| International Narcotics and Law Enforcement: FY 2005 Budget Justification -Report Home Page Released by the Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs April 2004 Regional and Global Programs
Interregional Aviation Support
Budget Summary ($000)
FY 2003 Actual FY 2003 Supp FY 2004 Estimate FY 2005 Request
Program Objectives and Performance Indicators The INL aviation program supports counternarcotics programs in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and Pakistan. Colombia With INL support, the Government of Colombia (GOC) will continue to conduct an aggressive aerial eradication program under the "Andean Counterdrug Initiative" to reduce coca and opium poppy cultivation to minimum levels. U.S. Government 2003 coca cultivation indicated a second consecutive year of net reduction by 21%. On poppy cultivation, the 2003 cultivation indicates another consecutive year net reduction by 10%. FY 2004 current target amounts are 130,000 hectares of coca and 5,000 hectares of poppy. INL currently expects to aim for similar targets in FY 2005, depending on crop estimates.
With INL-provided air transportation support to move people and materials, the Governments of Peru and Bolivia will continue expansion of manual eradication efforts in the outlying areas of their respective countries.
Operations, training, and logistical support provided to the Pakistan border security aviation program will result in more surveillance and interdiction missions.
Border security INL support for institution building of cooperating host government counternarcotics aviation programs in Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, and Pakistan will result in more professional, capable and effective forces.
Program Justification The INL aviation program is the backbone of our counternarcotics objectives in the key source countries of Colombia, Peru and Bolivia. INL assists these governments and others in their efforts to locate and eradicate drug crops, interdict drug production and trafficking activities, protect their borders and develop internal institutional counternarcotics aviation capabilities. FY 2005 funding will be sufficient to provide only continuation of core activities with the existing fleet. The aviation program provides eradication, mobility, interdiction, and logistical support capabilities that augment and facilitate ground operations and in many cases perform functions that would not be possible by any other means. In Colombia, the program conducts aerial eradication in increasingly scattered, hostile and remote regions. In Peru and Bolivia, the program supports the transportation for manual eradication. Airplanes and helicopters transport law enforcement personnel, critical supplies, and equipment to remote, underdeveloped, unsecured regions that would otherwise be inaccessible. Air reconnaissance assets are an essential element in locating, identifying and targeting drug activities and verifying operational results. In all four countries the assets are also employed for interdiction efforts. In Colombia they are used to conduct operations against narco-terrorists under expanded authorities. In Pakistan, the assets are used for the monitoring and interceptions of terrorists, drug traffickers, and other criminals operating in remote areas. By working closely with host government personnel to instill aviation technical and management skills and to transfer technology, INL is supporting the goal of enhancing host nation capability to manage programs against illegal drug production and trafficking. Program Accomplishments Colombia – Eradication. The Interregional Aviation Support program has made possible the tremendous expansion of aerial eradication in Colombia. INL and the Colombian National Police have collaborated in the mounting of an effective aerial spray campaign using T-65 Thrush, OV-10D Bronco, and AT-802 Air Tractor spray planes to eradicate the illicit coca and opium poppy cultivation in the various regions. In CY03, over 127,000 hectares of coca were sprayed – a record setting year. In addition over 3,000 hectares of poppy were eradicated. INL has assisted the Colombian National Police with training, maintenance, logistics, and operational support to make this effort possible. The program also has provided logistical and operational support in the form of C-27 cargo airplanes and a Multi-spectral Digital Imaging System (MDIS) mounted on a Cessna Caravan for identification and mapping of coca. In 2003, INL Air Wing aircraft supporting the aerial eradication and COLAR helicopter program sustained some 383 hits from hostile ground fire – causing the loss of several aircraft and extensive downtime due to extensive maintenance repairs. Colombia – COLAR. Besides supporting Colombian National Police aerial eradication activities, the Interregional Aviation Support program initiated and sustained the Colombian Army (COLAR) UH-1N helicopter program that provides air mobility to the counterdrug battalions. This project includes establishing infrastructure, training personnel, and preparing, configuring, deploying, and supporting the operation and maintenance of twenty-seven UH-1N helicopters. The result of this effort is a fully trained COLAR aviation unit capable of conducting air-mobile operations and it is yielding results in terms of interdiction and ground support to aerial eradication. More recently, forty-four additional INL-owned helicopters (14 UH-60, 25 Huey-II and 5 K-Max helicopters) were integrated into the COLAR counternarcotics aviation program, allowing it to expand on the success of the initial group of UH-1N aircraft. That unit has flown over 55,900 hours since its inception with only one serious accident. Furthermore, in support of a Department of State approved mission to support DOD with their Search and Rescue of five hostages in Colombia, these INL-owned helicopters and crews flew over 2,000 flight hours and expended over $2.6M in this humanitarian effort that occurred during February-March 2003. Peru and Bolivia. INL aviation support to Peru and Bolivia has also been instrumental in continued coca reduction operations. In Peru, INL-owned helicopters transported manual eradication teams and Peruvian counternarcotics police – thus allowing that country’s government to forcibly eradicate over 6,700 hectares of coca. In Bolivia, INL helicopters enabled the government to eradicate over 10,000 hectares of Chapare coca – a 15% reduction in that region (although increased cultivation in the Yungas, where forced eradication cannot be conducted due to the volatile political situation and unforgiving terrain resulted in a net increase for Bolivia of 17% in overall cultivation). INL air assets also contributed to a banner year in cocaine interdiction, with 12.9 metric tons of cocaine seized. The aviation program has also continued to make progress in establishing self-sufficiency in host nation counternarcotics aviation organizations. Regional Aerial Reconnaissance and Eradication (RARE) Program. INL has provided support to other Latin American countries in identifying and curtailing drug cultivation through its RARE program. In addition to keeping drug crop cultivation in check in Guatemala, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela, Belize, and several other countries, this program has provided a capability to intercept drug smuggling aircraft, day or night, on a short-notice temporary deployment basis. Pakistan. In 2002, INL established and supported a project in Pakistan to assist the host government in securing its border with Afghanistan. This project provided five Huey-II helicopters and three C-208 Cessna Caravan airplanes to the Ministry of the Interior in order to provide law enforcement with the operational capability to interdict drug trafficking and other illegal activities. Due to the receptiveness of the host nation team toward the operational and mechanic training program, INL was able to reduce aviation mechanic contractor presence in 2003. In 2004, another five Huey-II helicopters will be added to establish a second operating base in Pakistan along the Northwest Frontier Province. Technology. INL has put into place many technological innovations to enhance the safety and effectiveness of operations. INL has continued to modify its OV-10 aircraft to provide appropriate armoring and night vision goggle capability in addition to state-of-the-art, satellite-guided spray systems. This has provided more protection and safety for crews, while delivering herbicide in an effective manner. Many of these same features were incorporated in the more recently acquired Air Tractor spray planes. The aviation program also established a technologically advanced system for identifying, plotting, and targeting coca cultivation using multi-spectral digital imaging. 2004 Operations: In FY 2004, the Interregional Aviation Support program will continue successful eradication efforts in Putumayo, Caqueta, Guaviare, and other coca growing regions in Colombia. INL will continue to provide flight operations and instruction, maintenance quality control, and repair parts support to the CNP to make possible a high sortie rate against illicit crops. Simultaneously, INL will train police and military counternarcotics elements to allow them to assume increased responsibility in these areas. INL will continue to support helicopter operations in Peru, Bolivia, and Pakistan. Training and institution building efforts will allow INL to continue to reduce the number of American contractor personnel at those locations. At the same time, INL will continue to pursue technological innovations to improve aircraft performance and explore the use of new variations of aircraft to enhance eradication capabilities at a reasonable cost. FY 2005 Program Overview. In FY 2005, the Interregional Aviation Support budget will continue to provide core level services necessary to operate the current fleet of over 160 fixed and rotary wing aircraft supporting counternarcotics aviation activities in Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru, border security operations in Pakistan and, as needed, programs at other temporary deployment locations. This base of support is essential to logistically sustain depot-level maintenance and the safe and professional operational employment of INL air assets. This budget will be augmented with funding from various country programs to support specific, dynamic local NAS and cooperating host government missions. However, the requested funds do not cover possible losses of additional air assets. Colombia. The historic successes of 2003 and 2004 will face major challenges in 2005. Aerial eradication and interdiction costs will increase as drug cultivation is dispensed into smaller, more isolated fields. A sustained, aggressive aerial eradication of Colombian coca and poppy is critical to maintain our counternarcotics tempo and to fulfill INL’s core mission. Further successes in the coca campaign are expected to reduce the target population of coca fields, allowing for some aircraft to be shifted toward the task of eliminating opium poppy in Colombia and increasing surveillance and eradication activities in other countries to prevent resurgence. The aerial eradication program can expect increasingly hostile environments as narco-terrrorists fight back with increased hostile fire at pilots, crewmembers, and aircraft. Bolivia, Peru, and Pakistan. The Yungas is now the largest coca growing area in Bolivia, where topography and history argue against replicating the successful Chapare forced eradication strategy. INL will, however, continue to support efforts to eliminate residual coca in this region and to prevent new plantings, as well as implementation of interdiction mechanisms to reduce illegal coca in the Yungas region. INL will also support increased interdiction operations along Bolivia’s borders and in the Yungas. In Peru, INL will continue to support the reduction of coca cultivation, seek to aerially verify the extent of opium poppy cultivation, and increase the number of interdiction missions. In Pakistan, INL will continue to refine operational procedures and provide logistical support, including the integration of fixed wing, sensor-equipped aircraft. Self-sufficiency. The establishment of host country self-sufficiency in counternarcotics and border security aviation programs will continue to be a priority in Bolivia, Peru, Pakistan, and Colombia. INL expects SIGNIFICANT results in this area with the COLAR aviation program as personnel INL has trained gain experience and maturity, allowing the reduction of contractor support requirements. We expect that these advances, together with the implementation of a joint maintenance center for helicopters in country, will begin to permit greater host country management of the assets. The maintenance center to be funded by the GOC and DoD assets will begin to increase the O/R rate for Colombian owned and operated helicopters. Once effective, INL plans to determine the pace of integration of INL maintained COLAR assets. We will continue to emphasize technological improvements to maximize productivity and safety of spray platforms while maintaining cost effectiveness. The Interregional Aviation Support program budget, as augmented by country program funds for location-specific requirements, will continue to provide safe, professional aviation support to counternarcotics and border security programs worldwide.
Interregional Aviation Support
Systems Support and Upgrades Budget Summary ($000)
Program Objectives and Performance Indicators The number of detections of narco-trafficking events will increase significantly in the Eastern Caribbean with the C-26 aircraft in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. Effective Colombian National Police (CNP) signal collection in Colombia will continue to provide valuable intelligence while surveillance missions in Mexico will begin paying dividends to that nation's counternarcotics effort.
Program Justification The program aims to provide the host nations in the Caribbean, Central America, Colombia and Peru the capability to conduct their own detection and monitoring of suspect drug trafficking activities within their countries and territories. The program covers both source countries and key transit areas through which drugs flow to the United States. Historically, the program has included the C-26 Support project, the Airborne Surveillance Initiative project, OV-10 Broncos refurbishments, and UH-1H helicopter upgrades in Colombia. Through this funding, specialized systems that were previously not available were provided to meet counternarcotics mission requirements in support of surveillance, detection, eradication, interdiction and logistics. This project allowed INL to improve the performance characteristics of existing systems to better utilize their capability, extend their useful life, and increase effectiveness. INL has contracted for engineering and modification services to modify C-26 aircraft (owned by the host governments of Barbados, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago) with a suite of surveillance sensors. To ensure effective utilization of these powerful resources, host country personnel will be trained in the appropriate tactics, techniques, and related doctrine that will lead to a systems approach in their counternarcotics surveillance and interdiction efforts. With appropriate information management protocols in place, these host nation operations will generate valuable surveillance information for the U.S. and other donor nations. Program Accomplishments C-26 Support: The C-26 Support project has given host nations (Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago and Colombia) their own capability to conduct surveillance, detection and monitoring missions. In addition, Joint Interagency Task Force South (JIATF-S) has been able to schedule the use of the two aircraft from Barbados (used by the Regional Security System) in other parts of the Caribbean as a force multiplier to detect the traffic of drugs to the U.S. As a result, JIATF-S has been able to shifted meager USG detection and monitoring assets to critical areas throughout the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific. The program in Barbados also supports the U.S. Coast Guard GANTSEC and cooperative British, Dutch and French counternarcotics operations in the Caribbean. For the Barbados program, the following statistics are available for CY 2003: Total number of C-26 counterdrug missions: 320
Average Mission Time: 3.26 hrs. Total number of counterdrug events involving suspect vessels detected and monitored with other law enforcement agencies that lead to an end game: 43 Estimated amount of marijuana seized or shipments disrupted: 11,009 lbs. Estimated amount of cocaine seized or shipments disrupted: 3,420 lbs. The program in Trinidad and Tobago was started more recently and is completing its training phase. Two aircraft have been modified and delivered to the Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard Air Service. Extensive training for the pilots, sensor operators and mechanics is being provided. Counternarcotics surveillance operations will begin in CY 2004. The C-26 program in Mexico, operated by the Mexican Air Force, is now beginning to conduct operations after extensive training in both the United States and in Mexico. We have trained over 60 sensor operators, and 12 pilots. The CNP C-26 signal collection aircraft continue to perform successful missions in support of the Colombian National Police (CNP) the Colombian Armed Forces, DEA and other USG Embassy agencies. These aircraft are continually being flown is support or eradication missions, and hostage/rescue situations. These aircraft continue to be the aircraft of choice for host nation aerial surveillance/collection missions without the need to ask for USG for assistance. Airborne Surveillance Initiative: To date, we have completed sensor upgrades for two C-26 aircraft each in Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago and Colombia. The programs in Barbados and Colombia are already providing valuable information and results. The aircraft in Trinidad and Tobago will also be conducting operations throughout the Caribbean in support of JIATF-S. In Colombia, the C-26 program continued to provide valuable signal communications information that the CNP and military forces have used in drug laboratory seizure and aerial eradication missions. FY 2005 Program C-26 Support: In FY 2005, the System Support and Upgrades budget will continue to support C-26 Support programs in Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia and Mexico. Contractor Logistical Support (CLS), including spare parts, and training will continue to be provided to the programs in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. Training and sensor spare parts for the program in Colombia will also be maintained. The program in Mexico will be feature continued training support for sensor operators, pilots and analysis center personnel. Our primary emphasis will be to continue training pilots and sensor operators for the C-26 aircraft and to ensure that the aircraft are maintained properly while support fully operational counternarcotics missions. Host nation self sufficiency of the C-26 programs remains an important goal and INL will continue to explore ways to increase the level of host nation funding and involvement in order to decrease USG contributions. Airborne Surveillance Initiative: One of the critical shortfalls in the current counternarcotics operational structure overseas is the lack of host government surveillance, detection, and monitoring capability. Traffickers operate with near impunity as they violate border integrity while transporting a variety of forms of contraband. INL will continue to upgrade C-26 aircraft and surveillance systems and train host nation forces to utilize emerging technology in a manner that host nation and U.S. counternarcotics objectives. Additional training will be provided in data management and analysis and the development and implementation of information sharing protocols across host nation interagency and regional counternarcotics communities will be promoted. A systems approach to maritime and land-based surveillance operations will emphasize the requirement for effective coordination between strategic and tactical airborne surveillance units as well as those directly involved in ground-based interdiction activities. INL will take advantage of contractor, U.S. military, and other law enforcement expertise to provide the international C-26 community with the tools to effectively prosecute their drug law enforcement missions.
International Organizations Budget Summary ($000)
This account encompasses support to two principal international organizations, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Organization of American States’ Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD). U.S. support to multilateral organizations complements our bilateral programs and allows us to leverage our funds. It also generates increased buy-in and support from other countries for our overall anti-narcotics efforts. Through these multilateral programs, INL is able to address problems on a regional basis and reach areas where it is difficult for the U.S. to operate bilaterally. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)7: 5$9.3 million from the FY 2003 appropriation was transferred out to support the efforts in Iraq in FY 2003. Program Objectives and Performance Indicators Improve law enforcement capabilities to investigate and prosecute major traffickers and their organizations in countries where ongoing transit of illicit narcotics and illegally diverted precursor chemicals threaten U.S. interests.
Strengthen regional cooperation and information exchanges between relevant governments regarding cross-border trafficking, particularly among governments most impacted by the trafficking of illicit drugs originating in Afghanistan.
Enhance through alternative development strategies the capabilities of national authorities to prevent, reduce, and eliminate the production of illicit drug crops in countries where ongoing illicit narcotics production threatens U.S. interests.
Help states to pass or strengthen legislation to prohibit and penalize illicit drug trafficking, money laundering and other ancillary crimes, and to improve mutual legal assistance, extradition and asset forfeiture cooperation, in compliance with UN drug-control treaties.
Inhibit international organized crime and its resulting damage to society and individuals through the increased adoption and implementation of the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) and its supplemental protocols against human trafficking and migrant smuggling.
Reduce and inhibit official and commercial corruption internationally through the adoption and implementation of the UN Convention Against Corruption.
Strengthen the international legal regime to prevent and repress terrorist acts, particularly through the universal adoption of the 12 universal legal instruments against terrorism.
Program Justification U.S. assistance to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime complements INL bilateral programs and allows us to leverage U.S. funds to gain increased buy-in and support from a broader array of donor countries. In Central Asia and Afghanistan, for example, UNODC is the coordinating mechanism for bringing together support from other donors who would probably not contribute otherwise. UNODC is the only multilateral institution that provides technical assistance on a global basis towards the development of modern law enforcement, financial regulatory and judicial institutions and practices. UNODC also plays a unique global role by supporting development of modern national legislation corresponding to obligations set forth by the three UN anti-drug conventions. These multilateral programs act as force multipliers in support of key U.S. objectives, and allow us to better reach areas where it is difficult for the U.S. to operate bilaterally. UNODC goals and objectives closely support those of INL, and the organization is a steadfast ally in support of strict enforcement efforts against illicit drugs, as required under international law. Many countries still lack adequate legal frameworks to prevent and combat organized crime and corruption, a weakness that undermines such U.S. objectives as reducing the influence of transnational criminal syndicates and promoting the rule of law. Exposure to international "best practices," often based on U.S. models and expertise, is urgently needed. The UN Transnational Organized Crime Convention (TOC) and the Corruption Convention, in particular, have the potential to have a positive legal impact on developing countries that are searching for legislative blueprints to address corruption and organized crime. UN Office on Drugs and Crime is the only multilateral organization that possesses both a global reach and the credibility to deliver technical assistance to states seeking to ratify and implement these important new instruments, and has in fact played a critical role to date in promoting the ratification of the TOC, which entered into force in September 2003. The U.S. is a signatory to both conventions and played a key role in negotiating their creation. INL will remain consistent advocates of these important international documents in bilateral dialogues and offer direct USG assistance to promote implementation where appropriate, but to reach states where bilateral assistance is either politically inexpedient or practically inefficient, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime offers an invaluable multilateral option through which to pursue U.S. objectives. Working in close collaboration with the UN Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism Committee and relevant regional organizations, UNODC has also assumed a unique global role in providing technical assistance to states seeking to ratify and implement the 12 universal counter-terrorism legal instruments. This mission supports the implementation of international law as mandated in UN Security Council Resolution 1373, and helps to promote positive progress on preventing and combating terrorism in states where direct U.S. engagement is constrained either by manpower constraints or political circumstances. Program Accomplishments INL funding provides a wide range of technical assistance and legal reform activities through the services of UNODC. Our partnership with the UN has been most visible in recent years in Afghanistan and neighboring Central Asian states, where the post-Taliban resurgence in opium production and trafficking requires urgent international intervention. With INL funds, UNODC has mentored the Afghan government in establishing national legislation to combat illicit drugs and a Counter-Narcotics Directorate within the National Security Council to coordinate all drug-control activities, including opium eradication, alternative development, and domestic demand reduction. UNODC has also established a field office in Kabul to coordinate ongoing international efforts to reduce the influence of the illicit opium economy and construct viable judicial and law enforcement institutions. INL has provided UNODC with funds to establish a specialized police unit to interdict illicit narcotics in and around Kabul. This unit will be staffed entirely by Afghans and serve as a building block for additional specialized units across the country as resources permit, and is scheduled to begin field operations in early 2005. The vast bulk of illicit narcotics produced in Afghanistan are destined for Western markets, and the contiguous republics of Central Asia have emerged as key transit routes. These newly independent countries lack judicial and law enforcement institutions adequate to the task of combating the drug threat, and with INL funds, UNODC has accordingly expanded its technical assistance activities in the region to bolster national capabilities and regional cooperation. In Tajikistan, INL funds are continuing to support UNODC efforts to assist a National Drug Control Agency (DCA) to coordinate all counter-drug activities within the country; the success of that venture has convinced INL to help UNODC establish a similar DCA in the neighboring Kyrgyz Republic. Equipment and training for interdiction operations and intelligence collection, analysis and exchange, and improvement of border control systems are also being provided to law enforcement agencies in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. INL funds are also supporting UNODC efforts to improve the control of precursor chemicals in the region, particularly by establishing adequate legal and regulatory structures and providing specialized training and equipment to law enforcement personnel in the region. UNODC has utilized INL funds to help reduce illicit opium production in traditional growing areas in Southeast Asia. In Laos, Burma and Vietnam--countries of origin for substantial amounts of illicit drugs to the U.S., but where direct USG counternarcotics assistance is either impractical or prohibited due to broader political circumstances —UNODC has provided alternative development assistance that has encouraged thousands of former opium farmers to abandon their illicit crops and engage in legitimate economic activities. These activities have contributed to the sustained decrease in illicit opium cultivation in Southeast Asia over recent years, to a seven-year low in overall hectarage in 2003. With INL support, UNODC’s Global Program Against Money Laundering provided technical assistance on combating money laundering and terrorist financing to 59 countries and jurisdictions throughout the world in 2003. A computer-based training initiative produced 32 computer modules for instructing financial regulators, and 8 on-the-ground mentors stationed in regional centers across the globe have helped governments establish financial intelligence units, draft modern anti-money laundering legislation, and train prosecutors and financial investigators. INL has supported UNODC’s efforts to ratify and implement the three UN drug control conventions and their requisite obligations, including through relevant judicial and legislative reforms and direct on-site operational support to prosecution and judicial services in ongoing prosecution and asset forfeiture casework. Specific examples include helping the Commonwealth of Independent States to harmonize relevant national legislation of its 12 member states, in compliance with the UN conventions; assisting the governments of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia to elaborate legislative work plans for adopting necessary counternarcotics legislation; mentoring South African authorities on the establishment of an Asset Forfeiture Unit; and providing other legislative assistance to over two dozen countries. UNODC performed a crucial role in promoting the rapid entry into force of the TOC, which took place in September 2003, as well as of the Convention’s supplemental protocols to combat human trafficking and migrant smuggling (which entered into force in December 2003 and January 2004, respectively). These efforts included the production and delivery of legislative implementation guides and organizing tutorial workshops for officials and law-enforcement and judicial practitioners of over 30 countries. UNODC also played a key role in providing for the secretarial needs of the Ad-Hoc Committee that successfully negotiated the UN Convention against Corruption. Over 90 countries--including the U.S.--signed this landmark agreement in December 2003, less than two years after the initiation of the work of the Committee. The speed of this process owes much to the coordinating efforts of UNODC, which received funds towards this endeavor from INL. Efforts by UNODC to promote the universal ratification and implementation of the 12 legal instruments against terrorism were also significant in 2003. A legislative guide was prepared and disseminated to serve as a reference tool for national legislators on how to ensure harmonization of domestic legislation with the international instruments. UNODC also responded to requests from over 30 countries to provide technical assistance on ratifying and implementing the instruments, through reviewing domestic legislation and advising on required enabling laws, as well as by facilitating and providing training to national administrations with regard to new legislation. UNODC also developed a roster of international expert-mentors to service Latin America, Africa and the Middle East to supplement specific expertise where required. FY 2005 Program INL support to UNODC programs in FY 2005 will build on ongoing initiatives outlined above, and extend efforts (as resources permit) to enhance container-port security measures in select high-volume ports; promote enhanced law enforcement capabilities in Western Africa; and help establish modern law enforcement institutions in Iraq. Global Legal Advisory Program: FY 2005 funds will continue to support this cornerstone UNODC program to provide assistance to ensure that parties to the international drug conventions have adequate laws and capacity to enforce their treaty obligations. Priorities will include improving mutual legal assistance, extradition and asset forfeiture cooperation focused on countries in Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean; upgrading model legislation; and possibly establishing the legal framework for drug control in Iraq. Precursor Chemical Control: Funds will be used to continue support to several UNODC regional projects to track the flow of precursor chemicals used to manufacture cocaine, heroin and amphetamine-type stimulants, and to train law enforcement officials. Judicial, Law Enforcement and Port Security Training in Sub-Saharan Africa: These projects will provide expert services, training and equipment for the development of specialized law enforcement units to identify and interdict illicit drugs and other contraband through ports, and to cooperate with national and foreign law enforcement agencies to reduce the vulnerability of these trade hubs. Contingent upon funding, Nigerian law enforcement training facilities and curriculum may also be enhanced to allow for participation by regional law enforcement agencies. Law Enforcement Institutional Support in Central Asia and Afghanistan: INL will continue to support UNODC efforts to develop security and criminal justice systems in the world’s most prolific region for opiate production and trafficking. Funds will support efforts to help the six governments of the region to upgrade their capacities for intelligence collection and analysis, investigation, interdiction and prosecution of drug-related illicit activities. Opium Eradication Through Alternative Development in Southeast Asia: Funds will support the further implementation and monitoring of alternative development projects in opium-producing regions in Laos and Burma’s autonomous Shan state. Global Program Against Money Laundering: It is impossible to effectively stem the flow of illicit drugs without attacking the profitability of the industry. Towards that objective, INL will continue to support UNODC’s continuing global efforts to enhance effective legal and regulatory regimes against money laundering and terrorist financing. INL anticipates that its funds will support both ongoing programs and expanded UNODC engagement in areas such as the Middle East, Central Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, where additional on-site mentors are urgently needed to support the development of effective financial regulatory institutions. Law Enforcement Institutional Support in Iraq: Pending the availability of sufficient resources and other considerations, INL may support UNODC programs to provide modern law enforcement training to Iraqi police agencies, as well as assistance in drafting and implementing modern law enforcement legislation necessary for the ratification of the three UN counter-drug treaties. FY 2005 funds will also support ongoing UNODC efforts to implement the TOC, particularly through the provision of on-site mentors to selected countries to provide intensive training to law enforcement and judicial officials on the criminalization and investigatory standards inscribed in the Convention, as well as its mutual legal assistance provisions. In the near future, UNODC also anticipates initiating a program to promote the ratification and implementation of the UN Convention Against Corruption. This is similar in many respects to the project that has promoted the ratification of the TOC. INL will look to support these activities from FY 2005 funds, pending the development of specific UNODC program activities. The remainder of INL’s FY 2005 contribution will assist UNODC’s ongoing project to promote the ratification and implementation of the 12 international legal instruments to combat and prevent terrorism. Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (OAS/CICAD) Program Objectives and Performance Indicators Improve counternarcotics performance by OAS Member States.
Increase effectiveness of counternarcotics cooperation in the Western Hemisphere.
Makes progress in the inter-American region to curb money laundering and chemical diversion.
Program Justification The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission, the drug control arm of the Organization of American States (OAS), has become an increasingly important player in the Western Hemisphere over the past 17 years. Much of this success is due to a sustained U.S. foreign policy push to promote a strong anti-drug coalition and sense of shared responsibility among the countries of the Western Hemisphere. CICAD has been instrumental in developing this solidarity and in moving the 34 OAS Member States forward in developing strong national anti-drug programs and policies. For example, due to CICAD’s efforts, all OAS Member States are parties to the 1988 UN Drug Convention and full partners in the Anti-Drug Strategy in the Americas. While the Organization of American States (OAS) has become much more interested in counterterrorism and other security-related matters in the past two years, drug trafficking remains one of the most pressing, shared concerns of the 34 OAS Member States. Because of its recognized expertise in areas such as money laundering and arms trafficking control, CICAD has emerged as an important player in the hemispheric response to terrorism, partnering with the OAS’ Committee Against Terrorism (CICTE) to confront terrorist financing. Funding will be used for CICAD projects, training and technical assistance that advance the goals of the Anti-Drug Strategy in the Hemisphere, including: development of sound national anti-drug policies and programs, promulgation of modern laws and regulations, elimination of drug production and drug abuse, and control of chemical diversion, arms trafficking, and money laundering. INL has used CICAD programs to complement bilateral programs or to fill gaps in multinational support efforts (e.g., on alternative development projects in the Andes). INL has encouraged close collaboration between CICAD technical staff and U.S. Embassy program managers. CICAD combines a policy-level Commission - that meets two-three times a year - with a technical Executive Secretariat that supports the Commission and conducts programs and training throughout the year. The Commission serves as the strategic platform for anti-drug coordination in the Americas. CICAD’s technical sub-groups facilitate valuable exchanges of information and experience among national experts on topics ranging from money laundering to drug abuse treatment and prevention and lay the basis for action plans. The Secretariat provides a central resource and coordination point for hemispheric statistics and information, training and technical support, legal standards, national experiences and research. The Secretariat, using funds from INL and other donors, provide a wide array of technical assistance to Member States, some on an individual basis (e.g., national drug strategies) but most often in sub-regional groupings (e.g., Central America, the English-speaking Caribbean, the Andes). CICAD’s work has been highlighted in the Summit of the Americas process, where Heads of State have entrusted CICAD to develop and implement the Anti-Drug Strategy of the Americas and the Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (MEM) - an innovative peer review system for evaluating national anti-drug efforts. The MEM provides each country with an objective diagnostic of the weaknesses in its anti-drug strategies, programs and laws, and identifies ways in which the countries can improve regional and international cooperation. These assessments validate individual country requirements for technical and material support, allowing INL and other international donors to better prioritize assistance. The MEM system also keeps pressure on individual governments by reporting publicly on progress (or lack thereof) in addressing problems. FY 2005 Program In FY 2005, increased funding is needed to support the implementation of the Anti-Drug Strategy in the Hemisphere, including the effective operation of the Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (MEM). Much of the increase will be devoted to providing technical support and training to address shortcomings in country anti-drug programs identified by the MEM. It will also support expansion of CICAD’s increasingly sophisticated demand-side, supply-side and legal development programs. INL funding will be used to support programs in the following priority areas: Multilateral Evaluation Mechanism (MEM): A peer review system that provides governments with recommendations on how to strengthen their anti-drug efforts – staff costs, travel, and processing costs - and for follow-on training and technical support to OAS Member States. In 2003, the Commission agreed to expand the mechanism to include new categories of measurement, including trends relating to decriminalization and efforts to combat organized crime. Strengthening national drug control commissions: Develops anti-drug strategies, and provides support to countries in developing national observatories; helps develop and maintain data banks to track chemical precursors. Legal development: Includes updating regional model legislation (firearms, money laundering, chemicals), orientation for legislators and judges; communications systems to facilitate regional exchange of information and cooperation; and programs relating to the control of money laundering, chemical diversion, and arms trafficking; training for regulators (bank, chemical, weapons) and investigators; expansion of port security projects to counter smuggling. Supply Reduction Efforts: Intensify/expand work in promoting maritime and port security, customs controls, and cooperation/communication among law enforcement entities throughout the Americas through training, technical assistance, best practices guidelines, building public-private partnerships. Continue ongoing alternative development projects, including exploration of new technologies, such as the Generalized Land-Use Evaluation and Management Tool (GLEAM), used to map land use, both legal and illegal, for use in supporting national supply reduction efforts. Demand reduction and youth programs: Assist Member States build effective national drug awareness/education programs, conduct epidemiological surveillance (according to hemispheric standards), train nurses and other health professionals in drug treatment, and sustain the on-line Masters Program in drug treatment. Includes regional demand reduction training, adoption of minimum standards of drug treatment, and policy and program development for at-risk populations, e.g. street children and youth gang members. Maintenance of a hemispheric data collection system: Continued support for CICAD’s Hemispheric Observatory on Drugs and the participating national observatories, the hemispheric statistical systems (demand and supply side) and the regional telecommunications system (RETCOD), including national links.
International Organizations FY 2003
Budget Summary ($000)
Program Objectives and Performance Indicators The overall Demand Reduction program seeks to reduce the worldwide demand for illicit drugs by motivating foreign governments and institutions to give increased attention to the negative effects of drug abuse on society. In addition, it seeks to show our commitment to helping those nations impacted by drugs and to cement a strong international recognition of the seriousness of this problem and the need for coordinated, international action. Select foreign countries will be able to apply "best practices" and new prevention and treatment technologies that are scientifically sound and effective at the national and community levels. Training and technical assistance delivered and effectively utilized by public/private sector demand reduction organizations in Central/South America and Southeast Asia, resulting in new or enhanced programs that significantly reduce drug use and delay onset of:
Regional institutions that foster dissemination and utilization of "best practices" and scientific knowledge about effective prevention and treatment technologies will be established to better enable foreign countries to improve demand reduction services.
The international community will be better educated about U.S. policies, programs, and successes in combating drug abuse.
Multilateral alliances will be established to build public support and political will to combat drug trafficking and abuse, develop support for U.S. foreign anti-drug policies and initiatives, and improve America’s image overseas.
International program accomplishments and lessons learned will be utilized to benefit both U.S. and foreign demand reduction services.
Program Justification The Demand Reduction program seeks to reduce the worldwide demand for illicit drugs by motivating foreign governments and institutions into giving increased attention to the negative effects of drug abuse on society. The program is also critical to showing our commitment to helping other nations impacted by the scourge of drugs and building a shared sense of mission and solid international alliance to confront this threat. Demand reduction efforts aim to reduce the use and abuse of illicit drugs worldwide. The need for demand reduction is reflected in escalating drug use that takes a devastating toll on the health, welfare, security, and economic stability of all countries. Recognizing this threat, a key objective of the National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD # 25) on International Drug Control Policy urges the Secretary of State to "expand U.S. international demand reduction assistance and information sharing programs in key source and transit countries." As opposed to drug production and trafficking, the NSPD addresses rising global demand for drugs as the principal narcotics-related threat to the U.S. As outlined in the NSPD, drug trafficking organizations and their linkages to international terrorist groups also constitute a serious threat to U.S. national security by generating money that that increasingly threatens global peace and stability. Demand reduction assistance has subsequently evolved as a key foreign policy tool to address the inter-connected threats of drugs, crime and terrorism. Foreign countries recognize the vast U.S. experience and efforts in reducing drug demand. In return for cooperation with supply reduction efforts, many drug producing and transit countries request U.S. assistance with demand reduction technology, since drug consumption also has debilitating effects on their society and children. Demand reduction assistance thereby helps secure foreign country support for U.S.-driven supply reduction efforts, while at the same time reducing drug consumption in that country and thereby cutting-off a major source of terrorist financing. Program Accomplishments As a result of INL-funded training and technical assistance, foreign governments are engaging their own national institutions, communities, and resources to address demand for illicit drugs. In Thailand, with INL-funded training, the Department of Health established over two hundred additional outpatient treatment centers to address the growing epidemic of amphetamine type stimulant (ATS) abuse. The Philippines Bureau of Corrections instituted drug intervention programs in over 50 correctional institutions in the Mindanao region. Countries in South America continued to implement their own national-level, counternarcotics media campaigns: local media advertisers and businesses in Uruguay and Peru contributed over $7 million to anti-drug media advertisements last year. INL technical assistance resulted in the creation of an Eastern European Institute for Substance Abuse Prevention that spearheaded the science-based "life skills" drug prevention curriculum in the Czech Republic school system. Likewise, Chile and Brazil (Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro) developed school-based prevention programs last year serving over 40,000 students. The Global Drug Prevention Network, an international coalition of public/private sector demand reduction organizations, increased its membership base from 70 to 84 countries. Finally, five INL-funded drug treatment/prevention workshops for Afghanistan demand reduction professionals were conducted in 2003, including first-ever training for Afghani woman counselors. These trainings significantly increased human resources devoted to drug-addicted women and enhanced the capacity of the Afghan drug control program to provide services to at-risk populations. FY 2005 Program INL assistance will give particular attention to cocaine producing and transit countries in Latin America, address the recurring amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) epidemic in Southeast Asia, and address the heroin threat from Asia and Colombia. An expanded area of focus will be the Middle East and South Asia where over 400 Muslim-based anti-drug programs are members of the global INL drug prevention network. The FY 2005 program is divided into three general categories. Two projects, instituted in 2003, comprise the coalition and network building program. These projects have a three-year time limit. The training and technical assistance program, begun in 1990, will impose a four-year limit on all countries for receiving such assistance. Experience has shown that this period of time is sufficient for countries to implement self-sustaining programs based on training concepts, in addition to allowing enough time for accomplishment of outcomes such as sustained reductions in drug use by target populations. The research and demonstration programs initiative that began in 2000 have a three/four-year time limit in order to allow the program to become self-sufficient and perfect "best practices" that can be subject to rigorous scientific evaluation. The evaluation component of these programs (by independent sources) continues for at least two years after program funding terminates in order to reliably assess sustained, long-term change (outcome). Coalition and Network Building: International Community Anti-Drug Institute: FY 2005 funds will support the enhancement of the International Community Anti-Drug Institute to provide technical assistance for Latin American community groups on forming and sustaining effective community/anti-drug coalitions. The INL-supported Global Drug Prevention Network, consisting of 7,000 programs in over 70 countries, will form the leadership base and provide trainers for the Institute (co-located in Bolivia and the United States) that will conduct 12 technical assistance sessions each year covering 3 Andean region countries identified in the INCSR by the President as major drug producing or transit countries. The planned life of this initiative is three years, after which the coalitions will be effective vehicles for reducing drug consumption in their respective countries, strengthening collaboration among organizations in the public and private sectors, and enhancing intergovernmental cooperation. A new cycle of assistance for other Latin American countries and regions around the globe will commence in 2008. Muslim-based Anti-Drug Network: FY 2005 funding will be utilized to enhance the INL/Colombo Plan network of Muslim-based anti-drug programs/civil society organizations in the Middle East and South/Southeast Asia to significantly enhance America’s image in Muslim countries, reduce drug consumption that fuels the coffers of terrorist organizations, and cut into the recruitment base of terrorist organizations. This initiative includes collaboration with Muslim faith-based organizations to augment prevention, intervention, aftercare, and violence reduction services through the provision of technical assistance in volatile regions where the U.S. has little to no access to civil society such as Afghanistan, Iraq, southern Philippines, Indonesia, and remote sections of Pakistan. This initiative also addresses a key priority in the President’s National Strategy for Combating Terrorism through support of Muslim organizations "ensuring them that American values are not at odds with Islam." Funding will cease after three years, at which time local and national networks will become firmly established in volatile regions, helping to reduce the high rates of drug use, relapse, and drug-related violence in their target populations. Training and Technical Assistance Regional Training Centers: INL funding will maintain support in 2005 for its strategically located, sub-regional demand reduction training centers in Brazil, Colombia, the Czech Republic, and Thailand with the aim of better disseminating the President’s new goals and priorities for demand reduction, in addition to the use of "best practices" and science-based prevention and treatment methods to reduce drug consumption and related violence. Short-term success will be measured by replication of the training in their home countries by 700 demand reduction providers who will receive training in 2005. It is anticipated that these centers will receive diminishing resources over the next three years and be fully self-sufficient by 2008, at which time participating countries will have utilized training technology to establish demand reduction programs that achieve sustained reductions in drug use and related violence in targeted areas. These centers (co-funded by other international organizations and donor countries) are an economical way to provide comprehensive assistance to several countries in a region that suffer and share similar drug abuse problems. Drug Policy Training: At the policy level, INL will devote funding for a seminar series to educate the international community about U.S. policies, programs and successes in combating drug use. Two, regional seminars in major drug producing/trafficking Latin American countries will be conducted by INL and White House/ONDCP for U.S. embassy officials and government/non-government officials who are recipients of INL/NAS funding. The seminars are also designed to ensure that U.S. Embassies and other foreign recipients of INL assistance design their programs in accordance with the President’s new goals and priorities for demand reduction and science-based principles. The planned life cycle of this seminar series is three years, at the end of which participating countries will have a deeper appreciation/understanding of, and support for, U.S. foreign anti-drug policies and programs. Knowledge Exchange Forums: Funding will be devoted to recurring regional and international drug prevention and treatment exchange forums (attended by the key leaders and decision-makers from the public and private sectors) to mobilize international opinion and cooperation against the drug trade, encourage governments to develop and implement strong anti-drug policies and programs, strengthen support for USG anti-drug policies/programs and existing UN conventions, and disseminate the latest science-based information on effective methods to reduce drug consumption and prevent onset of use. Funding will support one international and two regional summits at strategic locations around the globe. These events will include funding from other donor countries and international organizations to reflect an emphasis on increased multilateral collaboration. Bilateral Training: FY 2005 funds for this project will provide targeted training for major drug producing and transit countries in Central/South America, South Asia, and Africa on science-based principles of demand reduction. Training topics will cover model programs such as national anti-drug media campaigns, parent support groups, school and peer-based prevention programs, and correctional-based treatment services. Bilateral training and technical assistance initiatives are funded for 4 years per country to allow for short-term transfer of knowledge, long-term retention of knowledge, implementation of training technology with fidelity, establishment of self-sustained programs, and enough time to allow for achievement of long-range outcomes such as reduction in drug use in a given target country or population. Research and Demonstration Programs Model Program Development and Dissemination: This initiative will support the development and evaluation of research-based prevention and treatment programs whose accomplishments can be used to improve treatment and prevention services in the U.S. and abroad. Funding will be used to create and evaluate research-based demonstration programs in key drug producing/trafficking countries and disseminate the most promising results within the U.S. and overseas to improve demand reduction service delivery worldwide. For FY 2005, a community/anti-drug coalition demonstration program will be established in Bolivia. It is anticipated that each demonstration program will require funding through 2007, at which time all programs will be self-sufficient and information on each program’s promising practices will be disseminated worldwide. Outcome-based Evaluations: Additional funding will be devoted to the second year of outcome-based evaluations of the long-range impact (reduced drug use and recidivism) of INL-funded training in Mexico (school-based prevention) and the southern Philippines (corrections-based treatment). Each evaluation will last three years (until 2006) to allow for reliable and valid assessments of sustained, long-term impact.
Trafficking in Persons Budget Summary ($000)
Program Objectives and Performance Indicators Number of countries meeting minimum standards in the elimination of trafficking in persons has increased.
Number of new partnerships initiated between law enforcement and civil society in the rescue of and assistance to victims.
Program Justification Trafficking in persons is a rapidly growing transnational crime that preys mainly on the poor, uneducated, and powerless. This modern-day form of slavery involves both sexual and labor exploitation, adopting such forms as indentured servitude, debt bondage, chattel slavery and peonage. Estimates vary, but at least one million people, primarily women and children, are annually trafficked worldwide, of which tens of thousands are brought into the United States each year. In his speech before the UN General Assembly, the President made clear his commitment to fighting the trade in humans and urged other nations to join us in protecting vulnerable women and children. The Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons gives foreign assistance grants to increase the capacity of governments and non-governmental organizations to improve law enforcement of this crime and protect the victims. Program Accomplishments In Brazil, a small sustainable project was created in partnership with the government of Sao Paulo state and the Brazilian Bar Association to help female victims of violence – a population at high risk for trafficking – to file a claim and assist in the prosecution of the aggressors. Since its inception, it has gotten much positive press and police precincts from all over the country have expressed interest in setting up similar programs. In Lebanon, two highly respected NGOs established a safe house for victims of trafficking that provides medical care, legal aid, and counseling to victims. The NGO representatives work with the victims to build cases against traffickers or abusive employers and to assist the victim in finding alternative employment or safe repatriation. Lebanese government ministries, law enforcement, and other civil society organizations regularly refer victims to the safe house. In Nigeria, DOJ trained police and federal prosecutors to improve the capacity of the Nigerian Criminal Justice System to investigate and prosecute trafficking in persons crimes. Specific training on witness and victim interview techniques, trafficking and sex crimes investigations, and prosecution techniques were conducted around the country. This project resulted in police rescuing increasing numbers of trafficked children police and arresting traffickers. The 15-member Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) fulfilled important components of their Regional Plan of Action against Trafficking in Persons with a TIP Office grant. The project focused on harmonizing or successfully passing legislation and coordinating policies in the region. The project resulted in three countries passing comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation and improved law enforcement coordination. For Fiscal year 2003, the Trafficking Office used INCLE funds to support over 65 programs benefiting approximately 50 countries around the world. FY 2005 Program INCLE funds will be used to support the second year of activities of FY 2004 U.S. grant recipients. U.S. NGOs will conduct programs designed to address the priorities of the Trafficking in Persons Office to include: raising awareness of law enforcement on the negative impact of trafficking and the importance of prosecuting traffickers and protecting victims; developing and enforcing new or existing laws; promoting multi-disciplinary (police, prosecutors, NGO service providers, for example) and coordinated approaches to addressing trafficking; collecting law enforcement data in a consistent and standardized manner; enhancing cross-border collaboration; building the capacity of foreign NGO partners; and rescuing and assisting victims. The proposed countries are India, Mexico, Ecuador, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Thailand and Burma. East Asia and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries are proposed targets for regional programs. The Trafficking Office proposes to continue to support specialized anti-trafficking programs conducted at the International Law Enforcement Academies in Bangkok, Botswana and Budapest. Specifically, INL proposes to target local law enforcement officials and prosecutors working with U.S. grant recipients and their local NGO partners in East Asia, SADC countries, Estonia and Slovenia. These officials and prosecutors will receive technical training on investigative and prosecutorial techniques to combat trafficking in persons. The U.S. Department of Justice, Department of Homeland Security or an organization will be contracted to provide the training at the ILEAs.
Anti Crime Programs Fighting Corruption Budget Summary ($000)
8Includes approximately $9.0 million for Anticorruption Compacts in FY 2005. Program Objectives and Performance Indicators USG anticorruption goals advance important national security and foreign policy objectives. In pursuing our anticorruption goals, INL has in recent years pursued a mix of diplomatic, policy, and programmatic efforts, including: increasing the number of governments committed to implementing comprehensive regimes to address their corruption problems; increasing international cooperation among governments in the fight against corruption; increasing the number of countries where political will exists to pursue high-level corrupt actors and problems; and developing innovative methods to tackle corruption that show measurable effect. INL advances these goals through a four-pillar approach. These four pillars, articulated in Secretary Powell’s first two reports to Congress pursuant to the International Anticorruption and Good Governance Act in 2001 and 2002, include the following: Uniting Governments Under Common Anticorruption Commitments (Multilateral Pillar): The USG opens the door to enhanced cooperation through the creation of global anticorruption goals and standards. This, in turn, encourages the sharing of best practices, builds trust and relationships between cooperating countries, and ultimately increases the effectiveness of USG government and other aid programs that assist these efforts.
Helping Governments Meet or Exceed Those Commitments (Bilateral Pillar). The fight against corruption begins at the national and local levels. Where pockets of political and/or popular will exist, the USG can assist governments in taking effective action against corruption. This includes, inter alia, helping governments take a wide range of actions to address corruption, such as enforcing anticorruption laws and instituting preventive measures within the public administration. The U.S. is also beginning through the Anticorruption Compacts, the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), and other initiatives to reward those countries that are committed to effectively rooting out corruption.
Mobilizing Popular Will and Private Sector Action (Public Diplomacy Pillar): Popular will is the best expediter of political will against corruption. The USG can help enhance popular will in other countries by helping encourage civil society, the media, and the private sector to be active in the fight against corruption, increase transparency in governments, and increase integrity in the private sector.
Leading By Example (Mutual/Unilateral Pillar): The USG has been a leader in the fight against corruption by promoting integrity within our own country and making our actions an example for the world. The international community can benefit from our examples, particularly regarding efforts to prevent U.S. multinational business from bribing overseas, enforce corruption laws, promote good public/corporate governance, and build tools and institutions to prevent corruption. INL also works closely with other nations to combat the international aspects of corruption, such as money laundering and transnational flight, through policy and mutual legal assistance, to bring the corrupt to justice. The USG is also advancing important anticorruption and accountability elements in its foreign assistance programs including, for example, the President’s Millennium Challenge Account and within the G-8 process.
Program Justification The Administration has made the international fight against corruption one of its key foreign policy priorities. The USG has clear foreign policy and national security interests in seeing corruption addressed on an international scale. Corrupt interests continually hamper global economic activity of American firms, interfere with the accomplishments of USG foreign assistance goals and programs, facilitate the continuing growth of transnational crime and international criminal organizations, and threaten democracy. Terrorists thrive on corruption, using it to facilitate the laundering of funds and the illicit trade of weapons, passports, drugs, and persons; obtain sensitive information from government sources; and move money and themselves across borders to find safe havens. Program Accomplishments Uniting Governments Under Common Anticorruption Commitments: Over the past several years, INL has helped negotiate and develop several significant regional multilateral anticorruption commitments, including the United Nations Convention, the Inter-American Convention and Special Summit of the Americas, Council of Europe conventions, Stability Pact compact, the ADB-OECD Asia Initiative, and, presently, the UNDP/OECD Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Initiative. A recent INL top priority has been to lead USG efforts to complete the first global convention against corruption at the United Nations, which was opened for signature in December 2003 and signed by nearly 100 nations, including the U.S. From a diplomatic perspective, the biennial ministerial Global Forum process is by far the most high-level existing intergovernmental forum for promoting the fight against corruption, and INL continues to lead USG efforts to develop and define that process. Helping Governments Meet or Exceed Those Commitments: INL has focused its attention and resources on promoting implementation of multilateral anticorruption commitments (e.g., monitoring mechanisms) and helping develop effective governmental approaches to preventing corruption (e.g., addressing corruption within the criminal justice system through the legal profession and private bars). INL has provided or led USG experts and assistance to help over sixty countries implement anticorruption commitments through mechanisms within the Organization of American States, Council of Europe, Stability Pact Anticorruption Initiative for Southeast Europe, and the ADB/OECD Asian Anticorruption Initiative. INL has also targeted anticorruption advisors and technical assistance to help governments address weaknesses discovered during these evaluation processes. INL continues to lead USG law enforcement-related anticorruption assistance, particularly to help countries build their capacities to investigate and prosecute corruption cases. Over the past two years, INL further developed the capability to react rapidly to unexpected Embassy requests for anticorruption assistance to new governments or governments exhibiting strong and unusual political will to address corruption. INL has recently led efforts with State regional bureaus and USAID to develop a coordinated and holistic anticorruption pilot assistance program that can be targeted to countries that exhibit strong political will to address corruption problems, a program called the Anticorruption Compact. The pilot Anticorruption Compact, in Nicaragua, should be in place shortly. Mobilizing Popular Will and Private Sector Action: INL has developed and funded innovative technical assistance programs that help build the popular will against corruption and promote integrity within the private sector. Recent examples include the development of a Culture of Lawfulness educational program in several countries targeted at middle-school students and support to develop a corporate governance blueprint for Russian businesses. INL also has led USG input and assistance to the World Bank Corporate Governance Forum, which has sponsored numerous efforts to promote corporate integrity internationally. Leading By Example: INL has led recent USG interagency participation, including the Department of Justice, Office of Government Ethics, and others, in key multilateral efforts to observe USG anticorruption efforts, and has helped effectively showcase our efforts as a model for other countries. INL is developing the first one-stop website where anyone can get comprehensive information on USG governmental and non-governmental activities to combat corruption within our own country and overseas. The G-8, in the Evian Declaration, committed to the No Safe Haven policy, designed to deny safe haven to the corrupt, those who corrupt them, and their assets. The Special Summit of the Americas made a similar commitment in January 2004. INL also led efforts to advance No Safe Haven through the development of a Presidential Proclamation to deny entry to the corrupt, those who corrupt them, and their dependents, signed in early 2004. FY 2005 Program Anticorruption Compacts The Anticorruption Compacts are a new initiative that helps to fight corruption in a way that strengthens political will, rewards performance, and yields demonstrable results. By attacking corruption on multiple fronts with the strong commitment of the highest levels of government, rather than one sector at a time, the Compacts seek to raise the bar across government institutions and make transparency efforts in different sectors mutually reinforcing. The Compacts will require governments to commit in writing to reform in key areas that promote transparency and help prevent corruption, including management of public finances, public procurement, and engaging civil society. In exchange, countries will receive assistance targeted to these areas. The Compacts will include metrics to monitor achievement of these goals. The $9,000,000 requested will fund the first year’s effort in at least three countries. Assistance for each pilot country will likely focus on training, equipment and technology (including e-systems) needed to establish and maintain fiscal transparency and accountability systems, rules-based public procurement systems, effective enforcement and oversight institutions, and free and active civil society anti-corruption efforts. Other Programs INL will continue to spearhead USG involvement in ongoing multilateral monitoring efforts in Europe and the Western Hemisphere and to help transform the Global Forum process into a body to promote intergovernmental standards. INL will continue to support law enforcement-related anticorruption assistance worldwide and develop innovative methods to combat corruption within the public and private sectors in select countries. INL’s focus on developing policy goals and promoting operational international cooperation will increase as INL implements the ‘No Safe Haven’ commitments and emerging global standards. In addition to the compacts, FY 2005 funds will assist in implementing a comprehensive National Anticorruption Strategy in Iraq. This funding would advance efforts INL is already developing through the Coalition Provisional Authority in order to establish an Iraqi independent anticorruption commission and develop key oversight and integrity mechanisms throughout government ministries. Funds will also be used to expand the Middle East Governance Network, an OECD-led effort, with the UNDP and World Bank, to create an intergovernmental anticorruption forum. The forum would work towards developing capacity, tools, and systems -- such as anticorruption commissions, stronger laws, codes of conduct, and better trained police and prosecutors -- to detect and fight corruption. Partner countries would include Morocco, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Bahrain. FY 2005 funds would also be used to pay contributions/dues to support three multilateral monitoring mechanisms -- Europe’s Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO), the OAS, and the Stability Pact Anticorruption Initiative (SPAI) -- that promote implementation of anticorruption commitments in dozens of countries. Funding will also include the U.S. contribution to the World Bank and OECD Global Corporate Governance Forum, which supports efforts by countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and the Americas to strengthen their legal and regulatory framework on corporate governance. Funds will also be provided bilaterally or through regional organizations to help countries that have ratified the new United Nations Convention Against Corruption to implement the convention’s prevention and criminalization chapters. Alien Smuggling Budget Summary ($000)
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