy is rendered, which transfers the rights to administer assets from the debtor to the director of the Haitian taxation agency (DGI). In this phase, assets are sealed, and the debtor is confined to debtor’s prison. In the third phase, assets of the debtor are liquefied, and the debtor’s verified debts are paid. In practice, the above measures are seldom applied. Since 1955, most bankruptcy cases have been settled through the courts. Debts are normally paid in local currency.
Although the concepts of mortgage and chattel mortgage exist, real estate mortgages involve antiquated procedures and may fail to be recorded against the debtor or other creditors. Property is seldom purchased through a mortgage and secured debt is difficult to arrange or collect. Liens are virtually impossible to impose and using the judicial process for foreclosure is time consuming and nearly always futile. Banks frequently require that loans be secured in U.S. dollars.
Disputes between foreign investors and the state can be settled in the Haitian courts or through international arbitration, though claimants must select one to the exclusion of the other. A claimant dissatisfied with the ruling of the court cannot request international arbitration after the ruling is issued. The priority of law in Haiti in descending order is the constitution, international agreements and finally internal legislation. Foreign court decisions are not enforceable in Haiti. However, Haiti is a signatory to the 1958 United Nations convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards, which provides for the enforcement of an agreement to arbitrate present and future commercial disputes. Under the convention, courts of a contracting state can enforce such an agreement by referring the parties to arbitration. Haiti is not a signatory to the Inter-American-U.S. convention on International Commercial Arbitration of 1975 (the Panama Convention).
Haiti signed the 1966 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between states and nationals of other states (ICSID), but has not yet ratified it.
Performance Requirements and Incentives
Haitian law requires that manufacturing firms producing products for the local market receive equal treatment regardless of their nationality, as long as they are productively engaged in Haiti. There are several special status categories for certain types of investment in priority or strategically designated enterprises.
In order to attract investment to certain industries, the industrial investment code has created a privileged status for certain manufacturers. Eligible firms can benefit from customs, tax, and other advantages under this code. The statute allows for a 5-10 year income tax exemption, following which, corporate income tax augments in 15- 20 percent increments. In order to take advantage of this statute, industrial or crafts-related enterprises must meet one of the following criteria:
- Make intensive and efficient exploitation of available local resources (i.e. advanced processing of existing goods, recycling of recoverable materials).
- Increase the national income.
- Create new jobs and/or upgrade the level of professional qualification.
- Reinforce the balance of payments position and/or
reduce the level of dependency of the national economy on imports.
- Introduce new techniques or new technology appropriate to local conditions (i.e. utilize non-conventional sources of energy, use labor intensive production).
- Develop backward or forward links (i.e. process local materials to supply capital goods, semi-finished products, or packaging for existing production units).
- Conform to the guidelines of projected production of the national economic and social development plan.
- Meet the requirements for the level of integration of manufactured product(s).
- Orient production toward export.
- Substitute a new product for an imported product, provided that the new product shows a quality/price ratio considered acceptable by the appropriate entity and comprises a total production cost of at least 60 percent of the value added in Haiti, including the cost of local inputs used in its production.
- Prepare, modify, assemble or finish materials imported in bulk, as loose parts, or components for finished goods that will be exported.
- Provide direct costs of production (labor and its supervision) equaling at least one-third of investments in imported capital goods and at least 15 percent of the total production cost.
A firm's location in Haiti and the market for which its products are intended also affect its eligibility for specific benefits.
Companies enjoying tax exemption status are required to submit annual financial statements. Fines or a revocation of tax advantages may be assessed to firms that do not comply with this provision. In the event of a dispute, the revenue code offers protection against arbitrary sanctions and provides legal recourse for the taxpayer.
A progressive tax system applies to income, profits and capital gains received by individuals and entities that are not exempt from taxation under the industrial investment code. Tax rates on corporate income (converted to dollars at GDS 38 equals USD 1) are as follows:
Income (dollars) Rate
up to 525 10%
526 to 2,632 15%
2,632 to 6,579 20%
6,579 to 19,737 30%
over 19,737 35%
Tax rates on individual income (converted to dollars) are as follows:
Income (dollars) Rate
up to 525 0%
526 to 2,632 10%
2,632 to 6,579 15%
6,579 to 19,737 25%
over 19,737 30%
The Haitian government does not impose discriminatory requirements on foreigners wishing to invest. Haitian law concerning residency and employment is reciprocal. Foreigners residing legally in Haiti who wish to engage in trade enjoy, within the framework of laws and regulations, the same rights granted to Haitians who are involved in the same profession in the foreigner's country of origin. Article 5 of the Decree on the Profession of Merchants, however, reserves the position of manufacturer's agent for Haitians.
A foreigner wishing to obtain a residence visa to conduct business in Haiti must deposit 50,000 gourdes, $1,316, in a blocked account at the Bank of the Republic of Haiti. A professional identity card, issued by the Ministry of Commerce, is required. Transient businessmen and those on a temporary stay in the country must be accompanied by locally licensed agents when visiting clients or soliciting business.
Foreigners working in Haiti are subject to certain property restrictions. Foreigners, excluding foreign corporations, may not own more than one residence in the same district or own real estate without authorization from the Ministry of Justice. Further, land holdings of foreigners are limited to 1.29 hectares in urban areas and 6.45 hectares in rural areas. Additionally, foreigners may not own property or buildings near the border. However, foreigners who establish Haitian corporations with corporate offices located in Haiti are not subject to property restrictions. Finally, the Haitian Parliament approved a law granting special privileges to foreigners of Haitian descent.
Right to Private Ownership and Establishment
Investors in Haiti can create the following types of businesses: sole proprietorship, limited or general partnership, joint-stock company, public company (corporation), subsidiary of a foreign company, and co- operative society. Corporations are the most commonly used form of business in Haiti.
Foreign investors are permitted to own 100 percent of a company or subsidiary. As a Haitian entity, such companies enjoy all rights and privileges provided under the law.
Foreign investors are permitted to operate businesses without equity-to-debt ratio requirements. Accounting law permits foreigners to capitalize using tangible and intangible assets in lieu of cash capital investments.
Foreigners are free to enter into joint ventures with
Haitian citizens. The distribution of shares is a private matter between two partners; however, the sale and purchase of company shares is regulated.
Entrepreneurs are free to dispose of their properties and to organize production and marketing activities in accordance with local laws.
Protection of Property Rights
Property rights are guaranteed and protected under Haitian law; legal statutes offer protection of intellectual property rights as well as real property rights. However, the weak judicial system compounded with poor national records impede practical enforcement of the law.
Haitian law protects copyrights, inventions, patent rights, industrial designs and models, special manufacturers marks, trademarks, and business names. The law penalizes persons or enterprises involved in infringement, fraud or unfair competition. In order to ensure that these rights are protected, the law requires that certain formalities, such as filing with the Ministry of the Interior, be observed. The constitution recognizes certain intellectual property rights. Scientific, literary and artistic properties are protected under the law.
However, weak enforcement mechanisms, inefficient courts, and judges' poor knowledge of commercial law significantly dilute the effectiveness of statutory protections. Moreover, injunctive relief is not available in Haiti, so imprisonment of offenders is often the only way to enforce compliance.
Further, real property interests are handicapped by the lack of a comprehensive civil register. Bona fide property titles are often non-existent. If they do exist, they are often in conflict with other titles for the same property. The Embassy periodically receives reports of fraudulent or fraudulently recorded land titles. Mortgages exist, but real estate mortgages involve lengthy procedures and are not always recorded against the debtor or other creditors.
Haiti is a signatory to the Buenos Aires Convention of 1910, the Paris Convention of 1883 regarding patents, and to the Madrid Agreement regarding trademarks. It is, however, not a signatory to the Bern Copyright Convention.
Transparency of the Regulatory System
Though transparent, Haitian law suffers from significant weaknesses in many areas. While the law is theoretically universally applicable, legal enforcement is neither universally applied nor observed. Additionally, the bureaucracy and red tape involved with the Haitian legal system is often excessive and inconsistent.
Haitian law is deficient in the following areas: operation of the judicial system; organization and operation of the executive branch; publication of laws, regulations and official notices; establishment of companies; land tenure and real property law and procedures; bank and credit operations; insurance and pension regulation; accounting standards; civil status documentation; customs law and administration; international trade and investment promotion; foreign investment regime; and regulation of market concentration and competition. Although these deficiencies hinder general business activities, they are not specifically aimed at foreign firms and appear to have an equally negative effect on foreign and local companies.
Tax, labor as well as health and safety laws and policies are theoretically universally applicable. However, they are not universally applied, observed or enforced. Many in the private sector provide services, such as health care, for employees that are not provided by dysfunctional state agencies.
Efficient Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment
The financial sector suffers from problems endemic to property ownership and a lack of effective regulation. In principle, there are no limitations on foreigners’ access to the Haitian credit market, and credit is available through commercial banks. However, the free and efficient flow of capital is hindered by the difficulty of attaining financing and Haitian accounting practices, which often fall below the standards used in international commerce. Additionally, while there are no restrictions on foreign investment through mergers or acquisitions, there is no Haitian stock market, so there is no way for investors to purchase shares in a company outside of direct transactions.
The standards that govern the Haitian legal, regulatory and accounting systems often fall below international norms. Haitian laws do not require external audits of domestic companies. Local firms calculate taxes, obtain credit or insurance, prepare for regulatory review, and assess real profit and loss. Accountants use basic accounting standards set by the Organization of Certified Professional Accountants in Haiti (OCPAH). These standards are often below those commonly applied in international commerce and investment.
Practices in the banking sector, however, are better than in other sectors. Under Haitian law, banks are not required to comply with internationally recognized accounting standards, or to be audited by internationally recognized accounting firms. The Central Bank requires only that banks be audited. Nonetheless, most private banks follow international accounting norms and use consolidated reporting. The Interim Government of Haiti continues to express its commitment to strengthening prudential norms in the banking sector and to improving bank supervision. Two stated goals of the interim government are to have the Central Bank better enforce good banking practices and better protect deposits.
The trend in the banking sector has been the proliferation of branches to capture deposits and remittances, and the concentration of credit mainly in trade financing. The lack of deposit insurance in Haiti has in the past been partially compensated for by high reserve requirements, which effectively sequester funds that could be used to compensate depositors in the event of a bank failure. However, the Central Bank's reserve requirement on bank deposits has dropped from more than 53 percent in 1994 to 30 percent in early 2005; this decrease has taken place in conjunction with the issuance of government bonds bearing market rates of interest to replace non-remunerative reserve requirements.
There are no legal limitations on foreigners' access to the domestic credit market. Credit is available on market terms through commercial bank loans. However, difficulties in obtaining financing constrain the free flow of financial resources in Haiti. Additionally, the lack of an effective civil register, frequent absence of proper titles and problems with creating security interests hinder access to credit. As a result, banks typically lend exclusively to their most trusted and credit-worthy clients. This tendency to restrict lending to a relatively small group of well-known clients has helped to limit the incidence of non-performing loans, however it has also limited broad credit availability. For those who are not credit-worthy, Haiti’s two largest private banks and a program underwritten by USAID provide micro-lending services. Several other NGOs also provide micro-financing outside of Port-au-Prince.
Political Violence
Political violence has and continues to have a long-term negative impact on the Haitian economy. However, despite the political uncertainty and widespread violence that has plagued Haiti since its independence, there is no recent history of political groups targeting foreign projects and/or installations. Investment losses caused by Haiti's political instability are largely the result of an inability to conduct business in a normal fashion rather than any anti-business or anti-foreign sentiment. However, in some cases, businesses such as gas stations and car dealerships have been targets of political violence. Politically motivated civil disorder, such as demonstrations or general strikes, frequently interrupts business activities. Periodic demonstrations, outbreaks of violence, and a general lack of security also affect business operations. Land invasions by landless peasants are a problem in both urban and rural areas and appeals to law enforcement authorities are usually fruitless.
Corruption
Corruption is a major problem and a serious impediment to doing business in Haiti. Haiti is widely perceived as one of the most corrupt countries in the world.
Corruption is addressed in the 1987 Constitution, civil service law, and the 1835 penal code, which all cast both giving and accepting a bribe as a criminal act punishable by one to three years of imprisonment. The government is responsible for combating corruption, however, the ineffectiveness of the legal system and the extent to which corruption is ingrained in Haitian society have frustrated anti-corruption efforts. As a result, corruption remains a significant problem in Haiti that persists in many aspects of Haitian business.
Press and other reports have contained allegations of corruption involving misappropriation of funds and other malfeasance on the part of government officials and individuals working in the private sector.
U.S. firms have cited corruption as an obstacle to direct investment. Additionally, corruption among customs officers is a serious problem: bribes are sometimes demanded to clear shipments. Some importers reportedly "negotiate" customs duties with inspectors. Further, smuggling has become a major problem, and contraband accounts for a large percentage of the manufactured consumables market. While customs authorities have the authority to seize both vessels and cargo in ports and to levy significant fines against violators, customs officials have not taken significant action against smugglers.
In addition, the Embassy has anecdotal evidence of corruption in the fields of procurement, transfers, performance requirements, and regulation. However, much of this evidence of corruption remains unsubstantiated because the legal system is inadequate, unresponsive, slow and not transparent. As a result, legal judgments and contracts are difficult to enforce and monitor. In addition, judges are sometimes influenced by business or personal relationships, as well as through political persuasion with relative certainty of impunity.
In 2004, the Interim Government of Haiti took some important steps towards suppressing corruption. Actions by the Interim Government of Haiti include the creation of an anti-corruption unit, a financial investigation unit and a commission to examine Haitian government transactions between 2001 and February 2004. However, previous efforts to stem corruption in Haiti have not proved effective. For example, the State Secretary position created in June 1999 to oversee tax and customs duty collection has thus far been minimally effective in combating contraband and corruption. Further, the law enforcement system remains weak and ill equipped to place the weight of the law behind anti-corruption efforts.
Bilateral Investment Agreements
Haiti signed mutual investment protection treaties or conventions with the U.S. (1953, 1983), France (1973, 1984), Germany (1975) and Canada (1980). The U.S. Senate has not ratified the treaty signed by the U.S. and Haiti in 1983. Haiti is willing to enter into similar agreements with other capital exporting countries.
OPIC and Other Investment Insurance Programs
OPIC offers insurance against political risks and financing programs for U.S. investments in Haiti, and offers an on-lending facility through Citibank. The GOH has ratified and completed its accession to the World Bank's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) that can now operate in Haiti.
Labor
Haiti has an abundance of unskilled labor and the labor movement is generally receptive to investment that promises new jobs. With an effective adult illiteracy rate of at least 50 percent, Haiti's workforce is largely concentrated in agriculture, light manufacturing and unskilled service sectors. In June 2001, the Ministry of Labor submitted a draft of a revised labor code to the Prime Minister, but as of early 2005 the new code has not yet been ratified.
Labor-management relations in Haiti have at times been tenuous. For example, there has been an ongoing labor dispute in the free trade zone in Ouanaminthe between the assembly plant run by “Groupo M” and “Batay Ouvriye” a labor rights organization. A tripartite commission composed of representatives from government, industry, and labor provides a forum to resolve differences. In some cases, industries have autonomously achieved good labor practices. For example, the assembly industry established its own voluntary code of ethics to achieve good labor practices. When the tripartite commission investigated assembly firms it found them to be compliant with local labor laws. In addition to local entities, the International Labor Organization (ILO) has an office in Haiti and operates an ongoing project with the assembly industry to improve productivity through improvements in working conditions.
Foreign Trade Zones/Free Trade Zones
In July 2002, the Haitian Parliament voted on a new free trade zone law that allows for the development of commercial, industrial, warehousing and services free trade zones. The law provides fiscal and customs incentives for enterprises in these zones. Under the law, some enterprises benefit from a 15-year tax exemption. After the 15-year mark, 15 percent of their income will be taxed at the end of the first year, 30 percent the at the end of the second year, 45 percent at the end of the third year, 60 percent at the end of the fourth year, 80 percent at the end of the fifth year, and 100 percent at the end of the sixth year. An extension of the 15-year period can be granted in certain cases. One such free trade zone has been established in northern Haiti in Ouanaminthe and is used for textile production.
Foreign Direct Investment Statistics
OAS trade sanctions in 1991 and a comprehensive UN trade embargo in 1994, led to significant divestment of foreign holdings. Since the lifting of international sanctions in October 1994, new direct foreign investment has been limited.
Breakdowns of direct foreign investment by country of origin and sector are not available. Statistics on total investment do not exist.
Major Foreign Investors:
U.S. Companies:
American Airlines
Citibank
Compagnie de Tabac Comme Il Faut (Luckett Inc.)
Esso (Exxon)
Texaco
Seaboard
Continental Grain
Western Wireless
Other countries:
Elf Acquitaine (France)
Scotiabank (Canada)
Royal Caribbean (UK/Norway)
In addition, resident U.S. citizens own light manufacturing ("assembly sector") plants in Haiti. Other assembly plants operate as subsidiaries of U.S. manufacturing companies. These firms cannot be considered major investors, since they generally occupy leased facilities, and capital investment is often limited to sewing machines and office equipment. They generate approximately 25,000 jobs. Some smaller agribusiness enterprises and hotels partly owned by U.S. citizens also operate in Haiti.
Additional information and statistics about the economy can be found on: htt:/www.brh.net and requests for more information can be addressed to the U.S. Embassy in Port-au-Prince.
|
