Foreign Assistance Standardized Program Structure and Definitions

Peace & Security: To help nations effectively establish the conditions and capacity for achieving peace, security, and stability; and for responding effectively against arising threats to national or international security and stability.

Summary

Program Area 1.1: Counter-Terrorism

Program Element 1.1.1: Deny Terrorist Sponsorship, Support and Sanctuary
Sub-Element 1.1.1.1: Eliminate Safe Havens (Physical and Virtual)
Sub-Element 1.1.1.2: Restrict Travel
Sub-Element 1.1.1.3: Deny Terrorist Access to Finance

Program Element 1.1.2: De-Legitimize Terrorist Ideology
Sub-Element 1.1.2.1: Isolate and Discredit Terrorist Leaders, Facilitators, and Organizations
Sub-Element 1.1.2.2: Engage At-Risk Populations and Communities

Program Element 1.1.3: Governments’ Capabilities
Sub-Element 1.1.3.1: Collaborative CT Planning, Coordination and Information Sharing
Sub-Element 1.1.3.2: Counter-Bioterrorism/Biodefense Capabilities

Program Element 1.1.4: Program Support
Sub-Element 1.1.4.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Sub-Element 1.1.4.2: Program Design and Learning
Sub-Element 1.1.4.3: Personnel

Program Area 1.2: Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

Program Element 1.2.1: Counter WMD Proliferation and Combat WMD Terrorism
Sub-Element 1.2.1.1: Strategic Trade/Border Controls for WMD
Sub-Element 1.2.1.2: Nuclear Safeguards, Safety, Security, and Energy
Sub-Element 1.2.1.3: Monitoring Nuclear Explosions
Sub-Element 1.2.1.4: Nonproliferation of WMD-Applicable Expertise
Sub-Element 1.2.1.5: WMD Destruction/Facility Conversion
Sub-Element 1.2.1.6: WMD Terrorism

Program Element 1.2.2: Program Support
Sub-Element 1.2.2.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Sub-Element 1.2.2.2: Program Design and Learning
Sub-Element 1.2.2.3: Personnel

Program Area 1.3: Stabilization Operations and Security Sector Reform

Program Element 1.3.1: Operations Support
Sub-Element 1.3.1.1: Deployment and Operations
Sub-Element 1.3.1.2: Stability Policing and Civilian Policing (CIVPOL)
Sub-Element 1.3.1.3: Corrections Assistance
Sub-Element 1.3.1.4: Facility and Dignitary/VIP Protection
Sub-Element 1.3.1.5: Peacekeeping and Regional Security
Sub-Element 1.3.1.6: Armed Physical Security

Program Element 1.3.2: Disarmament, Demobilization & Reintegration (DDR)
Sub-Element 1.3.2.1: Disarmament
Sub-Element 1.3.2.2: Demobilization
Sub-Element 1.3.2.3: Reintegration

Program Element 1.3.3: Destruction and Security of Conventional Weapons
Sub-Element 1.3.3.1: Destruction of At-Risk Conventional Weapons/Munitions
Sub-Element 1.3.3.2: Physical Security and Stockpile Management (PSSM)
Sub-Element 1.3.3.3: Destruction of Man-Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS)

Program Element 1.3.4: Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)
Sub-Element 1.3.4.1: De-Mining and Mine Risk Education (MRE)
Sub-Element 1.3.4.2: Removal/Destruction of Abandoned and Unexploded Ordnance

Program Element 1.3.5: Immediate Protection of Civilians in Conflict
Sub-Element 1.3.5.1: Monitoring and Documentation of Crimes
Sub-Element 1.3.5.2: Combating Impunity
Sub-Element 1.3.5.3: Civilian Safety Measures

Program Element 1.3.6: Defense, Military, and Border Restructuring, Reform and Operations
Sub-Element 1.3.6.1: Territorial Security
Sub-Element 1.3.6.2: Military-to-Military Engagement
Sub-Element 1.3.6.3: Civil-Military Engagement

Program Element 1.3.7: Law Enforcement Restructuring, Reform and Operations
Sub-Element 1.3.7.1: Civilian Police Reform
Sub-Element 1.3.7.2: Specialized Units
Sub-Element 1.3.7.3: Community Security Initiatives/Community Policing

Program Element 1.3.8: Program Support
Sub-Element 1.3.8.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Sub-Element 1.3.8.2: Program Design and Learning
Sub-Element 1.3.8.3: Personnel

Program Area 1.4: Counter-Narcotics

Program Element 1.4.1: Eradication
Sub-Element 1.4.1.1: Forced Eradication
Sub-Element 1.4.1.2: Voluntary Eradication
Sub-Element 1.4.1.3: Aerial Eradication
Sub-Element 1.4.1.4: Aerial Reconnaissance and Support
Sub-Element 1.4.1.5: Domestic Legislation

Program Element 1.4.2: Alternative Development and Alternative Livelihoods
Sub-Element 1.4.2.1: National Support
Sub-Element 1.4.2.2: Municipal Support
Sub-Element 1.4.2.3: Farmer/Community Group Support
Sub-Element 1.4.2.4: Corporate/Private Group Support

Program Element 1.4.3: Interdiction
Sub-Element 1.4.3.1: Aviation Support
Sub-Element 1.4.3.2: Support Host Nation Operations
Sub-Element 1.4.3.3: Criminal Organization Investigative Assistance
Sub-Element 1.4.3.4: Enhance Border Surveillance and Border Patrol

Program Element 1.4.4: Drug Demand Reduction
Sub-Element 1.4.4.1: Drug Prevention Programs
Sub-Element 1.4.4.2: Drug Treatment Programs
Sub-Element 1.4.4.3: Drug Research Programs

Program Element 1.4.5: Program Support
Sub-Element 1.4.5.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Sub-Element 1.4.5.2: Program Design and Learning
Sub-Element 1.4.5.3: Personnel

Program Area 1.5: Transnational Crime

Program Element 1.5.1: Financial Crimes and Money Laundering
Sub-Element 1.5.1.1: Deny Criminals Access to Finance

Program Element 1.5.2: Intellectual Property Theft, Corporate Espionage, and Cyber Security
Sub-Element 1.5.2.1: Deter Cyber Crime
Sub-Element 1.5.2.2: Prevent Intellectual Property Theft
Sub-Element 1.5.2.3: Protect Critical Information

Program Element 1.5.3: Trafficking-in-Persons and Migrant Smuggling
Sub-Element 1.5.3.1: Protection
Sub-Element 1.5.3.2: Prosecution
Sub-Element 1.5.3.3: Prevention

Program Element 1.5.4: Organized and Gang-related Crime
Sub-Element 1.5.4.1: Disruption and Dismantlement
Sub-Element 1.5.4.2: Extradition

Program Element 1.5.5: Program Support
Sub-Element 1.5.5.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Sub-Element 1.5.5.2: Program Design and Learning
Sub-Element 1.5.5.3: Personnel

Program Area 1.6: Conflict Mitigation and Reconciliation

Program Element 1.6.1: Conflict Mitigation
Sub-Element 1.6.1.1: Early Warning and Response Mechanisms
Sub-Element 1.6.1.2: Peace Dividends

Program Element 1.6.2: Peace and Reconciliation Processes
Sub-Element 1.6.2.1: Peace Structures
Sub-Element 1.6.2.2: Peace Messaging

Program Element 1.6.3: Preventive Diplomacy
Sub-Element 1.6.3.1: Official Negotiation Processes
Sub-Element 1.6.3.2: Ceasefire Agreements/Peace Accords and Monitoring Mechanisms

Program Element 1.6.4: Program Support
Sub-Element 1.6.4.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Sub-Element 1.6.4.2: Program Design and Learning
Sub-Element 1.6.4.3: Personnel

Definitions

Program Area 1.1: Counter-Terrorism
Definition: Expand foreign partnerships and foreign partner capacities and strengthen global capabilities to prevent terrorists from acquiring or using resources for terrorism. Institutionalize the U.S. War on Terror strategy abroad.
Program Element 1.1.1: Deny Terrorist Sponsorship, Support and Sanctuary
Definition: Deny terrorists the tools they need for long-term survival: sustainable leadership; safe havens that provide secure environments for training and operational planning; a steady influx of recruits; equipment; communications, documentation and logistics networks; and effective propaganda capabilities. This includes programs focused specifically on disrupting financial support for terrorists. Broad activities related to financial crime that includes terrorist financing as one part should be included under Transnational Crimes.
Sub-Element 1.1.1.1: Eliminate Safe Havens (Physical and Virtual)
Definition: Assist foreign partners in developing infrastructure to eliminate current safe havens and prevent others from emerging and in addressing non-governmental entities that provide safe havens for terrorists; assist foreign governments in security and stability in targeted, ungoverned territories; and coordinate and synchronize U.S. government assistance programs to enable nations to govern their territories.
Sub-Element 1.1.1.2: Restrict Travel
Definition: Increase sharing and collection of biometric data with foreign partners; assist foreign partners in the development of compatible biometrics, immigration, and border management screening programs; and help to fight corruption and fraud in foreign government identification and travel document issuance systems.
Sub-Element 1.1.1.3: Deny Terrorist Access to Finance
Definition: Identify, disrupt, and deny access to sources, means, and mechanisms of terrorist finance including technical assistance to strengthen foreign government legislative, regulatory, law enforcement, and prosecutorial capabilities and the establishment of multilateral organizations to ensure legal/enforcement standards for formal financial systems.
Program Element 1.1.2: De-Legitimize Terrorist Ideology
Definition: De-legitimize the use of terror by seeking to highlight the fundamental immorality, costs, and negative impacts of using violence and to emphasize the benefits of using peaceful, tolerant alternatives.
Sub-Element 1.1.2.1: Isolate and Discredit Terrorist Leaders, Facilitators, and Organizations
Definition: Assist legitimate governments and civil society institutions denying and disrupting the mechanisms and resources that violent extremists use to disseminate their propaganda.
Sub-Element 1.1.2.2: Engage At-Risk Populations and Communities
Definition: Promote constructive alternatives to political violence internationally; and reach out to community leaders and organizations spreading the message of alternatives to political violence.
Program Element 1.1.3: Governments’ Capabilities
Definition: Create partnerships with foreign governments that build political will, strengthen avenues of cooperation, and create interlocking mechanisms for sustaining partner engagement in the fight against terrorism.
Sub-Element 1.1.3.1: Collaborative Counter-Terrorism Planning, Coordination and Information Sharing
Definition: Assist foreign partners in developing the capability for counter-terrorism (CT) planning and coordination and commitment to support U.S. CT objectives. This includes coordinating, synchronizing, and expanding U.S. CT training and assistance programs; sharing technology with foreign partners; establishing or strengthening alliances/agreements, regional partnerships, and security assistance programs; promoting inter-agency cooperation among foreign government security and law enforcement forces; and supporting exchange programs.
Sub-Element 1.1.3.2: Counter-Bioterrorism/Biodefense Capabilities
Definition: Combat bioterrorism and strengthen biodefense by building international awareness, prevention, preparedness, and response capabilities. Foster multi-sectoral coordination; create and capitalize on international relationships to exchange information on vulnerability assessments of food production, agriculture and distribution mechanisms; and apply methodologies to counter deliberate introduction of diseases into crops and livestock populations, contamination of food supplies, or cause disease outbreaks. Support biosurveillance techniques and infrastructure, cooperative laboratory networks, medical surge capacity, mass decontamination, threat identification and epidemiology, biological incident command and control, and infection control interventions.
Program Element 1.1.4: Program Support
Definition: This is a special element that is used to support: 1) activities that strengthen the ability of host country institutions and the USG to use strategic information for decision-making, program performance assessment, and learning; and 2) the staffing and tools needed by the USG for program management and oversight under this area.
Sub-Element 1.1.4.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program area. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.
Sub-Element 1.1.4.2: Program Design and Learning
Definition: Develop and conduct needs assessments, baseline studies, targeted evaluations, special studies or other information-gathering efforts specifically for the design, monitoring and evaluation of USG-funded programs. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned, testing demonstration and/or pilot models, or the preparation of strategic plans and other short-term programming tasks. Note: All such activities that are carried out by partners as an integral part of their monitoring and evaluation efforts for programs funded under other sub-elements should be included within those sub-elements.
Sub-Element 1.1.4.3: Personnel
Definition: Provide staff to help manage, administer and support programs in this area including related salaries, travel, housing, office space, equipment, training, and other personnel-related expenses (e.g. ICASS costs).
Program Area 1.2: Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction
Definition: Strengthen the global community’s ability to safely destroy, store, apply safeguards to, and transport weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and secure related facilities and materials; control borders and territory to prevent illicit movement of WMD and related materials and technology and to prosecute and punish violators; prevent the proliferation of WMD and related materials, technology, and expertise to states or non-state actors of concern or to potential terrorists; comply fully with international obligations concerning arms control, nonproliferation, and WMD terrorism; deter and prevent WMD terrorism; and respond to a WMD terrorism event.
Program Element 1.2.1: Counter WMD Proliferation and Combat WMD Terrorism
Definition: Provide assistance to governments for destroying, storing, or transporting WMD and related materials, technologies, and WMD-applicable expertise; in ensuring that their laws and regulations meet international standards for controlling borders and engaging in strategic trade; and that they have the appropriate technologies and techniques for interdicting illegally or illicitly traded WMD-related materials and technologies. This also covers assistance for detecting nuclear explosions to assist in the monitoring of nuclear testing moratoria, and supports partner and partnership capacity-building to develop a defense-in-depth to combat WMD terrorism, including managing and mitigating the consequences of a WMD terrorism incident.
Sub-Element 1.2.1.1: Strategic Trade/Border Controls for WMD
Definition: Strengthen countries’ ability to control strategic trade in WMD-relevant technologies by improving legal and regulatory frameworks, licensing processes, border control and other enforcement capabilities; their outreach to industry to promote corporate compliance; and their participation in or adherence to nonproliferation regimes. This assistance also helps countries meet their obligations under UNSCRs 1540 and 1673.
Sub-Element 1.2.1.2: Nuclear Safeguards, Safety, Security, and Energy
Definition: Provide assistance to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to support nuclear safeguards and promote the safe and secure development of nuclear energy, as well as to strengthen the physical protection of nuclear material, control radioactive materials, combat illicit trafficking of materials, and improve nuclear safety.
Sub-Element 1.2.1.3: Monitoring Nuclear Explosions
Definition: Provide assistance to the Technical Secretariat of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization to establish an International Monitoring System and a global network of seismic, hydroacoustic and other types of sensing stations that will enable international monitoring of nuclear explosions, and will supplement U.S. national capabilities for detecting nuclear explosions anywhere in the world.
Sub-Element 1.2.1.4: Nonproliferation of WMD-Applicable Expertise
Definition: Engage personnel with WMD or WMD-applicable expertise in peaceful, civilian, sustainable work to prevent the proliferation of their expertise to states of concern or terrorists. This also includes security assistance, particularly in the area of bio-security.
Sub-Element 1.2.1.5: WMD Destruction/Facility Conversion
Definition: Destroy, right-size, and/or reconfigure former WMD facilities to civilian, commercially-viable enterprises and destroy WMD and related materials and components.
Sub-Element 1.2.1.6: Combating WMD Terrorism
Definition: Support partner and partnership capacity-building to develop a defense-in-depth to combat WMD terrorism, including managing and mitigating the consequences of a WMD terrorism incident. Assist countries to assess the risks they face from WMD in the hands of terrorists, their capabilities to deny terrorisms access to WMD, and to deter, detect, and interdict the movement of WMD by or to terrorists. Ensure the safety and security of any seized weapons or materials. Develop partner nations’ capacity to respond to WMD attacks or incidents in areas subject to their jurisdiction through appropriate consequence management, attribution measures, and destruction of WMD and related materials and components. This could also cover assistance in training for the Proliferation Security Initiative.
Program Element 1.2.2: Program Support
Definition: This is a special element that is used to support: 1) activities that strengthen the ability of host country institutions and the USG to use strategic information for decision-making, program performance assessment, and learning; and 2) the staffing and tools needed by the USG for program management and oversight under this area.
Sub-Element 1.2.2.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program area. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.
Sub-Element 1.2.2.2: Program Design and Learning
Definition: Develop and conduct needs assessments, baseline studies, targeted evaluations, special studies or other information-gathering efforts specifically for the design, monitoring and evaluation of USG-funded programs. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned, testing demonstration and/or pilot models, or the preparation of strategic plans and other short-term programming tasks. Note: All such activities that are carried out by partners as an integral part of their monitoring and evaluation efforts for programs funded under other sub-elements should be included within those sub-elements.
Sub-Element 1.2.2.3: Personnel
Definition: Provide staff to help manage, administer and support programs in this area including related salaries, travel, housing, office space, equipment, training, and other personnel-related expenses (e.g. ICASS costs).
Program Area 1.3: Stabilization Operations and Security Sector Reform
Definition: Support for USG and civilian partners’ participation in ongoing, existing, or potential operations, to include peacekeeping, humanitarian, coalition/multinational, and peace support operations. Support security sector reform through training and operational support. A host nation’s security forces include military, paramilitary, law enforcement (including civilian police, specialized units, border security, maritime security, etc). Security Sector Reform activities are not limited to post-conflict situations.
Program Element 1.3.1: Operations Support
Definition: Support for ongoing or future peacekeeping operations, humanitarian crises, or coalition/multinational operations. Includes strategic and tactical level capacity-building, including for military, paramilitary, counterterrorism units, etc.; USG management of civilian stabilization operations (e.g. peacekeeping operations, responding to humanitarian crises, or coalition/multinational operations); direct support to ongoing/existing operations(for example, deployment of U.S. and foreign personnel and support for international and regional organizations); support for corrections facilities, VIP and facility protection; and armed physical security for civilians and to secure humanitarian access.
Sub-Element 1.3.1.1: Deployment and Operations
Definition: Direct support to develop the capacity of partners’ security forces (to include military, paramilitary, counterterrorism units, etc) to enable them to deploy to peacekeeping operations, respond to humanitarian crises, or support coalition/multinational operations, as well as to directly support ongoing/existing operations. Includes strategic and tactical level capacity-building for deployment (headquarters, logistics) and USG management of civilian stabilization operations (e.g. peacekeeping operations, responding to humanitarian crises, or coalition/multinational operations) as well as direct support to ongoing/existing operations.
Sub-Element 1.3.1.2: Stability Policing and CIVPOL
Definition: Support to international stabilization missions, including the deployment of U.S. and foreign personnel and support to military, paramilitary, gendarme, police, special police units and other forces required to (re-)establish public order.
Sub-Element 1.3.1.3: Corrections Assistance
Definition: Provide detention facilities, systems and personnel required in stabilization missions and post-conflict environments. Activities conducted herein should be linked to the longer term development of effective, transparent and accountable penal systems (described under the Governing Justly and Democratically (GJD) objective).
Sub-Element 1.3.1.4: Facility and Dignitary/VIP Protection
Definition: Assist partner security forces to provide country dignitaries, key government officials, and internationals with personal protection.
Sub-Element 1.3.1.5: Peacekeeping and Regional Security
Definition: Direct support for international and regional organizations that are actors in existing operations (examples are: African Union, Multinational Force and Observers, Economic Community of West African States, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe).

Sub-Element 1.3.1.6: Armed Physical Security

Definition: Provide armed, physical security for civilians (especially women and children) caught in conflict and to secure humanitarian access to populations in need, including physical security for refugee, IDP, or humanitarian assistance camps, and physical security to humanitarian supplies (including convoy security, physical security for aid workers, and security for infrastructure, such as roads or airfields). Security budgets are often integrated into program budgets; when interagency programs require dedicated security, however, this sub-element is the appropriate way to capture such programs. Element 3.5 provides unarmed physical security.
Program Element 1.3.2: Disarmament, Demobilization & Reintegration (DDR)
Definition: DDR programs generally constitute integral components of war-to-peace transitions in post-conflict environments. DDR activities are designed to reduce or eliminate belligerent armed forces and the supply of armed weapons. In particular, USG interventions seek to facilitate the return of ex-combatants, including women and children associated with armed forces, to sustainable civilian livelihoods and ease their transition to civilian communities to secure sustainable peace.
Sub-Element 1.3.2.1: Disarmament
Definition: Disarm belligerents through negotiating agreements; establishing and enforcing weapons control; reducing the availability of unauthorized weapons; securing, storing and disposing of weapons; and developing indigenous arms control.
Sub-Element 1.3.2.2: Demobilization
Definition: Demobilize belligerents as well as undertake rightsizing efforts in non-warring countries. Activities might include the following: establishing and decommissioning demobilization camps; ensuring adequate health, food provisions, and security for ex-belligerents; identifying, gathering and disbanding structural elements of belligerent groups; monitoring and verifying demobilization; and ensuring safety of quartered personnel and families.
Sub-Element 1.3.2.3: Reintegration
Definition: Reintegrate belligerents back into their communities, and women and children associated with armed groups, by: supporting infrastructure, quartering and civic training for ex-combatants; providing temporary jobs; funding education and vocational training for ex-combatants and their families; providing funding for income-generation; and offering remedial schooling, trauma counseling and family reintegration. It may also include family tracing and reunification of former child combatants, both boys and girls. Such programs are normally community based, and activities conducted herein should be integrated whenever possible with their sectoral counterparts, e.g. “Investing in People/Education” or “Economic Growth/Economic Opportunity.” They should also be connected to the Durable Solutions activities undertaken as part of Humanitarian Assistance.
Program Element 1.3.3: Destruction and Security of Conventional Weapons
Definition: Assist countries to destroy their excess stocks and/or to improve the security of their remaining conventional weapons (e.g. man-portable air defense systems [MANPADS], machine guns, man-portable anti-tank missiles, rocket-propelled grenade launchers, and light mortars) thereby reducing the risk that they will be illicitly diverted to terrorists, criminals and insurgents.
Sub-Element 1.3.3.1: Destruction of At-Risk Conventional Weapons/Munitions
Definition: Provide assistance in the destruction of surplus and illegal arms.
Sub-Element 1.3.3.2: Physical Security and Stockpile Management (PSSM)
Definition: Assess a state's internal processes and infrastructure at the operational level and train stockpile managers to develop effective procedures. Provide resources for security upgrades of weapons’ storage facilities and the destruction of obsolete or excess weapons.
Sub-Element 1.3.3.3: Destruction of Man-Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS)
Definition: Support multi-lateral initiatives in the G-8, Wassenaar Arrangement, and elsewhere including the following: provide assistance and technical expertise for the destruction of excess MANPADS; adopt stringent national export controls on MANPADS and their essential components; ban transfers to non-state actors; exchange information on uncooperative countries and entities; and examine for new MANPADS the feasibility of adding specific technical performance or launch control features that preclude their unauthorized use. Support bilateral efforts focused on regions and countries where there is a combination of excess MANPADS stocks, poor control, and a demonstrable risk of proliferation to terrorist groups or other undesirable end-users. This includes the destruction of obsolete weapons which have little military value, but could be lethal against civil aviation in the hands of terrorist organizations; improve safety and security of those weapons which may be needed for legitimate self-defense purposes; and improve standards of inventory control and accountability.
Program Element 1.3.4: Explosive Remnants Of War
Definition: Reduce the harmful global effects of conventional weapons, including developing host nation capacity to address these problems, and expand the funding base for mine action through private sector engagement. Support for demining and destruction of abandoned and unexploded ordnance comprises an integral part a comprehensive post-conflict strategy.
Sub-Element 1.3.4.1: De-Mining and Mine Risk Education (MRE)
Definition: Help host nations develop an indigenous cadre of de-miners and mine risk educators. Provide training and equipment, such as tools and vehicles and mine-detecting dogs, as well as funds to cover their maintenance and upkeep. Includes development and provision of appropriate educational material for men and women, different age groups and communities.
Sub-Element 1.3.4.2: Removal/Destruction of Abandoned and Unexploded Ordnance
Definition: Secure or destroy unexploded or abandoned ordnance and train host nation teams to do so.
Program Element 1.3.5: Immediate Protection of Civilians in Conflict
Definition: Encompasses non-armed interventions to promote the security and fundamental rights of civilians caught in conflict. Includes rapid-response mechanisms to monitor and document violations and to counter impunity.
Sub-Element 1.3.5.1: Monitoring and Documentation of Crimes
Definition: Deploy fact-finders/investigators; train and support local NGOs to investigate, photograph, record, and organize evidence; and support rapid-response mechanisms, advocacy, and media (radio, print, etc). Monitoring and documentation of crimes against humanity/war crimes, grave human rights violations, and related abuses
Sub-Element 1.3.5.2: Combating Impunity
Definition: Support quick-impact interventions aimed at preventing or mitigating ongoing grave human rights violations, such as rape as a weapon of war and other acts of gender-based violence, by holding perpetrators accountable. This sub-element involves urgent stop-gap measures rather than medium- or long-term support to judicial structures; however, these interventions may pave the way for the establishment of transitional justice mechanisms or other Rule of Law programming under the Governing Justly and Democratically objective and accordingly require coordination. Illustrative programming includes: witness protection, safeguarding of evidence such as mass grave sites, bolstering complaint mechanisms (traditional or formal), and emergency legal aid/public defenders.
Sub-Element 1.3.5.3: Civilian Safety Measures
Definition: Provide alternatives to high-risk activities that place civilians in vulnerable and dangerous situations (e.g. firewood gathering); identify potential flashpoints for violence and design/implement rapid preventative interventions (e.g. safeguard contested documents, protect symbolic buildings, encourage dialogue); and enhance community-peacekeeper relations.
Program Element 1.3.6: Defense, Military, and Border Security Restructuring, Reform, and Operations
Definition: Develop the capacity of partners’ security forces (including military, paramilitary, gendarmes, maritime security, border security, counterterrorism units, specialty units, etc.) to maintain a country’s territorial integrity, including self-defense against external threats, securing ungoverned/remote spaces, participating in regional defense, protecting borders, providing essential and/or emergency disaster response services, and providing force protection for coalition/U.S. forces.
Sub-Element 1.3.6.1: Territorial Security
Definition: Develop the capacity and supporting operations of partners’ security forces (to include military, paramilitary, gendarmes, specialized units, etc.) to conduct legitimate self-defense operations to maintain or regain sovereign control over national territory, including coastal waters. Professionalization of these actors should also seek to promote transparency and accountability (see Security Sector Governance in GJD). Develop the capacity and support the operations of specialized border police and customs officials to ensure the integrity of the borders and the legitimate flow of goods and people across the borders.

Sub-Element 1.3.6.2: Military-To-Military Engagement

Definition: Develop professional relationships with partner nations to provide U.S. access and influence, to enhance interoperability, and to further defense cooperation and understanding between the U.S. and foreign countries.
Sub-Element 1.3.6.3: Civil-Military Cooperation
Definition: Support effective coordination between civilian actors and uniformed personnel. This sub-element includes financial or in-kind support to enhance combined civil-security force operational planning. It may also include the establishment of joint operations centers (JOCs) for short-term or enduring missions. Activities conducted under this element should be linked to defense reform and Security Sector Governance sub-elements.
Program Element 1.3.7: Law Enforcement Reform, Restructuring, and Operations
Definition: Assist to establish and sustain effective, professional and accountable law enforcement services (civilian police, stability/formed police units, and specialized units trained and equipped for specific issues such as port and maritime security, border security, gangs or kidnapping). Improve state capacity to protect persons, property, and democratic institutions against criminal and other extralegal elements. Law enforcement programs should be conceived as part of the criminal justice system, described in detail in the GJD objective.

Sub-Element 1.3.7.1: Civilian Police Reform

Definition: Develop police forces through capacity-building (training and education both in the classroom and in the field); organizational development; civil service reform (pay and rank reform); management and leadership; equipping, infrastructure, aviation, and public affairs, among other activities. As the foundation for such a service is fundamentally rooted in the rule of law and respect for human rights, activities conducted in support of this sub-element should be coordinated with programs under the Rule of Law elements in GJD.
Sub-Element 1.3.7.2: Specialized Units
Definition: Build and support special law enforcement units such as police reaction groups (SWAT), special investigation units, riot/crowd control, special operation detachments, and intelligence units.
Sub-Element 1.3.7.3: Community Security Initiatives/Community Policing
Definition: Mobilize communities and individuals (women as well as men) to prevent or reduce crime, violence or insecurity singly or through community-police coordination. Provide safety and security services – via both state and non-state providers – to outlying areas. Assist communities and individuals to work with governments and police to reassert control over ungoverned spaces, militia strongholds, and/or ganglands in urban, peri-urban and rural environments and may include the expansion of essential services.
Program Element 1.3.8: Program Support
Definition: This is a special element that is used to support: 1) activities that strengthen the ability of host country institutions and the USG to use strategic information for decision-making, program performance assessment, and learning; and 2) the staffing and tools needed by the USG for program management and oversight under this area.
Sub-Element 1.3.8.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program area. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.
Sub-Element 1.3.8.2: Program Design and Learning
Definition: Develop and conduct needs assessments, baseline studies, targeted evaluations, special studies or other information-gathering efforts specifically for the design, monitoring and evaluation of USG-funded programs. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned, testing demonstration and/or pilot models, or the preparation of strategic plans and other short-term programming tasks. Note: All such activities that are carried out by partners as an integral part of their monitoring and evaluation efforts for programs funded under other sub-elements should be included within those sub-elements.
Sub-Element 1.3.8.3: Personnel
Definition: Provide staff to help manage, administer and support programs in this area including related salaries, travel, housing, office space, equipment, training, and other personnel-related expenses (e.g. ICASS costs).
Program Area 1.4: Counter-Narcotics
Definition: Combat international narcotics production and trafficking; reduce the cultivation and production of drugs; prevent the resurgence of drug production; and limit the collateral effects of the drug trade through international drug control and demand reduction projects.
Program Element 1.4.1: Eradication
Definition: Provide logistical and technical assistance aimed at the reduction of illicit crop cultivation, either through manual crop destruction, or through the use of aerially delivered herbicide, including training for pilots, mechanics, and other technical and support personnel for each program aspect; procure vehicles, equipment, fuel and related equipment/materials; and support activities focusing on guaranteeing the safety and security of assets and personnel involved in these activities.
Sub-Element 1.4.1.1: Forced Eradication
Definition: Destroy illicit drug crops under cultivation, without the cooperation of farmers/owners.
Sub-Element 1.4.1.2: Voluntary Eradication
Definition: Destroy illicit drug crops under cultivation, with the cooperation and consent of owners/farmers as a result of incentives provided.

Sub-Element 1.4.1.3: Aerial Eradication

Definition: Use aircraft to spray herbicide on illicit drug crops to destroy them. Often involves accompanying security escort and Search and Rescue (SAR) helicopters.
Sub-Element 1.4.1.4: Aerial Reconnaissance and Support
Definition: Use aircraft to identify and survey illicit drug crops, assess the results of eradication operations, and to transport personnel and cargo to facilitate and logistically support eradication operations.
Sub-Element 1.4.1.5: Support for Host Country Eradication Policy and Legislation
Definition: Provide technical assistance and support, as required, to assist the host nation in developing and implementing eradication policies and legislation so as to make the eradication effort more effective and consistent with U.S. foreign and counter-narcotics policies, and to allow the host nation greater independence and self-reliance in this effort.
Program Element 1.4.2: Alternative Development and Alternative Livelihoods
Definition: Encourage the adoption of alternative livelihoods by providing technical, legal, and policy assistance as required; procuring vehicles, fuel and related equipment/materials; training professional, technical and support personnel; providing security experts and personnel; supporting promoters to form and work with groups that are eradicating drug crops; carrying out scientific studies and market research; developing the private sector, entrepreneurs or small enterprises; and providing support to financial markets and credit assistance.
Sub-Element 1.4.2.1: National Support
Definition: Finance productive infrastructure and investments, such as roads and bridges, as selected and identified by participating local communities in drug growing areas where eradication is taking place. Expand the presence of the state by improving participation in and access to local government institutions in coca or poppy growing areas where eradication is taking place. Improve general social conditions through social investment in areas such as health and education in drug growing areas where eradication is taking place.
Sub-Element 1.4.2.2: Municipal Support
Definition: Strengthening citizen participation in local government while simultaneously strengthening the administrative capabilities, efficiency, transparency, and accountability of municipalities and other local government units. Examples of other assistance or services that communities may request in exchange for remaining drug-free include: education, health, land titling; electrification, potable water, sewers, road maintenance, or other services that municipalities or communities identify as their top priorities for alternative development assistance. These activities should be captured here when specifically contributing to an Alternative Development and Alternative Livelihoods program rather than in the Investing in People Objective.
Sub-Element 1.4.2.3: Farmer/Community Group Support
Definition: Provide licit income alternatives. Develop sustainable farm-level production and marketing systems to increase licit employment opportunities and incomes in coca or poppy growing areas where eradication is taking place.
Sub-Element 1.4.2.4: Corporate/Private Group Support
Definition: Identify constraints that limit growth of private firms and help firms overcome these constraints. Develop sustainable market linkages to increase licit employment opportunities and incomes in coca or poppy growing regions where eradication is taking place.
Program Element 1.4.3: Interdiction
Definition: Prevent, interrupt, capture, or eliminate illegal drug production, movement or trafficking activities. These actions include, but are not limited to, the interception of drug trafficking aircraft, destruction of laboratories, destruction of precursor chemicals needed for production of illegal drugs, seizing drugs in transit or storage, and apprehending traffickers. Includes technical, legal, and policy assistance as required; procurement of vehicles, equipment, fuel, and related equipment/materials; training for pilots, professional, technical, and support personnel for each program aspect; and security equipment and personnel.
Sub-Element 1.4.3.1: Aviation Support
Definition: Transport law enforcement or military personnel for the conduct of interdiction or to intercept trafficking aircraft.
Sub-Element 1.4.3.2: Support Host Nation Operations
Definition: Strengthen the capacity of host nation partners, and increase the costs and risks associated with trafficking lanes to make suppliers unreliable. This is achieved through coordinated operations and intelligence sharing among law enforcement, and by supporting all facets of air bridge denial, ground and riverine interdiction programs. This includes adopting tactics to counter the exploitation of ports, coastal waters, and commercial shipping by transnational criminal organizations and promoting the development and implementation of maritime cooperation agreements while enhancing maritime interdiction capacity in source and transit countries.
Sub-Element 1.4.3.3: Criminal Organization Investigative Assistance
Definition: Improve coordination and enhance drug and crime interdiction capabilities and capacities of host nation law enforcement. It continues institution building in law enforcement countries to combat trafficking and to counter possible spillover of cultivation and/or processing operations from another country as a result of increased counter-narcotics activities there. Develop host nation law enforcement capabilities to assert the rule of law in drug cultivation and terrorist-occupied areas.
Program Element 1.4.4: Drug Demand Reduction
Definition: Reduce worldwide use and abuse of, and demand for narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
Sub-Element 1.4.4.1: Drug Prevention Programs
Definition: Prevent the initial/first time use of drugs and prevent destructive behaviors associated with drug use. Techniques can include school and community programs that teach drug resistance skills through interactive methods (discussion, group feedback, role-playing, etc) and/or teach social competence (communication, life skills, assertiveness, etc).
Sub-Element 1.4.4.2: Drug Treatment Programs
Definition: Treat drug addiction and prevent relapse through behavioral therapy/counseling, medications, or their combination with the aim of getting individuals to stop using drugs and modify the destructive behaviors that could lead to other problems such as STD transmission, criminal activity, and violence. Activities should be linked to Investing in People/Health.
Sub-Element 1.4.4.3: Drug Demand Research
Definition: Use empirical and science-based approaches to measuring and interpreting information on the prevention and treatment of drug use. This research includes identifying best practices and promising model programs to develop and improve demand reduction programs.
Program Element 1.4.5: Program Support
Definition: This is a special element that is used to support: 1) activities that strengthen the ability of host country institutions and the USG to use strategic information for decision-making, program performance assessment, and learning; and 2) the staffing and tools needed by the USG for program management and oversight under this area.
Sub-Element 1.4.5.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program area. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included. (Drug Demand Research should be captured in 4.4.3)
Sub-Element 1.4.5.2: Program Design and Learning
Definition: Develop and conduct needs assessments, baseline studies, targeted evaluations, special studies or other information-gathering efforts specifically for the design, monitoring and evaluation of USG-funded programs. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned, testing demonstration and/or pilot models, or the preparation of strategic plans and other short-term programming tasks. Note: All such activities that are carried out by partners as an integral part of their monitoring and evaluation efforts for programs funded under other sub-elements should be included within those sub-elements.
Sub-Element 1.4.5.3: Personnel
Definition: Provide staff to help manage, administer and support programs in this area including related salaries, travel, housing, office space, equipment, training, and other personnel-related expenses (e.g. ICASS costs).
Program Area 1.5: Transnational Crime
Definition: Minimize the adverse effects of criminal activities on the United States and its citizens, particularly when these criminal activities involve cross-border connections or have cross-border affects. Promote international cooperation and coordination, and provide training and other technical assistance to help build institutional capacity for combating international criminal activities such as corruption, alien smuggling, trafficking in persons, financial crimes (including money laundering), violations of intellectual property law, and cyber crime. Activities may be linked to Conflict Resources in EG, element 8.2.1.
Program Element 1.5.1: Financial Crimes and Money Laundering
Definition: Assist in drafting comprehensive legislation and implementing regulations; and training bank regulators and examiners, financial investigators, prosecutors, and judges. Establishing a Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) that receives, analyzes and disseminates suspicious transaction reports with domestic law enforcement and foreign analogs is a necessary activity that enables the jurisdiction to share vital financial information with other countries.
Sub-Element 1.5.1.1: Deny Criminals Access to Finance
Definition: Build the capacity to combat criminal financing, or to engage the country in countering criminal financing efforts (either domestic or transnational), by means of training, investigative technical assistance, or building the hard and soft infrastructures for this purpose. This includes narcotraffickers. This does not include specific programs targeting terrorists or terrorist organizations which should be included under CT Program Sub-element 1.1.3, but these can be included if part of a larger finance program.
Program Element 1.5.2: Intellectual Property Theft, Corporate Espionage, and Cyber Security
Definition: Build the capacity of foreign governments to detect, investigate, prosecute, and prevent violations of laws designed to protect intellectual property, including the unlawful use and appropriation of such property. Build the capacity of foreign governments to identify, investigate, prosecute, and prevent crimes committed through the criminal misuse of information technology.
Sub-Element 1.5.2.1: Deter Cyber Crime
Definition: Provide training and other technical assistance and outreach to help build the capacity of prosecutors, investigators, judges, policymakers, and other foreign partners to identify, investigate, prosecute, and prevent crimes committed through the criminal misuse of information technology.
Sub-Element 1.5.2.2: Prevent Intellectual Property Theft
Definition: Provide training and other technical assistance and outreach to help build the capacity of prosecutors, investigators, judges, policymakers, customs officials, and other foreign partners to identify, investigate, prosecute and prevent violations of laws designed to protect intellectual property, including the unlawful use and appropriation of such property.
Sub-Element 1.5.2.3: Protect Critical Information
Definition: Provide training and other technical assistance and outreach to help build the capacity of foreign governments to identify, investigate and prevent threats to critical infrastructure and technology.
Program Element 1.5.3: Trafficking-In-Persons and Migrant Smuggling
Definition: Supports the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (see Act if more information is needed) 22 U.S.C. § 7102.; Migrant Smuggling as defined in article 3 of the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime’s Migrant Smuggling Protocol, as well as in the International Labor Organization Convention 29. Activities may be linked to those included in Humanitarian Assistance, elements 3.1 and 3.2.
Sub-Element 1.5.3.1: Protection
Definition: Provide/support protection for trafficking victims -- most of whom are women and children -- which includes, but is not limited to: hotlines; safe housing; medical, psychological and legal assistance services; safe and voluntary repatriation; reintegration and economic assistance; and training and technical assistance for social workers, psychologists, medical personnel, non-governmental organization personnel, and legal advocates.
Sub-Element 1.5.3.2: Prosecution
Definition: Develop comprehensive anti-trafficking and anti-smuggling laws to include strong penalties against traffickers and smugglers and protections for trafficking victims; training and technical assistance to law enforcement officers, prosecutors, labor inspectors, judges, and immigration and border officials; and provision of equipment (such as vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, radios, computers and software, flashlights, and forensic kits) to assist in investigation, arrest, prosecution and conviction of traffickers and smugglers.
Sub-Element 1.5.3.3: Prevention
Definition: Increase public awareness of trafficking and its dangers through public information and education campaigns in source, transit and destination countries including: educating the private sector about trafficking for child labor, offering educational messages and outreach to communities that are particularly vulnerable to trafficking, supporting local and regional NGO networks and faith-based institutions that are fighting trafficking, and increasing respect for girls and women through media, formal education, and youth-focused activities.
Program Element 1.5.4: Organized and Gang-related Crime
Definition: Supports activities that link domestic and international partners, and their associated investigative and enforcement actions in tackling organized and gang-related crime.
Sub-Element 1.5.4.1: Disruption and Dismantlement
Definition: Systematically dismantle organized and gang criminal networks (both vertically and horizontally) so as to make them impotent or ineffective, and dismantle their organizations and operations permanently so as to eliminate them. Work with host nations to not permit safe-havens for criminal organizations operating across borders.
Sub-Element 1.5.4.2: Extradition
Definition: Support the extradition of members of organized and/or gang-related networks who break international laws, the laws within their domestic operations, or laws of other countries in which their organizations operate.
Program Element 1.5.5: Program Support
Definition: This is a special element that is used to support: 1) activities that strengthen the ability of host country institutions and the USG to use strategic information for decision-making, program performance assessment, and learning; and 2) the staffing and tools needed by the USG for program management and oversight under this area.
Sub-Element 1.5.5.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program area. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.
Sub-Element 1.5.5.2: Program Design and Learning
Definition: Develop and conduct needs assessments, baseline studies, targeted evaluations, special studies or other information-gathering efforts specifically for the design, monitoring and evaluation of USG-funded programs. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned, testing demonstration and/or pilot models, or the preparation of strategic plans and other short-term programming tasks. Note: All such activities that are carried out by partners as an integral part of their monitoring and evaluation efforts for programs funded under other sub-elements should be included within those sub-elements.
Sub-Element 1.5.5.3: Personnel
Definition: Provide staff to help manage, administer and support programs in this area including related salaries, travel, housing, office space, equipment, training, and other personnel-related expenses (e.g. ICASS costs).
Program Area 1.6: Conflict Mitigation and Reconciliation
Definition: Reduce the threat or impact of violent conflict and promote the peaceful resolution of differences, mitigate violence if it has already broken out, or establish a framework for peace and reconciliation. This is done by identifying the causes of conflict and state failure; supporting early responses that address the causes and consequences of instability and conflict; and developing long lasting solutions to the problems that drive conflict. This includes support for processes and mechanisms for reconciliation and conflict mitigation no matter what the source of the conflict may be, though this may require integration with other elements.
Program Element 1.6.1: Conflict Mitigation
Definition: Reduce the threat or impact of violent conflict and promote peaceful resolution of differences, mitigate violence if it has already broken out, or establish a framework for peace and reconciliation that includes both men and women.
Sub-Element 1.6.1.1: Early Warning and Response Mechanisms
Definition: Develop and support early warning and response mechanisms such as early warning models and response protocols; monitoring mechanisms and peace structures at different levels; confidence-building measures; crisis-response planning and management skills at the local and national levels; and means for rapid and effective response in the event of crisis.
Sub-Element 1.6.1.2: Peace Dividends
Definition: Support quick-impact, results-based activities required to demonstrate the positive impact of a peace process, operation or other event, such as mobilizing small grants for communities and local/national governments; ensuring delivery of services (e.g. "ministry in a box"); bringing local and national government authorities closer to their constituencies (e.g. town hall meetings, consultations, production and dissemination of information); generating employment for potential spoilers; and managing expectations.
Program Element 1.6.2: Peace and Reconciliation Processes
Definition: Support and strengthen the negotiation process and implement peace and reconciliation processes, accords and ceasefire agreements at track levels 1, 2 and 3, including support to indigenous peacebuilding efforts. For a peace/negotiations process to have a chance of success, it must entail building trust in the process, between parties, and among their constituents, with a special focus on including women. Illustrative activities include negotiation training; platform development; public opinion polling; facilitation activities; elder statesmen engagement; provision of international expert advice and knowledge; financial support to parties; multi-stakeholder dialogues; assistance with the design of peacebuilding training programs; support and maintenance of agreed verification mechanisms; support to complaint tracking mechanisms; and work with local and national government representatives to bring them closer to their constituencies.
Sub-Element 1.6.2.1: Peace Structures
Definition: Create substitute mechanisms in the absence of formal peace and in the midst of peace processes in order to meet the needs of people affected by conflict. Provide capacity building and training support to the parties in conflict; develop knowledge, attitudes and practices surveys; engage local communities in the peace process; and serve as a catalyst and connector between the national process and people. Support informal - most often civil society driven - multi-stakeholder confidential or public dialogues that facilitate dialogue and stimulate the exchange of ideas between the nation’s political stakeholder groups including civil society and community actors in a constructive, inclusive forum.
Sub-Element 1.6.2.2: Peace Messaging
Definition: Support the media during peace processes in order to ensure balance, transparency, and accountability. Includes: supporting innovative media programs that inform and prepare people to accept the outcome of credible negotiations; creating better understanding between parties and their followers – including providing forums for dialogue; educating the public about the process and issues involved in the negotiations; and facilitating important attitude and behavioral changes towards a more just and peaceable society.
Program Element 1.6.3: Preventive Diplomacy
Definition: Establish and/or support official negotiations and agreements between parties to prevent the escalation of conflicts between or within other nations.
Sub-Element 1.6.3.1: Official Negotiation Process
Definition: Support initiatives related to direct negotiation between the parties in conflict that support and strengthen the negotiation process and stakeholders’ ability to negotiate lasting and acceptable agreements. Provide technical and logistical support to the negotiators and facilitators.
Sub-Element 1.6.3.2: Ceasefire Agreements/Peace Accords and Monitoring Mechanism
Definition: Secure negotiations and peace process through establishing and maintaining a ceasefire or peace accord and establishing monitoring mechanisms and peace structures at different levels.
Program Element 1.6.4: Program Support
Definition: This is a special element that is used to support: 1) activities that strengthen the ability of host country institutions and the USG to use strategic information for decision-making, program performance assessment, and learning; and 2) the staffing and tools needed by the USG for program management and oversight under this area.
Sub-Element 1.6.4.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program area. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.
Sub-Element 1.6.4.2: Program Design and Learning
Definition: Develop and conduct needs assessments, baseline studies, targeted evaluations, special studies or other information-gathering efforts specifically for the design, monitoring and evaluation of USG-funded programs. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned, testing demonstration and/or pilot models, or the preparation of strategic plans and other short-term programming tasks. Note: All such activities that are carried out by partners as an integral part of their monitoring and evaluation efforts for programs funded under other sub-elements should be included within those sub-elements.
Sub-Element 1.6.4.3: Personnel
Definition: Provide staff to help manage, administer and support programs in this area including related salaries, travel, housing, office space, equipment, training, and other personnel-related expenses (e.g. ICASS costs).

Governing Justly & Democratically: To promote and strengthen effective democracies in recipient states and move them along a continuum toward democratic consolidation.
Summary

Program Area 2.1: Rule of Law and Human Rights

Program Element 2.1.1: Constitutions, Laws, and Legal Systems
Sub-Element 2.1.1.1: Constitutions, Laws, Legal Frameworks
Sub-Element 2.1.1.2: Public Knowledge and Understanding of the Rule of Law
Sub-Element 2.1.1.3: Transitional Justice
Sub-Element 2.1.1.4: Non-State Legal Systems
Program Element 2.1.2: Judicial Independence
Sub-Element 2.1.2.1: Judicial Review
Sub-Element 2.1.2.2: Independence and Accountability
Sub-Element 2.1.2.3: Public Awareness and Advocacy
Program Element 2.1.3: Justice System
Sub-Element 2.1.3.1: Justice System Actors
Sub-Element 2.1.3.2: Operations of Institutions and Actors
Sub-Element 2.1.3.3: Fairness and Equity
Sub-Element 2.1.3.4: Access to Justice
Program Element 2.1.4: Human Rights
Sub-Element 2.1.4.1: Advocacy
Sub-Element 2.1.4.2: Systems and Policies
Sub-Element 2.1.4.3: Education and Training
Program Element 2.1.5: Program Support
Sub-Element 2.1.5.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Sub-Element 2.1.5.2: Program Design and Learning
Sub-Element 2.1.5.3: Personnel
Program Area 2.2: Good Governance
Program Element 2.2.1: Legislative Function and Processes
Sub-Element 2.2.1.1: Legislative Strengthening and Legal Reform
Sub-Element 2.2.1.2: Representation
Sub-Element 2.2.1.3: Oversight and Budget Capacity
Sub-Element 2.2.1.4: Legislative Management, Administration, Accountability and Transparency
Sub-Element 2.2.1.5: Citizen Participation
Program Element 2.2.2: Public Sector Executive Function
Sub-Element 2.2.2.1: State Formation and Democratic Legitimacy
Sub-Element 2.2.2.2: Strategic Planning and Policy Making
Sub-Element 2.2.2.3: Civil Service and Public Administration
Sub-Element 2.2.2.4: Oversight of the Executive Branch
Program Element 2.2.3: Local Government and Decentralization
Sub-Element 2.2.3.1: Representative and Responsive Local Governance
Sub-Element 2.2.3.2: Delivery of Local Goods and Services
Sub-Element 2.2.3.3: Local Government Revenue Generation
Sub-Element 2.2.3.4: Fiscal Decentralization
Sub-Element 2.2.3.5: Decentralization Enabling Environment
Sub-Element 2.2.3.6: Local Public Sector Associations
Program Element 2.2.4: Anti-Corruption Reforms
Sub-Element 2.2.4.1: Diplomatic Initiatives
Sub-Element 2.2.4.2: Governmental Reform
Sub-Element 2.2.4.3: Transparency and Oversight
Sub-Element 2.2.4.4: Anticorruption Enforcement
Program Element 2.2.5: Governance of the Security Sector
Sub-Element 2.2.5.1: Legal and Regulatory Framework of Security
Sub-Element 2.2.5.2: Civilian Management and Oversight
Sub-Element 2.2.5.3: Civil Society Capacity to Engage the Security Sector
Program Element 2.2.6: Program Support
Sub-Element 2.2.6.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Sub-Element 2.2.6.2: Program Design and Learning
Sub-Element 2.2.6.3: Personnel
Program Area 2.3: Political Competition and Consensus-Building
Program Element 2.3.1: Consensus-Building Processes
Sub-Element 2.3.1.1: Consensus Building and Dialogue Processes
Sub-Element 2.3.1.2: Advocacy and Oversight
Program Element 2.3.2: Elections and Political Processes
Sub-Element 2.3.2.1: Legal and Institutional Framework
Sub-Element 2.3.2.2: Election Management
Sub-Element 2.3.2.3: Public Awareness, Transparency and Turnout
Sub-Element 2.3.2.4: Enfranchisement, Access and Participation
Sub-Element 2.3.2.5: Observation, Monitoring and Oversight
Program Element 2.3.3: Political Parties
Sub-Element 2.3.3.1: Political Party Organizational Development
Sub-Element 2.3.3.2: Governing Capability
Sub-Element 2.3.3.3: Representation and Outreach
Sub-Element 2.3.3.4: Participation of Parties in Elections
Program Element 2.3.4: Program Support
Sub-Element 2.3.4.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Sub-Element 2.3.4.2: Program Design and Learning
Sub-Element 2.3.4.3: Personnel
Program Area 2.4: Civil Society
Program Element 2.4.1: Civic Participation
Sub-Element 2.4.1.1: Civil Society Legal and Regulatory Frameworks
Sub-Element 2.4.1.2: Civil Society Capacity for Democratic Processes
Sub-Element 2.4.1.3: Citizen Participation and Oversight
Sub-Element 2.4.1.4: Civic Education and Democratic Culture
Sub-Element 2.4.1.5: Democratic Trade Unions
Program Element 2.4.2: Media Freedom and Freedom of Information
Sub-Element 2.4.2.1: Enabling Environment for Independent Media
Sub-Element 2.4.2.2: Professional and Institutional Capacity
Sub-Element 2.4.2.3: Media Sustainability
Sub-Element 2.4.2.4: Media-Sector Civil Society Organizations (CSO) and other Support Institutions
Sub-Element 2.4.2.5: Media Outlets and Infrastructure
Sub-Element 2.4.2.6: Government Communications
Program Element 2.4.3: Program Support
Sub-Element 2.4.3.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Sub-Element 2.4.3.2: Program Design and Learning
Sub-Element 2.4.3.3: Personnel

Definitions:
Program Area 2.1: Rule of Law and Human Rights

Rule of law is a principle under which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced, and independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with international human rights law. It also requires measures to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance of arbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency. Human rights derive from the inherent dignity of the individual and are to be enjoyed by all without distinction as to race, color, sex, language, religion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. They include fundamental freedoms of expression, association, peaceful assembly and religion set out in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They also include rights in labor conventions and provisions of national civil rights legislation. They reflect a common sense of decency, fairness and justice; and states have a duty to respect and ensure these rights and incorporate them into the processes of government and law.
Program Element 2.1.1: Constitutions, Laws, and Legal Systems
Definition: Support the development of constitutions, laws, and legal systems that are derived through democratic processes and are consistent with international human rights standards. Ensure that the public participates in the legal process as appropriate, perceives laws as legitimate and worthy of adherence, and respects the authority of law and legal institutions. Includes efforts to end impunity and enable peaceful transitions to democracy, as well as efforts to harmonize customary or religious law with state-based legal systems.
Sub-Element 2.1.1.1: Constitutions, Laws, and Legal Frameworks
Definition: Develop democratically-derived constitutions and legal and regulatory frameworks, including participatory processes; support for public and private research and debate on justice systems, including analysis and dissemination of jurisprudence, innovations, and best practices.
Sub-Element 2.1.1.2: Public Knowledge and Understanding of the Rule of Law
Definition: Foster and maintain a culture that is generally law-abiding, including through legal literacy, public awareness, constituency building, and citizen engagement in legal processes.
Sub-Element 2.1.1.3: Transitional Justice
Definition: Address past war crimes and human rights violations through retributive or restorative justice mechanisms, including vetting, truth and reconciliation commissions; international, local or hybrid tribunals; community-based approaches, and customary/traditional practices.
Sub-Element 2.1.1.4: Non-State Legal Systems
Definition: Harmonize customary, traditional, or religious legal systems with state legal systems to ensure appropriate linkages and human rights protections.
Program Element 2.1.2: Judicial Independence
Definition: Strengthen judicial independence as a means to maintain separation of powers and check excessive power in any branch or level of government. This element helps to ensure that government is bound by law, and government decision-making is in accordance with law. Work to create an independent and impartial judiciary through institutional and behavioral change, and also to promote public respect for the judiciary and judicial decision-making.
Sub-Element 2.1.2.1: Judicial Review
Definition: Enhance the judiciary’s ability to check abuses of power by any branch or level of government through creating and strengthening constitutional or judicial review, whether by Constitutional, Supreme, or other Courts, and ensuring enforcement of judicial decisions.
Sub-Element 2.1.2.2: Independence and Accountability
Definition: Increase independence and reduce improper influences on the judiciary through: open and participatory processes for judicial selection and appointment; security of tenure; budget allocations to ensure adequate infrastructure, training, and working conditions; judicial self-governance including management of administrative, budgetary, ethics, and disciplinary processes; and transparent court operations and judicial processes.
Sub-Element 2.1.2.3: Public Awareness and Advocacy
Definition: Foster public confidence and demand for an independent judiciary through judicial outreach, fair and accountable judicial processes, and external monitoring by legal professionals, civil society, academics, and the media.
Program Element 2.1.3: Justice System
Definition: Improve the capacity and sustainability of civil and criminal justice sector actors and institutions, enhance coordination amongst them, develop citizen demand for an effective and accountable justice system, and develop associations to advocate for all citizens. Justice sector actors and institutions include: police, border security, prosecutors, forensics experts, judges, court personnel, public defenders, corrections personnel, private bar, law schools, legal professional associations, and training institutions for each of them. Work towards an equitable justice system by ensuring equality before the law, fair trial standards, and other elements of procedural fairness. Ensure more equitable access to justice through innovations within and beyond the state system and through improvements in the quality and quantity of justice services, with a particular focus on women, youth, the poor, and other marginalized or vulnerable groups. Programs primarily focused on trafficking in persons or migrant smuggling should be included in element 5.3 under the Transnational Crime area in the Peace and Security Objective.
Sub-Element 2.1.3.1: Justice System Actors
Definition: Support educational and training institutions and programs for all justice system actors, to include reform of pedagogy and curricula, continuing and in-service training, and international partnerships; support of attestation, certification, and other standard-setting mechanisms; support of legal professional associations to promote professionalism, dignity, and public service; and strengthen oversight, including through institutions (judicial councils, inspectors general, ombudsmen, and disciplinary bodies), policies (ethics, internal integrity, and whistleblowers), and procedures (citizen oversight).
Sub-Element 2.1.3.2: Operations of Institutions and Actors
Definition: Improve administrative systems (including management, strategic planning, budget and finance, procurement, and personnel); improve operational systems and capacities to carry out core functions (including case management, client relations, advocacy, judicial decision-making, enforcement of decisions, protecting life and property, criminal investigations and prosecutions, victim/witness assistance and protection, crime prevention, humane and secure prison services, and offender parole, probation, and reintegration), and improve coordination among justice sector actors and institutions where appropriate, including harmonization of policies, procedures, and systems, and public/private partnerships relating to crime, violence, and other issues.
Sub-Element 2.1.3.3: Fairness and Equity
Definition: Develop and implement legal regimes to ensure equal protection of the law and fair process, to include non-discrimination laws and policies, civil and criminal procedures consistent with international fair trial standards, effective administrative law systems to guard against arbitrary government action, and observance by all justice system actors and institutions of international human rights standards. Support monitoring and advocacy by justice sector NGOs, including strategic lawyering, trial monitoring, and policy dialogue.
Sub-Element 2.1.3.4: Access to Justice
Definition: Expand access to state and non-state dispute-resolution fora, including court re-distribution and mobile courts. Support the removal of language, gender, cultural, and physical barriers; circulation of laws and legal decisions; and alternative dispute resolution systems. Expand access to legal services, including public defenders’ offices, legal aid and legal services, labor law services, justice or legal resources centers, and strengthen the private bar.
Program Element 2.1.4: Human Rights
Definition: Advance protection of international human rights, including labor rights, not covered under other elements. This element supports governmental and nongovernmental organizations created to protect, promote, and enforce human rights. Support programs to educate governments on incorporating human rights standards and practices into all government activity.
Sub-Element 2.1.4.1: Human Rights Advocacy
Definition: Support governmental and non-governmental human rights advocates, including human rights defenders, NGOs, ombudsmen, and human rights commissions, whether addressing human rights issues relating to justice or other sectors.
Sub-Element 2.1.4.2: Human Rights Systems and Policies
Definition: Support systems to prevent and address human rights violations through early warning, monitoring, investigating, and reporting, and through national, regional, and international legal systems for human rights protection and enforcement. Harmonize domestic laws and policies with international human rights standards; and promote the adoption and implementation of human rights standards, including core labor standards.
Sub-Element 2.1.4.3: Human Rights Education and Training
Definition: Integrate human rights into all education and training programs, develop quality human rights courses and materials, and promote research and learning.
Program Element 2.1.5: Program Support
Definition: This is a special element that is used to support: 1) activities that strengthen the ability of host country institutions and the USG to use strategic information for decision-making, program performance assessment, and learning; and 2) the staffing and tools needed by the USG for program management and oversight under this area.
Sub-Element 2.1.5.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program area. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.
Sub-Element 2.1.5.2: Program Design and Learning
Definition: Develop and conduct needs assessments, baseline studies, targeted evaluations, special studies or other information-gathering efforts specifically for the design, monitoring and evaluation of USG-funded programs. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned, testing demonstration and/or pilot models, or the preparation of strategic plans and other short-term programming tasks. Note: All such activities that are carried out by partners as an integral part of their monitoring and evaluation efforts for programs funded under other sub-elements should be included within those sub-elements.
Sub-Element 2.1.5.3: Personnel
Definition: Provide staff to help manage, administer and support programs in this area including related salaries, travel, housing, office space, equipment, training, and other personnel-related expenses (e.g. ICASS costs).
Program Area 2.2: Good Governance
Support avenues for meaningful public participation and oversight, as well as for substantive separation of powers through institutional checks and balances. Transparency and integrity are also vital to government effectiveness and political stability.
Program Element 2.2.1: Legislative Function and Processes
Definition: Improve the way the legislature and legislative processes and procedures work to uphold democratic practices. Focus on the quality and effectiveness of legislation, including the constitution, codes, laws, and regulations applying to various development sectors. Increase the legislature’s capacity to be responsive to the people it serves, enhance public participation, engage in policy-making, hold itself and the executive accountable, and oversee the implementation of government programs, budgets, and laws.
Sub-Element 2.2.1.1: Legislative Strengthening and Legal Reform
Definition: Support more effective and efficient legislative processes and procedures through activities designed to strengthen, among others, legislative drafting, legal reform efforts, rules of procedure, committee processes, research capacity, and access to policy analysis and expertise.
Sub-Element 2.2.1.2: Representation
Definition: Build the capacity of legislatures to reach out to constituents, civil society, and marginalized groups to better represent the interests of people, respond to citizen grievances, provide for public services, and engage and inform the public on critical policy issues and priorities.
Sub-Element 2.2.1.3: Oversight and Budget Capacity
Definition: Strengthen the capacity and ability of the legislature to engage in monitoring and oversight of government policies, programs, actions, and budgets through committee investigations and hearings, greater interaction with government officials, questioning of government representatives, and increased engagement in budget formulation, review, and oversight.
Sub-Element 2.2.1.4: Citizen Participation
Definition: Train and support citizen groups and organizations to participate in legislative proceedings and engage in advocacy with legislative members and committees.
Program Element 2.2.2: Public Sector Executive Function
Definition: Assist executive offices, ministries, and independent governmental bodies to operate more efficiently and effectively; and assist executive branch offices and citizens to incorporate democratic structures and principles into state building, their ongoing systems of governance, and public administration services. Assist with policies, procedures, and skill sets (including leadership and strategic management) to guide operations; implementation and enforcement of laws, regulations and policies; linkages between and among branches, levels and functions of government; international relations; financial management systems; civil service reforms; public/private partnerships; and working with citizens as customers of the government.
Sub-Element 2.2.2.1: State Formation and Democratic Legitimacy
Definition: Support the reconstruction of state institutions and systems (to include indigenous and international transitional administrations) to match the role of the state to its citizens’ preferences and institutional and fiscal capability; and to incorporate democratic principles. It supports voice, negotiation/problem solving, and consensus building in the establishment and in the workings of government.
Sub-Element 2.2.2.2: Strategic Planning and Policy Making
Definition: Strengthen skills in planning, policy making, implementation, and leadership; strategic communication; availability of and access to information; offices of the president, prime minister, cabinet, and policy analysis units; and strengthen inter- and intra-governmental relations (linkages among branches and levels).
Sub-Element 2.2.2.3: Civil Service and Public Administration
Definition: Support civil service reform and develop human capacity. Improve organizational structures, systems and procedures that guide performance, including service delivery and provision, financial management systems, government engagement of citizens, public-private partnerships to serve public needs, e-government reform, and infrastructure
Sub-Element 2.2.2.4: Oversight of the Executive Branch
Definition: Ensure effective oversight of executive branch functions by citizens, other non-state actors, and within and among branches and levels of government (e.g., inspectors general, ombudsmen, task forces, commissions).
Program Element 2.2.3: Local Government and Decentralization
Definition: Provide technical assistance and training to strengthen sub-national government functions, including development of budgets, local revenue raising, provision of local public services, community planning, participation, and implementation of laws, regulations, policies, and programs. Develop and/or strengthen associations of local governments and/or local government officials.
Sub-Element 2.2.3.1: Representative and Responsive Local Governance
Definition: Support the interaction of civil society groups and local government officials in representative and participative processes designed to effectively reveal and respond to citizens’ preferences for local government services and policy positions. Reduce the barriers that limit participation of civil society, including the participation of women and marginalized populations.
Sub-Element 2.2.3.2: Delivery of Local Goods and Services
Definition: Build the capacities of local governments and local government officials to plan, manage, deliver, and account for local public goods and services.
Sub-Element 2.2.3.3: Local Government Revenue Generation through Economic Development
Definition: Ensure that local governments are entrusted with and effectively promote local economic development to ensure robust “own source” revenues and consequent local political autonomy from national authorities.
Sub-Element 2.2.3.4: Fiscal Decentralization
Definition: Support fiscal decentralization with appropriate sub-national revenue generation, inter-governmental fiscal transfers, and development of the necessary planning, management, and accounting skills that must accompany it.
Sub-Element 2.2.3.5: Decentralization Enabling Environment
Definition: Create a legislative/regulatory environment for decentralized governance with appropriate devolution of authority and resources to sub-national levels.
Sub-Element 2.2.3.6: Local Public Sector Associations
Definition: Develop and/or strengthen associations of local governments and/or local government officials to include prosecutorial and police/investigatory associations.
Program Element 2.2.4: Anti-Corruption Reforms
Definition: Promote governance institutions, processes, and policies that are transparent and accountable across all development sectors. Support non-governmental as well as governmental institutions (including enforcement and investigation entities, independent audit agencies, anti-corruption commissions, procurement agencies, legislatures, line ministries, independent agencies, political parties, judicial actors, as well as civil society organizations, academia, press and the private sector). Support civic education and advocacy for reform of laws and practices or directly improving accountability and transparency of governance processes covering various development sectors.
Sub-Element 2.2.4.1: Diplomatic Initiatives
Definition: Support treaty negotiation and implementation, which includes UNCAC, OECD, APEC-ADB, OAS Convention, GRECO, and G-8 anticorruption compacts.
Sub-Element 2.2.4.2: Governmental Reform
Definition: Support public administration reform, civil service reform, local government transparency, e-government, financial management systems and audits, government ethics regimes, regulatory reform/administrative law, public procurement reform, privatization, and tax and customs administration to reduce corruption.
Sub-Element 2.2.4.3: Transparency and Oversight
Definition: Support political party and candidate finance reform (transparency and disclosure regimes), electoral transparency, inspector general/ombudsmen/anticorruption agencies, legislative oversight, public-private partnerships to combat corruption, administration of justice, offices of professional responsibility, and administrative and regulatory sanctions. Also support civil society advocacy and oversight (incl. social auditing), complaint mechanisms and whistleblower protections, corruption surveys, access to information and Freedom of Information legislation, investigative journalism, open budget processes, and public education campaigns.
Sub-Element 2.2.4.4: Anticorruption Enforcement
Definition: Support rule of law/justice institutions including integrity and internal oversight mechanisms, tax and customs enforcement, anti-money laundering reforms, asset forfeiture, financial intelligence units, and specialized and vetted law enforcement units. Money laundering and terrorist financing can be addressed as part of a comprehensive program, but activities targeted specifically at money laundering and terrorism financing are covered in Peace and Security.
Program Element 2.2.5: Security Sector Governance
Definition: Support the development of effective, legitimate, and democratically accountable security systems (within the statutory restrictions on providing support to law enforcement forces). Illustrative activities include the following: public sector reform and public management; strategic planning, policy, and budget formulation; building ministry capacity; civilian and civic capacity building; formal oversight (legislative, fiscal, human rights); and informal oversight (civil society watchdog groups).
Sub-Element 2.2.5.1: Legal and Regulatory Framework for Security
Definition: Support drafting of laws and codes of conduct, constitutional reform, public finance management (national budgets), anticorruption and transparency measures related to the Security Sector.
Sub-Element 2.2.5.2: Civilian Management and Oversight
Definition: Support public sector reform (Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Intelligence, and Intelligence services), civil service reform, financial management systems, management and leadership development, human capacity development, internal oversight mechanisms (e.g., inspectors general, ombudsmen), defense and security reviews and plans, and local government capacity building (ability to oversee police/military units operating within local jurisdictions). Also support inter-ministerial policy/strategy coordination and decision-making (e.g., national security councils), national security strategies and papers, legislative oversight, access to information and civilian review boards.
Sub-Element 2.2.5.3: Civil Society Capacity to Engage the Security Sector
Definition: Public engagement advocacy, media and information sharing, networking and coalition-building, human rights monitoring, outside expertise (think tanks, academia), public-private partnerships, service delivery through non-state actors (traditional, religious, customary actors, citizen patrols, militia), community responses to crime (community policing, safe streets).
Program Element 2.2.6: Program Support
Definition: This is a special element that is used to support: 1) activities that strengthen the ability of host country institutions and the USG to use strategic information for decision-making, program performance assessment, and learning; and 2) the staffing and tools needed by the USG for program management and oversight under this area.
Sub-Element 2.2.6.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program area. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.
Sub-Element 2.2.6.2: Program Design and Learning
Definition: Develop and conduct needs assessments, baseline studies, targeted evaluations, special studies or other information-gathering efforts specifically for the design, monitoring and evaluation of USG-funded programs. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned, testing demonstration and/or pilot models, or the preparation of strategic plans and other short-term programming tasks. Note: All such activities that are carried out by partners as an integral part of their monitoring and evaluation efforts for programs funded under other sub-elements should be included within those sub-elements.
Sub-Element 2.2.6.3: Personnel
Definition: Provide staff to help manage, administer and support programs in this area including related salaries, travel, housing, office space, equipment, training, and other personnel-related expenses (e.g. ICASS costs).
Program Area 2.3: Political Competition and Consensus-Building
Support peaceful political competition and negotiation of disputes through a democratic and representative political process. Create and support vehicles for people to debate public priorities, air alternative solutions, win support for proposed remedies and provide input to decisions that affect their lives.
Program Element 2.3.1: Consensus-Building Processes
Definition: Promote peaceful agreement on democratic reform, rules, and frameworks. Promote peaceful, broad-based participation in determining, defining, and negotiating changes to governing structures. Illustrative examples include promoting inclusive consensus-building processes related to peace agreements, national dialogues, referenda on key issues, and constitutional development or reform. Programs are designed to incorporate and support mechanisms that advance conflict mediation, resolution and negotiation of disputes in the context of these processes.
Sub-Element 2.3.1.1: Consensus Building and Dialogue Processes
Definition: Support consensus building political processes at national, sub-national and/or local levels that incorporate views of all stakeholders including political parties and groupings, citizens, and formerly warring factions to establish a national consensus on the political structures of the state. These processes can be directly related to broader peace agreements or may occur in the narrower context of a political transition. Support citizen knowledge of and participation in consensus building forums, including marginalized groups and vulnerable populations.
Sub-Element 2.3.1.2: Advocacy and Oversight
Definition: Advocacy for and oversight of the consensus-building processes.
Program Element 2.3.2: Elections and Political Processes
Definition: Promote legitimate contestation for ideas and political power through democratic political processes that reflect the will of the people. Establish or develop competitive multiparty systems through improving the legal and regulatory framework under which political parties and political entities operate.
Sub-Element 2.3.2.1: Legal and Institutional Framework
Definition: Develop impartial legal frameworks for elections and political processes including the laws, regulations, and constitutional provisions that govern them (election system design, boundary delimitation, election laws). It includes the development of laws and regulatory frameworks for a competitive, representative, multi-party system including laws, regulations, and constitutional provisions governing political parties and other political entities.
Sub-Element 2.3.2.2: Election Management
Definition: Support electoral management bodies to conduct elections, formal adjudication of electoral disputes, and security for elections
Sub-Element 2.3.2.3: Public Awareness, Transparency, and Turnout
Definition: Dissemination of information and education through the media, civil society groups and labor unions for all citizens/voters about the election, political process, and/or specific issues and to improve transparency of the process and the quality of debate.
Sub-Element 2.3.2.4: Enfranchisement, Access, and Participation of Marginalized Groups
Definition: Support broad and inclusive participation of all citizens in electoral and political processes, particularly by women and other disenfranchised groups including ethnic and religious minorities, internally displaced persons, and people with disabilities.
Sub-Element 2.3.2.5: Observation, Monitoring and Oversight
Definition: Observation, monitoring, and external oversight by local and international organizations including the use of parallel vote tabulations, quick counts, exit polling, media monitoring, and other related oversight tools.
Program Element 2.3.3: Democratic Political Parties
Definition: Establish and/or develop viable political parties and political entities that are effective and accountable, that represent and respond to citizens’ interests, and that govern responsibly and effectively.
Sub-Element 2.3.3.1: Political Party Organizational Development
Definition: Support organizational capacity of political parties and political entities including, internal democracy, expanded and more inclusive membership to include underrepresented groups, improved party discipline, transparent management of finances, and constituency relations.
Sub-Element 2.3.3.2: Governing Capacity
Definition: Strengthen the capacity of elected officials, democratic political parties, and political entities to govern responsibly and effectively, including efforts to achieve a peaceful and effective transfer of power from one government to another; build capacity of newly elected or re-elected leaders; develop skills in negotiation and dispute resolution, communications and media.
Sub-Element 2.3.3.3: Representation and Outreach
Definition: Support the ability of political parties and political entities to represent and aggregate member interests, as well as research, identify, and articulate policy positions and ideas. Strengthen communication, contact, and interaction with voters/constituents and civil society groups, and among political parties.
Sub-Element 2.3.3.4: Political Party Participation in Elections
Definition: Strengthen the ability of political parties and political entities to compete effectively in elections political processes, including campaigning, fund-raising, mobilizing voter turn-out, and monitoring voting processes.
Program Element 2.3.4: Program Support
Definition: This is a special element that is used to support: 1) activities that strengthen the ability of host country institutions and the USG to use strategic information for decision-making, program performance assessment, and learning; and 2) the staffing and tools needed by the USG for program management and oversight under this area.
Sub-Element 2.3.4.1: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity
Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program area. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.
Sub-Element 2.3.4.2: Program Design and Learning
Definition: Develop and conduct needs assessments, baseline studies, targeted evaluations, special studies or other information-gathering efforts specifically for the design, monitoring and evaluation of USG-funded programs. This sub-element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned, testing demonstration and/or pilot models, or the preparation of strategic