Hong Kong2007 Investment Climate Statement – Hong Kong
Openness To Foreign Investment Hong Kong pursues a free market philosophy with minimal government interference in the economy. The Hong Kong Government welcomes foreign investment. It neither offers special incentives nor imposes disincentives for foreign investors. Hong Kong's well-established rule of law is applied consistently and without discrimination. There is no distinction in law or practice between investments by foreign-controlled companies and those controlled by local interests. Hong Kong is a member of the World Trade Organization in its own right and is a separate customs territory. Hong Kong is a duty free port, except for a small number of tariffs on products such as cigarettes and alcohol. There are no quotas or dumping laws. Foreign firms and individuals are allowed freely to incorporate their operations in Hong Kong, register branches of foreign operations, and set up representative offices without encountering discrimination or undue regulation. There is no restriction on the ownership of such operations. Company directors are not required to be citizens of, or resident in, Hong Kong. Reporting requirements are straightforward and not onerous. Hong Kong's extensive body of commercial and company law generally follows that of the United Kingdom, including the common law and rules of equity. Most statutory law is made locally. The local court system provides for effective enforcement of contracts, dispute settlement, and protection of rights. Formalities are minimal in company incorporation and business registration. Foreign and domestic companies register under the same rules and are subject to the same set of business regulations. The Hong Kong Government's InvestHK encourages inward investment as a means of introducing new or improved products, processes, designs and management techniques. U.S. and other foreign firms can participate in government financed and subsidized research and development programs on a national treatment basis. There is no capital gains tax, nor are there withholding taxes on dividends and royalties. Profits can be freely converted and remitted. Foreign-owned and Hong Kong owned firms are taxed at the same rate, 17.5 percent of profits. There are no preferential or discriminatory export and import policies that affect foreign investors. There are no direct subsidies to domestic industries. There are no disincentives to foreign investment such as quotas, bonds, deposits, or other similar regulations. The Hong Kong Code on Takeovers and Mergers (1981) sets out general principles for acceptable standards of commercial behavior. According to Hong Kong Government statistics, there were 3,845 regional operations of overseas companies in Hong Kong in 2006. The Government defines regional operations as: regional headquarters that control the operation of other branches in the region without frequent referrals to the parent company outside Hong Kong; and regional offices as offices that coordinate operations elsewhere in the region with frequent referrals to the parent company outside Hong Kong or a regional headquarters. The U.S. has the largest number of regional headquarters and offices in Hong Kong (889 companies), followed by Japan (731 companies) and the UK (337 companies). The major lines of business of the regional headquarters include wholesale/retail, import/export, finance and banking, manufacturing, and transport and related services. The Hong Kong Government owns all land, granting long-term leases without transferring title. Local and foreign leaseholders are treated equally. The Government plays a significant role in the housing market: about 50 percent of homes in Hong Kong are rented from the Government or purchased with government assistance at below market rates. With few exceptions, the Hong Kong Government does not attempt to limit the activities of foreign investors either in specified projects or sectors. Foreign investment in Hong Kong flows freely into the industrial sector as well as into services, franchises, restaurants, the entertainment industry, and the ownership of property, both residential and commercial. The telecommunications services market has been fully liberalized since January 1, 2003. The exceptions to the Hong Kong Government’s open foreign investment policy are: Broadcasting - Voting control of free-to-air television stations by non-residents is limited to 49 percent. There are also residency requirements for the directors of broadcasting companies. Legal Services - Foreign lawyers are able to practice foreign and international law in Hong Kong. Foreign lawyers can apply to take the Hong Kong Bar Examination and, if successful, practice Hong Kong law. Foreign law firms may not hire local lawyers to advise on Hong Kong law, but may themselves become "local" firms after satisfying certain residency and other requirements. They may thereafter hire local attorneys, but must do so on a 1:1 basis with the foreign lawyers. They also can form associations with local law firms. Hong Kong has a free trade agreement with Mainland China, referred to as CEPA, or the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement. CEPA provides tariff-free export to Mainland China of Hong Kong-origin goods and preferential access for specific services sectors. The agreement was originally implemented at the beginning of 2004 and has been expanded twice since then. When the third phase was implemented at the beginning of 2006, all Hong Kong-origin products became eligible for tariff-free access to Mainland China. Service providers in 27 sectors (e.g., logistics, distribution) also now enjoy preferential treatment on the mainland. U.S. and other foreign firms with a significant presence in Hong Kong are eligible to take advantage of CEPA concessions to enter the mainland market. Conversion And Transfer Policies There are no restrictions on conversion and inward or outward transfer of funds for any purpose. The Hong Kong dollar is a freely convertible currency that, since late 1983, has been linked via a currency board to the U.S. Dollar at an exchange rate of approximately HKD7.8 = US$ 1. There is no allocation of foreign exchange. Expropriation And Compensation The U.S. Consulate General is not aware of any expropriation actions in the recent past. Expropriation of private property may occur if it is clearly in the public interest, but only for well-defined purposes such as implementation of public works projects. If this is the case, expropriations are to be conducted through negotiations, in a non-discriminatory manner in accordance with established principles of international law. Due process and transparency are to be observed. Investors in and lenders to expropriated entities are to receive prompt, adequate, and effective compensation. Property may be acquired under the State Land Resumption Ordinance, the Land Acquisition Ordinance, the Mass Transit Railway (Land Resumption and Related Provisions) Ordinance or the Roads Ordinance. These ordinances provide for payment of compensation. If agreement cannot be reached on the amount payable, either party can refer the claim to the Land Tribunal. Dispute Settlement The U.S. Consulate General is not aware of any investor-state disputes in recent years involving U.S. or other foreign investors or contractors and the Hong Kong Government. The Hong Kong Department of Justice is also not aware of any such disputes. Private investment disputes are normally handled in the courts or via private negotiation. Alternatively, disputes may be referred to the Hong Kong International Arbitration Center. The Hong Kong Government accepts international arbitration of investment disputes between itself and investors. Following reversion to Chinese sovereignty on July 1, 1997, Hong Kong applies provisions of the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), known as the Washington Convention, and the New York Convention of 1958 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. Hong Kong has also adopted the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) model law for international commercial arbitration. Hong Kong and Mainland China signed a Memorandum of Understanding in June 1999 on an arrangement parallel to the New York Convention for the reciprocal enforcement of arbitral awards, since the New York Convention, being an international agreement, is no longer applicable to the enforcement of arbitral awards between Hong Kong and Mainland China. Hong Kong's legal system is firmly based on the rule of law and the independence of the judiciary. Courts of justice in Hong Kong include the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court (composed of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance), the District Court, the Magistrate's Courts, the Coroner's Court, and the Juvenile Court. There are also a Lands Tribunal, Labor Tribunal, and other statutory tribunals. Performance Requirements And Incentives Consistent with its non-interventionist economic philosophy, Hong Kong imposes no export performance or local content requirements as a condition for establishing, maintaining or expanding a foreign investment. Hong Kong offers no special privileges to attract foreign investment. There are no requirements that Hong Kong residents own shares, that foreign equity be reduced over time, or that technology be transferred on certain terms. All of Hong Kong is a duty-free zone. Subject to non-discriminatory application of excise taxes and restricted entry in some sectors, as noted above, local and foreign firms are free to take advantage of investment opportunities as they arise. Right To Private Ownership And Establishment Hong Kong law and regulations provide for the right of foreign and domestic private entities to establish, own and dispose of interests of business enterprises. Foreign investors are allowed, except for the sectors noted above, to engage in all lawful forms of remunerative activity. The Hong Kong Government does not generally engage directly in business activity via public enterprises. Business privileges, franchises and land development rights are granted on the basis of competitive equality. Protection Of Property Rights Hong Kong's commercial and company laws provide for effective enforcement of contracts and protection of corporate rights. Hong Kong has filed its notice of compliance with the trade-related intellectual property requirements of the World Trade Organization. The Intellectual Property Department, which includes the Trademarks and Patents Registries, is the focal point for the development of Hong Kong's intellectual property regime. The Customs and Excise Department is the principal enforcement agency for intellectual property rights (IPR). Hong Kong has acceded to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Bern Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the Geneva and Paris Universal Copyright Conventions. Hong Kong also continues to participate in the World Intellectual Property Organization, as part of Mainland China's delegation. The Hong Kong Government devotes significant attention and resources to IPR enforcement. Implementation of laws passed in recent years, including aggressive raids at the retail level, has significantly reduced illegal production and retail sales of copyright and trademark protected products. The Hong Kong courts have imposed longer jail terms for violations of Hong Kong’s copyright ordinance. The Hong Kong Government has conducted public education efforts to encourage respect for intellectual property rights. Nevertheless, pirated and counterfeit products remain available at the retail level throughout Hong Kong. In addition, end-use piracy of software and textbooks, the rapid growth of peer-to-peer downloading via the Internet, and the illicit importation and transshipment of pirated and counterfeit goods, including optical discs and name brand handbags and apparel from Mainland China and elsewhere in the region, are continuing problems. Hong Kong authorities have taken steps to address these problems by: continued monitoring of suspect shipments at points of entry; establishing a task force to monitor and crack down on peer-to-peer (P2P) piracy over the Internet in December 2004; prosecuting software end-use piracy, and proposing a new Copyright Amendment. The P2P task force made its first arrest for distributing unauthorized movies via this technology in January 2005. The court sentenced the offender to three months' imprisonment in November 2005. In December 2006, the Court of Appeal upheld this conviction and sentence. Another vulnerability is that health authorities continue to permit the registration of generic drugs for marketing without regard to whether these products infringe on valid patents. Despite extensive consultations with industry, no progress has been made on closing this loophole. The Copyright Ordinance protects any original copyright work created or published by any person anywhere in the world. It provides for rental rights for sound recordings and computer programs but not films. It provides for enhanced penalty provisions against copyright piracy and additional legal tools to facilitate enforcement. It decriminalizes parallel imports of copyrighted products one year after their release anywhere in the world, but maintains civil penalties. In September 2004, Hong Kong implemented an amendment to the Copyright Ordinance that facilitates enforcement against and prosecution of the illicit reproduction of printed works. The amendment, which will remain in effect until July 2007 so as to give the lawmakers more time to examine the bill, also maintains criminal liability for business-related end-use piracy of computer programs, movies, television dramas, and musical recordings while continuing to exclude the business-related end-use piracy of printed works from criminal liability. In addition, the government introduced a public consultation in December 2006 on making unauthorized downloading of copyrighted materials a criminal offence. The public will gather opinions of the public and industry stakeholders to decide whether Online Service Providers should be held liable for the online piracy activities of their customers. The public consultation period is scheduled to conclude in April 2007. The Patent Ordinance allows for granting of an independent patent in Hong Kong based on the patents granted by the UK and the Chinese Patent Offices. The patent granted in Hong Kong is independent and capable of being tested for validity, rectified, amended, revoked and enforced in Hong Kong courts. The Registered Design Ordinance is modeled on the EU design registration system, with certain modifications. To be registered, a design must be new. The system requires no substantive examination. Protection is for an initial period of five years, and may be extended for four periods of five years each, up to a maximum of 25 years. Hong Kong's trademark law is TRIPS-compatible and allows for registration of trademarks relating to services. All trademark registrations originally filed in Hong Kong are valid for seven years and renewable for 14-year periods. Proprietors of trademarks registered elsewhere must apply anew and satisfy all requirements of Hong Kong law. When evidence of use is required, such use must have been in Hong Kong. Hong Kong has no specific ordinance to cover trade secrets. Under the Trade Description Ordinance, however, the Government has the duty to protect information being disclosed to other parties. The Trade Description Ordinance prohibits false trade descriptions, forged trademarks and misstatements in respect of goods supplied in the course of trade. Transparency Of The Regulatory System Hong Kong's body of law and regulation recognizes the value of competition in economic endeavor. Tax, labor, health and safety and other laws and policies avoid distortions or impediments to the efficient mobilization and allocation of investment. Bureaucratic procedures and "red tape" are held to a minimum and are equally transparent to local and foreign investors. Hong Kong does not have an anti-trust law. Hong Kong has, however, set up a Competition Policy Review Committee that issued recommendations in June 2006. These recommendations include legislation to regulate price-fixing, bid-rigging, market allocation, sales and production quotas, joint boycotts, unfair or discriminatory standards and the abuse of dominant market position. The government began a public consultation period, which is scheduled to end on February 5, 2007. Currently, only the telecommunications and, to a lesser degree, the broadcasting sectors have competition regulations in place. Certain sectors of the economy are dominated by monopolies or cartels, not all of which are regulated by the Hong Kong Government. These entities do not discriminate against U.S. goods or services, but they can use their market position to block effective competition. Efficient Capital Markets And Portfolio Investment There are no impediments to the free flow of financial resources. Non-interventionist economic policies, complete freedom of capital movement and a well-understood regulatory and legal environment have greatly facilitated Hong Kong's role as a regional and international financial center. Hong Kong's has one of the most active foreign exchange markets in Asia. Hong Kong has a three-tier system of deposit-taking institutions: licensed banks, restricted license banks, and deposit-taking companies. Only licensed banks can offer current (checking) or savings accounts. At the end of November 2006, Hong Kong had 137 licensed banks, 31 restricted licensed banks, 33 deposit-taking institutions, and 85 representative offices. The Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) is Hong Kong's largest banking group. With its majority-owned subsidiary Hang Seng Bank, and 263 branches, the group controls more than 31.4 percent of Hong Kong dollar deposits. The Bank of China (Hong Kong) is the second-largest banking group (280 branches), and controls 15.7 percent of Hong Kong dollar deposits. Thirty-five American "authorized financial institutions" operate in Hong Kong. U.S. banks licensed in Hong Kong are listed in Chapter 7 – U.S. Banks and Local Correspondent Banks. Most banks in Hong Kong maintain U.S. correspondent relationships. Hong Kong's five largest banks, in terms of total assets (2005), are as follows: Rank Institution Total assets (US$ Billion) 1 HSBC 342.6 2 Bank of China (Hong Kong) 105.4 3 Hang Seng Bank, Ltd. 74.5 4 Standard Charter Bank, HK 43.2 5. Bank of East Asia, Ltd. 30.6 Sources: Companies’ annual reports Credit in Hong Kong is allocated strictly on market terms and is available to foreign investors on a non-discriminatory basis. The private sector has access to the full spectrum of credit instruments as provided by Hong Kong's banking and financial system. Legal, regulatory, and accounting systems are transparent and consistent with international norms. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) functions as a de facto central bank. It is responsible for maintaining the stability of the banking system and managing the Exchange Fund backing Hong Kong's currency. The HKMA, with the assistance of the banking sector, has upgraded Hong Kong's financial market infrastructure. Real Time Gross Settlement helps minimize risks in the payment system and brings Hong Kong in line with international standards. The Hong Kong Mortgage Corporation (HKMC) promotes the development of the secondary mortgage market in Hong Kong. The HKMC is 100 percent owned by the Government through the Exchange Fund. The HKMC purchases residential mortgage loans for its own retained portfolio and also repackages mortgages into mortgage-backed securities for sale. In 2005, the HKMC’s outstanding amount of debt totaled at US$2.8 billion. On September 26, 2006, a Deposit Protection Scheme began operations. Depositors are now protected up to a maximum of HK$100,000 (US$12,820) per bank. While Hong Kong requires locally licensed banks to participate, overseas-incorporated banks may apply for an exemption if a comparable scheme in their home jurisdiction covers deposits taken in by its Hong Kong branches. In 2004, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) and Dun & Bradstreet (HK) Ltd. (D&B) jointly launched a Commercial Credit Reference Agency (CCRA) to collate information about the indebtedness and credit history of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and make such information available to members of the Hong Kong Association of Banks (HKAB) and the Hong Kong Association of Deposit Taking Companies. Under the Insurance Companies Ordinance, insurance companies are authorized by the Insurance Authority to transact business in Hong Kong. Hong Kong has the highest number of authorized insurance companies in Asia. As of October 2006, there were 181 authorized companies. Of these, 90 were foreign companies from 22 countries. A number of the world's top insurance companies in terms of assets have branch offices or subsidiaries in Hong Kong. With a total market capitalization of US$1,059 billion and 1,132 listed firms at year-end 2005, Hong Kong’s stock exchange ranked second in Asia after Tokyo, and ninth in the world in terms of capitalization. Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited (HKEx), a listed company, operates the stock and futures exchanges. The Securities and Futures Commission, an independent statutory body outside the civil service, has licensing and supervisory powers to ensure the integrity of markets and to protect investors. In April 2003, the Government implemented a major modernization of the legal framework for Hong Kong’s securities market designed to upgrade transparency and corporate governance, boost regulators’ enforcement powers, and improve investor protections. To enhance market competitiveness, HKEx in the same month removed the rule on minimum brokerage commission rates for stock and futures transactions. There are no discriminatory legal constraints to foreign securities firms establishing in Hong Kong via branching, acquisition, or subsidiaries. In practice, foreign firms typically establish in Hong Kong as subsidiaries. Rules governing operations are the same, irrespective of ownership. Portfolio investment decisions are left to the private sector. There are no laws or regulations that specifically authorize private firms to adopt articles of incorporation/association that limit or prohibit foreign investment, participation, or control. The stock exchange plays a significant role in raising capital for Chinese state-owned enterprises. Chinese state enterprises raise equity (through the issuance of so-called "H" shares) in Hong Kong provided they meet Hong Kong regulatory and accounting requirements. These "H" shares are denominated in Renminbi, but must be purchased in Hong Kong Dollars. In 2005, a total of 119 Chinese enterprises had "H" share listings on the stock exchange, with market capitalization of US$158.7 billion. Hong Kong has made a concerted effort to develop a local debt market with the Exchange Fund bills and notes program. Maturities now extend to ten years. Hong Kong Dollar debt (public and private) has increased gradually, from US$3.46 billion at the end of 1989 to US$92.7 billion by the end-September of 2006. Regional infrastructure financing requirements and increasing investor demand are projected to stimulate further development of the local debt market. In May 2004, for the first time, Hong Kong issued bonds securitizing the revenues from Government tunnels and bridges. In June 2004, the governmental Hong Kong Mortgage Corporation established a US$2.6 billion retail bond program. In July 2004, the Hong Kong Government issued its first sovereign bonds totaling US$2.6 billion to raise cash for its public works program. The Hong Kong Government requires workers and employers to contribute to retirement funds under the Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) scheme. Contributions are expected to channel US$3-4 billion per year into various investment vehicles. By the end of September 2006, the net asset values of MPF funds amounted to US$23.4 billion. The Exchange Fund Investment Limited (EFIL), established by the Government to dispose of the stock portfolio it purchased during the Asian Financial Crisis, completed its operations in January 2003. EFIL disposed of the stocks in the form of a mutual fund, the Tracker Fund of Hong Kong (TraHK). The Government decided to retain a portion of the stocks (worth about US$410 million) as a long-term investment. The HKMA is responsible for the management of these stocks. TraHK is traded on the stock exchange. Political Violence Hong Kong is politically stable. Demonstrations are almost always peaceful. During the Sixth Ministerial Meeting of the World Trade Organization in December 2005, there were a number of incidents and arrests involving demonstrators. Otherwise, the U.S. Consulate General is not aware of any incidents involving politically motivated damage to projects or installations. Corruption Hong Kong has an excellent track record in combating corruption. U.S. firms have not identified corruption as an obstacle to foreign direct investment. The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) is responsible for combating corruption. The ICAC is independent of the public service and the ICAC Commissioner is responsible directly to the Chief Executive. A bribe to a foreign official is a criminal act, as is the giving or accepting of bribes, for both private individuals and government employees. Penalties are stiff. For example, a civil servant who solicits or accepts any advantage without special permission of the Government can receive one year's imprisonment and a HK$100,000 fine if convicted. Individuals in both the private and public sector can receive up to 7 years imprisonment and a HK$500,000 fine for offering, soliciting or accepting a benefit for performance or non-performance of an official duty. Bilateral Investment Agreements Hong Kong is negotiating a series of bilateral investment agreements -- the Hong Kong Government calls them "Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements" -- with major foreign investors. To date, Hong Kong has signed agreements with Australia, Austria, Belgo-Luxembourg, Economic Union, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand and the United Kingdom. The Hong Kong Government has initialed agreements with Canada and Vietnam. It is negotiating agreements with Singapore and Thailand. All such agreements are based on a model text approved by Mainland China through the Sino-British Joint Liaison Group. The United States and Hong Kong held talks on a bilateral investment agreement in the late 1990s, but certain differences could not be resolved and negotiations were suspended. U.S. firms, however, are not at a competitive or legal disadvantage since Hong Kong’s market is open and its legal system impartial. OPIC And Other Investment Insurance Programs Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) coverage is not available in Hong Kong. Hong Kong is a member of the World Bank Group's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). Labor In the 1980s and much of the 1990s, Hong Kong's unemployment rate hovered around two percent. Reflecting structural changes in the local economy and weak global economic conditions, the unemployment rate rose to a record level of 8.3 percent in May 2003. The job market has improved gradually since then, with the unemployment rate standing at 4.4 percent in November 2006. The Employees Retraining Board provides skills retraining for local employees to cope with ongoing structural change in the economy. To address a shortage of highly skilled technical and financial professionals, the Hong Kong Government has made efforts to attract qualified foreign and mainland Chinese workers. As of July 2003, conditions for admitting mainland Chinese for employment were eased and aligned with those applicable to foreign nationals. In 2005, membership in Hong Kong's 686 registered unions totaled 655,159, a participation rate of about 20.6 percent. Hong Kong has implemented 41 conventions of the International Labor Organization in full and 18 others with modifications. Local law provides for the right of association and the right of workers to establish and join organizations of their own choosing. The Government does not discourage or impede the formation of unions. Workers who allege discrimination against unions have the right to have their cases heard by the Labor Relations Tribunal. Although legislation does not prohibit strikes, in practice most workers must sign employment contracts that state that walking off the job is a breach of contract and can lead to summary dismissal. Collective bargaining is legal in Hong Kong, but there is no obligation on employers to engage in it. In practice, collective bargaining is not widely used. For more information on labor regulations in Hong Kong, please check the following website: http://www.justice.gov.hk/home.htm (click on Chapter 57 “Employment Ordinance”). Foreign Trade Zones/Free Trade Zones Hong Kong is a free port without foreign trade zones. Hong Kong's modern and efficient infrastructure supports Hong Kong's role as a trade entrepot and regional financial and services center. Rapid growth has placed severe demands on that infrastructure, giving rise to plans for major new investments, particularly in transportation and shipping facilities, over the next few years. Significant elements include a planned expansion of container terminal facilities, additional roadway and railway networks, major residential/commercial developments, community facilities, and environmental protection projects. In May 2004, the Legislative Council passed a bill allowing the Hong Kong Government to issue US$2.6 billion bonds to fund infrastructure or other investment projects. Airport: In the first 8 months of 2006 Hong Kong's international airport at Chek Lap Kok handled daily an average of 760 flights, 121,444 passengers, and more than 9,329 tons of cargo. Seventy-nine international airlines operated some 5,500 scheduled flights per week between Hong Kong and 150 cities around the world. Hong Kong is a major gateway to Mainland China. There are direct flights from Hong Kong to nearly 40 mainland cities. The demand for services to Mainland China is growing. The Hong Kong airport is in the world's top ranks in terms of passenger and cargo throughput. With 24-hour operations, two all-weather runways, an ability to cater to all types of commercial aircraft, and high-speed transport links from the terminal to the city, the airport is well positioned to meet Hong Kong's aviation needs in the coming decades. The airport has a multi-modal marine cargo terminal that provides vessel services between various ports in the Pearl River Delta and the airport. One of the air cargo handling facilities, Asia Airfreight Terminal, is scheduled to triple its air cargo handling capacity when it opens a new terminal in March 2007. To strengthen Hong Kong’s position as the economic gateway of Mainland China and Asia and to boost revenues, the Airport Authority (AA) is building SkyCity, which will include construction of a world-class exhibition center, Asia World-Expo; SkyPlaza, an office and retail complex; SkyPier, a cross-boundary ferry terminal; and a nine-hole golf course. In December 2006, AA held an open tender to build its third cargo terminal. AA anticipates that the tender process will be completed in 2008 with the new facility beginning operations around 2011. The organization responsible for safety oversight, the Civil Aviation Department, plans to introduce satellite-based Communications, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) Systems. The new equipment will enhance flight safety and efficiency as well as maintain Hong Kong’s status as a center of international and regional aviation. The project will take 15 years. Shipping and Port Activities: Hong Kong enjoys one of the best natural deep-water ports on the Chinese coast. With continued high economic growth and industrialization in Mainland China, the development of deep-water ports at Yantian and Gaolan in southern China should complement Hong Kong's facilities over the medium term. Over the longer term, the Hong Kong port will face increased competition from those ports and from Shanghai, which are improving their service efficiency. Hong Kong's container port is one of the world's busiest. In the first 8 months of 2006, Hong Kong's nine privately-operated container terminals and mid-stream operators handled 19.4 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) of cargo. Some 80 international shipping lines are providing over 500 container liner services per week connecting to over 500 destinations worldwide. Hong Kong's container terminal handling capacity is 18 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) a year, which will be able to cope with the forecast growth in demand to the end of this decade. The container terminals handle about 67 percent of the port's total throughput. The river trade terminal, mid-stream operators and other facilities handle the remaining 33 percent. The Hong Kong Government commissioned a study on "Hong Kong Port - Master Plan 2020" to formulate a competitive, sustainable strategy and a master plan for Hong Kong's port development, including the location of a new container terminal and related infrastructure, for the coming twenty years. The study has been presented to industry and the Legislative Council for consultation. Taking into account the comments received, the Government is working out an action plan to implement the recommendations of the study. Roads and Railroads: Hong Kong's roads have one of the highest vehicle densities in the world. In September 2006, there were 549,525 licensed vehicles and about 1,955 kilometers of roads, or 281 vehicles per kilometer of road. This high vehicle density, combined with difficult terrain and high density building development, poses a constant challenge to transport planning, road construction and maintenance. To cope with worsening traffic congestion, largely due to the rapid growth in the number of private cars, the Highways Department has launched an extensive road construction program. The Highways Department has budgeted US$5.4 billion for road projects between 2005/2006 and 2010/2011. Hong Kong will also build a bridge from the Western tip of Lantau Island to Macau and Zhuhai, paving the way for accelerated development of the Western Pearl River Delta region. Two railway corporations manage Hong Kong's metro and rail systems: the Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) and the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC). The MTRC operates a six-line metro system, including a line to the airport. The KCRC operates lines that extend further into the New Territories and to the Hong Kong/Mainland border. The oldest track is a 34-kilometer rail line that services towns in the northeastern New Territories and also provides border crossing and freight service into Mainland China. In addition, KCRC also operates a Light Rail Transit System in the northwestern New Territories. In December 2003, KCRC opened the West Rail, which is a 30.5 kilometer twin-track passenger railway with nine stations running between the northwestern New Territories and urban Kowloon. The Disneyland Resort Line of the MTRC =opened in August 2005 to serve Hong Kong Disneyland. In July 2006, the government introduced a bill to propose the merger of the two railway companies. Subject to legislative approval, the whole merger process will take about one year to complete. Hong Kong is working on a massive expansion of its rail system. Investment in Hong Kong's domestic and cross-boundary rail networks in the next decade is expected to exceed in scale the US$20 billion spent on the transportation facilities associated with the airport. Most of the projects involve linking existing lines or creating extensions to new points of interest. One project will create a second border crossing into Mainland China at Lok Ma Chau, with a rail line that will extend over a new bridge and link up with the Shenzhen Metro. The MTRC is building a line that will extend to the southern part of Hong Kong Island. The KCRC plans to construct a freight line connecting Kwai Chung Port with the Lo Wu border crossing. Foreign Direct Investment Statistics Table 1: Position of Inward Foreign Direct Investment by Major Investor Country/Territory, as at end of 2004. Country US$ Billion % Share of Total China 130.8 39.7 Netherlands 39.4 12.0 United States 31.2 9.5 Bermuda 27.0 8.2 British Virgin 23.0 7.0 Islands Japan 19.0 5.8 Singapore 11.2 3.4 United Kingdom 9.0 2.7 Cayman Islands 5.1 1.6 Canada 3.7 1.1 Source: Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department Note 1: Excluding inward direct investment from offshore financial centers, which was originally from Hong Kong. Note 2: US$1 = HK$7.8 Table 2: Position of Inward Foreign Direct Investment by Major Economic Activity, as at end of 2004. Investment holdings, real estate and various business services 154.0 46.7 Wholesale, retail and import/export trades 64.2 19.5 Banks and deposit tasking companies 48.3 14.7 Financial Institutions other than banks 18.1 5.5 and deposit-taking institutions Insurance 10.1 3.1 Transport and Related Services 8.6 2.6 Manufacturing 7.3 2.2 Communications 4.7 1.4 Restaurants and hotels 3.3 1.0 Construction 2.9 0.9 Other activities 7.9 2.4 TOTAL 329.5 100 Source: Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department Note: Excluding inward direct investment from offshore financial centers, which was originally from Hong Kong. Table 3: Position of Outward Foreign Direct Investment by Major Resident Country/Territory, as at end of 2004. Country US$ Billion % Share of Total China 155.3 55.5 British Virgin Islands 71.1 25.4 Bermuda 8.7 3.1 United Kingdom 7.1 2.5 Japan 5.4 1.9 Singapore 4.4 1.6 Thailand 3.2 1.1 United States 2.9 1.0 Malaysia 2.8 1.0 Taiwan 1.9 0.7 Others 16.9 6.0 TOTAL 279.8 100.0 Source: Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department Note: Excluding outward direct investment of offshore financial centers that was channeled back to Hong Kong. Table 4: Position of Outward Foreign Direct Investment by Major Economic Activity, as at end of 2004. Investment holdings, real estate and various business services 133.6 47.8 Wholesale, retail and import/export trades 44.7 16.0 Manufacturing 18.9 6.8 Communications 18.3 6.5 Transport and Related Services 10.5 3.7 Financial Institutions other than banks and deposit-taking institutions 8.0 2.9 Banks and deposit taking companies 7.4 2.7 Restaurants and hotels 6.4 2.3 Insurance 3.8 1.3 Construction 2.2 0.8 Other activities 25.9 9.3 TOTAL 279.7 100 Source: Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department Note: Excluding outward direct investment of offshore financial centers that was channeled back to Hong Kong. Table 5: Amount and Growth of U.S. Investment in Hong Kong in 2001/2002/2003/2004/2005 in US$ Millions. Year Amount Percent Change 2001 32,494 18.4 2002 40,329 24.1 2003 36,426 -9.7 2004 34,848 -4.3 2005 37,884 8.7 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic analysis, U.S. Direct Investment Position Abroad on a Historical Cost Basis. Note 1: The U.S. Department of Commerce estimates the total U.S. direct investment position in Hong Kong at historical cost (the book value of U.S. direct investors' equity in, and net outstanding loans to, their foreign affiliates). Note 2: U.S. Department of Commerce statistics differ from HKG statistics. Per Table 1 above, the latter indicates total U.S. investments of US$31.2 billion at year-end 2004. Note 3: Preliminary figures for 2005. Table 6: Hong Kong's Pledged and Actual Direct Investment in Mainland China in US$ Billions and Percent Share of Total Investment in Mainland China. Year Amount Invested Share of Total Pledged 2000 17.4 16.2 39.8 2001 20.7 16.7 35.7 2002 25.2 17.9 33.9 2003 40.7 17.7 33.1 2004 50.1 19.0 31.3 2005 N.A. 18.0 29.8 1978- 2005 N.A 260.2 41.8 Source: PRC Ministry of Commerce. Note: PRC Ministry of Commerce stopped reporting the pledged foreign investment figures in December 2005. Table 7: Major Foreign Investor Firms. United States: American International Group, AT&T, Bank of America, Caltex, Citigroup, Coca-Cola, Compaq Computer, Disney, ExxonMobil, Federal Express, Goldman Sachs, IBM, JP Morgan Chase, Kodak, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Motorola, Pacific Waste Management, Pepsi. Japan: C. Itoh, Citizen Watches, Daido Concrete, Hitachi, Jusco, Mitsubishi, NEC, Nishimatsu, Nomura, Olympus, Uny. United Kingdom: HSBC, Inchcape Pacific, Jardine Matheson, Lloyds, P & O Shipping, Standard Chartered Bank, Swire Pacific Group. Continental Europe: Carlsberg, Hong Kong Petrochemicals (Italian/Korean/Chinese joint venture), Siemens, Heraeus, Philips, Bouygues/Dragages, Bachy-Soletanches, Banque National de Paris, Banque Indosuez, Chanel, Cartier, Christian Dior, Remy, Ericsson, Asea Brown Boveri, Tetrapak, Electrolux. Mainland China: Bank of China (Hong Kong), Beijing Enterprises, China Everbright, China Investment and Trust Corporation (CITIC), China Merchants, China Mobile, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), China National Petroleum Corporation, China Ocean Shipping Co (COSCO), China Overseas Construction, China Resources, China Travel Services, China Unicom, Guangdong Enterprises, Lenovo Group, Petro China, Shanghai Industrial, Yue Xiu Enterprises. Asia: San Miguel Brewery, News Corp., Pioneer, Sime Darby, Shangri-la/Kerry Trading, Park View Properties, Lippo Group, C.P. Pokphand, LG, First Pacific Group. Web Resources
Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department: http://www.info.gov.hk/censtatd/ Hong Kong Monetary Authority: http://www.info.gov.hk/hkma/ Independent Commission Against Corruption: http://www.icac.org.hk/ |
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