Foreign Relations,
1964-1968, Volume VI, Vietnam, January-August 1968
Released by the
Office of the Historian
Index
Note: References are to document numbers.
Abrams, Gen. Creighton W., 58, 90, 101, 186, 261, 270, 321
Appointment to command position, 150, 189
Bombing of DRV, 337, 338
Clifford’s assessment of, 302
Communist insurgency, 157, 157, 159, 302, 316, 328, 340
Khe Sanh campaign, 35, 156
Military program in Vietnam:
Assessment of, 159, 160
CIA-DOD briefing for Johnson, 162
Civilianization program, 302
Free World forces, 160
MACV Forward headquarters, 60
Morale of troops, 156
Presentation to Wise Men re, 156, 157
Tactical defeat, potential for, 156
Tour of duty extensions, 156
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN), 62, 157, 159, 302
Troop augmentation by U.S., 68
Vann’s assessment of, 290
Wise Men’s reassessment of U.S. policy, 156, 157, 158
Acheson, Dean G., 125, 135, 155, 157, 158
Agnew, Spiro, 186, 327
Aiken, George, 109
Albert, Carl, 22, 35, 254
Algard, Ole, 66, 291
Allen, George, 41
Anderson, Robert, 234
Anh Ba, 6
An Ngoc Ho, 245
Antwerp contact, 277
ANZUS Council meeting, 183
Arends, Leslie, 254
Armstrong, Oscar, 75
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). See Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN).
Ashmore, Harry, 184
Aspen peace initiative, 66
Aubrac, Raymond, 15
Au Ngoc Ho, 294
Australia, 253
Ayub Khan, Mohammad, 176, 200
Baggs, William, 184
Bailey, Charles, 47
Ball, George, 39, 155, 157, 158, 164, 209, 222, 282, 293, 333
Bates, William, 39, 142, 196, 254
Battle, Lucius D., 26
Berard, Armand, 81
Berger, Samuel R., 176, 261, 274, 277, 298
Binsberg, Gen., 43
Bo. See Mai Van Bo.
Bogdan, Cornelieu, 5, 9, 18, 71, 203
Boggs, Hale, 22, 35, 254, 339
Bogomolov, Sergei, 240, 246, 273, 286, 300, 322
Bohlen, Charles E., 81, 143, 185, 214, 265, 272, 279, 295, 316
Bolton, Francis, 254
Bombing of DRV (see also Bombing subheadings under Paris peace talks):
Aircraft losses, 59
Bombing between 19 and 20th parallels during peace talks, 226, 232, 233, 241, 248, 249, 252, 253, 255, 259, 261, 301
Cessation on unilateral basis, proposals for, 308, 312, 313, 314, 315, 324, 327
Abrams’ argument against, 338
Harriman’s assessment of failure to halt bombing, 336
Johnson’s conversation with Humphrey re, 330
Johnson’s rejection of, 316, 318, 321, 332, 338, 339
Cessation’s effect on Communist conduct of war, 331, 337
Clifford Task Force recommendations, 103
Deferrals of strikes, 3
Democratic presidential platform position re, 339, 345
Effectiveness of bombing, PSAC report on, 251
Eisenhower’s assessment of, 20
Financial costs associated with, 308
Hanoi-Haiphong targets, 59, 74, 86, 97
Infiltration into RVN, impact on, 337
Johnson’s briefing for Nixon re, 310
Linkage of bombing to level of Communist violence, proposed, 319
Pause during winter of 1965-1966, 310
Peace talks site determination and, 216
Restriction on bombing announced March 31, 141, 147, 149, 152, 153, 163, 168, 169
Clarification of terms, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177
Congressional criticism of, 172
DRV reaction, 175
JCS attitude toward, 166
Military effect, 144
RVN reaction, 137, 145, 165, 170
Resumption of bombing north of 20th parallel if peace talks failed, 242, 243, 244, 248, 249, 256, 260
Saigon attacks by Communists, possible responses to, 205, 258
Soviet ships hit by bombs, 10
Thanh Hoa attack, 172, 173
Bonesteel, Gen. Charles, 198
Bow, Frank, 39
Bowles, Chester, 14, 142, 216
Boyd, Alan, 177
Boyd, Forrest, 47
Bradley, Gen. Omar, 155, 157, 158
Brandon, Henry, 58
Brezhnev, Leonid, 280
Brown, Lt. Gen. George S., 220, 337
Brown, Maj. Gen. Grover, 220, 321
Brown, Harold, 35, 126, 150, 340
Brown, Winthrop, 226
Bruce, David K. E., 246
Buchwald, Art, 112
Bui Diem, 140, 189, 234, 235, 294, 325
Bunche, Ralph, 81, 199, 200
Bundy, McGeorge, 39, 146, 147, 149, 155, 157, 158, 310
Bundy, William P., 5, 17, 24, 75, 81, 87, 92, 103, 113, 137, 140, 143, 155, 157, 158, 165, 167, 182, 189, 198, 213, 233, 254, 277, 278, 283, 288, 293, 294, 304, 312, 316, 325
Bombing of DRV, 141, 147, 149, 248, 255, 337
Honolulu Conference, 294
Johnson’s March 31 speech, 147, 149, 163
Packers peace initiative, 8, 9
Paris peace talks:
Ashmore-Baggs mission to DRV, 184
DRV objectives, U.S. speculation on, 189
Instructions for U.S. representatives, 188
Johnson’s meetings with U.S. delegates, 225, 227, 279
Mutual withdrawal issue, 320
Opening statements, 227
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 286
U.S. acceptance of DRV offer to initiate talks, 178
U.S. delegation for, 232
Peace talks site determination, 190, 191
Bucharest option, 203, 214
DRV-U.S. private discussions re, proposed, 214
Neutral party to propose site, 203, 214
Paris option, 203, 214
Pressure on U.S. to agree to site, 214
Tehran option, 214
Thant’s involvement, 214
U.S. requirements for acceptable site, 203
U.S. site proposals, 189, 201
Troop augmentation by U.S., 89
Vance’s possible visit to Vietnam, 70
Bunker, Ellsworth, 43, 50, 120, 143, 176, 237, 304, 321, 337
Bombing of DRV, 97, 137, 145, 165, 170, 248, 258
Communist insurgency, 14, 53, 82, 107, 245, 228, 235, 245, 302
Government of RVN:
Coup threat, 138
Factionalism within, 124
1967 developments, 11
1968 prospects, 25
Personnel changes, 138, 189, 235, 245
Thieu-Ky relationship, 25, 117, 138, 189
Thieu’s leadership, 124
U.S. dissatisfaction with GVN performance, 138
U.S. covert support for, 343, 344
Honolulu Conference, 287
Johnson’s March 31 speech, 170
Khe Sanh campaign, 28
Military program in Vietnam, 11, 77, 97, 124, 189, 249
Negotiation issue, 8, 97, 139
NLF offer to disband in return for government participation (Antwerp contact), 277
NLF recruitment, 124
Paris peace talks:
Bombing cessation leading to military de-escalation, 228, 235
Bombing cessation to promote breakthrough at talks, Soviet appeal for, 264, 265
DRV objectives, U.S. speculation on, 189
Informal meetings, initiation of, 264
Instructions for U.S. representatives, 189
Political settlement in the South issue, 292
RVN apprehensions re, 186, 189, 207, 235
RVN participation, 194, 207
Thieu’s assessment of, 245
U.S. delegation for, 232
Peace talks site determination, 216
Press coverage of Vietnam, 11
Republic of Vietnam (RVN):
Coalition government, 14
DRV, private contacts with, 325
Economic situation, 76, 94
Labor unrest, 14
Lien Minh political front, 274, 298, 325
Martial law, 45
National political organization to compete with Communists, 117, 124
Pacification program, 82, 94, 117, 124, 189
Project Recovery following Tet offensive, 45, 62, 82, 94, 124
Self-defense program, 235
Tet offensive response, U.S. proposals for, 45, 53, 62
Tet offensive’s psychological impact, 82
Thieu’s State of the Union address, 53
Thieu’s weekly radio speeches, 235
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN):
Corruption problem, 117
Mobilization for, 117, 124, 132, 134, 218
Modernization program, 97, 117
Tet offensive, 53, 62, 76, 82, 88, 94, 107, 189
Troop augmentation by U.S., 68, 90, 117
U.S. personnel reductions in Vietnam, 46
Weekly reports, 11, 14, 25, 53, 62, 76, 82, 94, 107, 124, 170, 207, 218, 235, 245, 298
Burke, David, 23
Burke, John, 52, 75
Busby, Horace, 169, 185, 339
Buttercup prisoner exchange operation, 6, 36, 70
Byrd, Robert, 22, 35, 58, 59, 254
Calhoun, John A., 22, 228, 277
Califano, Joseph, 35, 89, 111, 186, 339
Cambodia:
Communist infiltration into RVN from, 97
Communist sanctuaries, 14, 82, 316
U.S. incursions into, 22, 249
Cao Van Vien, Gen., 21, 28, 44, 49, 90, 101, 124, 185, 270, 302, 340
Carroll, Gen. Joseph, 220
Carver, George A., Jr., 12, 19, 40, 155, 162, 188, 238, 255, 277, 325, 342, 344
Cassady, John, 209
Ceausescu, Nicolae, 5, 9, 18
Celac, Sergiu, 9
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 296
Bombing resumption north of 20th parallel should peace talks fail, 248
Communist insurgency, 19, 72, 83, 86, 95, 263, 311
Government of RVN, 86, 263, 325:
DRV defections, 279, 296
Lien Minh political front, 274
Military program in Vietnam, briefing for Johnson, 162
Negotiation issue, 95
Order of battle estimates, 202, 220
Pacification program, 72
Paris peace talks, 175, 263, 311
Project Recovery following Tet offensive, 72
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN), 44, 86
Tet offensive, 40, 41, 44, 56, 72, 73, 84
Troop augmentation by U.S., possible Communist response to, 95
War and Reconstruction Councils, 44
Chan. See Nguyen Chan.
Chapman, Gen. Leonard, 31, 47, 64, 70, 104, 166, 227, 241, 340
Chernyakov, Yuri N., 10
China, People’s Republic of, 1, 19, 78, 95, 181, 199, 327
Chou En-lai, 199
Christian, George, 23, 26, 31, 39, 47, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 70, 74, 91, 104, 105, 113, 120, 121, 130, 142, 147, 149, 150, 157, 158, 160, 167, 172, 178, 185, 186, 187, 189, 191, 205, 216, 222, 225, 226, 227, 232, 233, 243, 249, 253, 261, 279, 282, 293, 304, 308, 316, 333
Christian Science Monitor, 333
Christopher, Warren, 261
Church, Frank, 147
Churchill, Winston S., 86,
Clarey, Adm. Bernard A., 150, 166
Clark, Joseph, 233
Clark, Ramsey, 149
Clay, Henry, 310
Clifford, Clark M., 23, 39, 47, 58, 60, 81, 97, 106, 116, 119, 121, 136, 159, 160, 167, 169, 171, 176, 177, 213, 228, 239, 270, 283, 286, 288, 293, 301, 311, 321, 325, 337, 338
Abrams, assessment of, 302
Bombing of DRV:
Bombing between 19th and 20th parallels during peace talks, 226, 232, 233, 241, 249, 253, 261
Cessation on unilateral basis, proposals for, 314, 324
Cessation’s effect on Communist conduct of war, 331
Effectiveness of bombing, PSAC report on, 251
Financial costs associated with, 308
Hanoi-Haiphong targets, 59, 86,
Linkage of bombing to level of Communist violence, proposed, 319
Peace talks site determination and, 216
Restriction on bombing announced March 31, 144, 147, 149, 163, 166, 169, 172, 173, 174
Resumption of bombing north of 20th parallel if peace talks failed, 242, 249, 256, 260
Saigon attacks by Communists, possible responses to, 205
Thanh Hoa attack, 173
Bui Diem-Johnson meeting, 140
Cambodian sanctuaries, 316
Communist insurgency:
Saigon attacks, 278, 282
Second (May) offensive, 222, 232
Third (August) offensive, 302, 304, 316, 324, 328, 333, 340
Confirmation as Secretary of Defense, 27
Congressional testimony by administration officials, 65, 232
Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion, 316
Honolulu Conference, 294
Johnson’s March 31 speech, 146, 147, 149, 163
Khe Sanh campaign, 185
Military program in Vietnam:
Bunker’s briefing for Johnson, 189
Cambodia, incursions into, 249
Ceasefire issue, 185
Civilianization program, 302
Clifford-Wheeler visit to Vietnam, 261, 287, 302, 304
"Close to winning the war" viewpoint, 326
Free World forces, 70, 241, 276
Friendly fire casualties, 328
Helicopter mishap in Saigon, 261
"Infeasibility of military victory" viewpoint, 126, 241, 306
Landing above DMZ, proposed, 36
Offensive operations, 110
Public statements by military officials, policy re, 112
Reconnaissance flights, 186
Strategic guidance, reassessment of, 104
Tour of duty extensions, 104
U.S. command authority over all Free World forces, proposed, 70
Westmoreland’s briefings for Johnson, 185, 186
Negotiation issue, 27, 66, 142, 333
Order of battle estimates, 202
Paris peace talks:
Assessment of, 238, 328
Bombing cessation leading to military de-escalation, 276
Bombing cessation to promote breakthrough at talks, Soviet appeal for, 265
Bombing expansion, U.S. threat, 241
Congressional involvement, 226
DRV objectives, U.S. speculation re, 189, 249
Instructions for U.S. representatives, 189
Johnson’s meetings with U.S. delegates, 225, 227, 253, 279
New approaches, Rusk’s rejection of, 326
Opening statements, 227
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 282, 288, 326
Presidential campaign in U.S. and, 333
Productivity of talks, U.S. debate re, 243, 278
Unity among U.S. participants, need for, 227
U.S. acceptance of DRV offer to initiate talks, 178
U.S. delegation for, 179, 180, 226, 232
U.S. public’s support for war and, 242
U.S. public stance re, 196
Vance’s briefing for Johnson and Congressional leaders, 254
Peace talks site determination, 187, 191, 196, 204, 212, 216
Presidential campaign in U.S., 333
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN), 187, 205, 302, 304, 328
Thieu’s proposed visit to U.S., 261
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
Clifford Task Force recommendations, 86, 92, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 114
Composition of units to be deployed, 120, 129
Congressional involvement, 105, 142
Equipment support, 105
Johnson’s meetings re, 64, 65, 67, 70, 74, 86, 91, 104, 105, 113, 120, 130, 142
Clifford, Clark M.—Continued
Troop augmentation by U.S.—Continued
Public announcement, 130, 142
Rationale for, 64, 70
Reserve call-ups, 104, 129, 189
Vietnam and non-Vietnam deployments, 130
Westmoreland’s requests for, 70, 89, 114
Wheeler’s Vietnam visit re, 67
U.S. policy on Vietnam:
De-escalation through negotiation, 146, 163
Financing reduction, 302
Kennedy’s proposal for re-evaluation of, 123
Peace front, 146
Westmoreland’s Army Chief of Staff appointment, 151
Wise Men’s meetings, 142, 155, 157, 158
Clifford Task Force, 86, 92, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 114
Cline, John, 209
Cohen, Wilbur, 177
Collingwood, Charles, 185
Communist insurgency (see also Khe Sanh campaign; Tet offensive):
Abrams’ assessment of, 157, 159
Aircraft used in, 60, 64
Cambodian sanctuaries, 14, 82, 316
Communist bloc support for, 78
Fighting ability of troops, 67
Future developments, U.S. estimates re, 19, 48, 83, 263
Infiltration into RVN, 97, 156, 198, 209, 222, 227, 232, 238, 253, 316, 337, 340
Lull in fighting, 305, 307, 311, 321
Morale problems, 245
Order of battle, U.S. estimates, 91, 202, 220
Persistence, 302
Political front in RVN, 263
Propaganda statements, 107
Psychological warfare, 53
Saigon attacks, 23, 205, 258, 263, 278, 282
Second (May) offensive, 72, 82, 222, 226, 228, 232, 235, 245
Status in late February, 85
Sustaining offensive action, capacity for, 86, 95
Tet losses, recovery from, 73
Third (August) offensive, 302, 304, 309, 310, 312, 316, 320, 321, 324, 328, 333, 340, 342
Three-phase strategy for early conclusion of war, 63, 68
Troop augmentation by U.S., 95
Troop strength. See Order of battle above.
Congress, U.S.:
Anti-war Senators, Johnson’s criticism of, 315
Bombing restriction announced March 31, 172
Clifford’s confirmation as Secretary of Defense, 27
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution debate, 79, 86, 109, 111, 113
Khe Sanh campaign, 35
Military program in Vietnam, Johnson’s meetings with Congressional leaders re, 22, 338
Paris peace talks, 226, 254
Peace talks site determination, 196, 217
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 65, 86, 109, 120, 142, 232
Testimony by administration officials, 65, 86, 120, 232
Tet offensive, 39
Troop augmentation by U.S., 105, 109, 111, 115, 122, 130, 142
Connally, John, 169, 176, 310
Cooper, Chester, 327
Cooper, John Sherman, 86,, 226
Couve de Murville, Maurice, 221
Cronkite, Walter, 228
Cushman, Gen. Leonard F., 12, 101
Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion, 316, 336
Daley, Richard, 123, 146, 169, 176, 215, 333
Dam Si Hiem, 245
Daniel, Price, 60, 160
David, Sid, 47
Davidson, Daniel I., 5, 8, 9, 18, 71, 87, 139, 180, 182, 203, 226, 234, 246, 329, 342
Davidson, Lt. Gen. Phillip B., 22, 302
Davis, Jeanne, 294
Davis, Nathaniel, 26
Davis, Richard H., 9
Dean, Arthur, 155, 157, 158
Dean, John Gunther, 203
Dean, Sir Patrick, 246
Defense Intelligence Agency, 175
De Gaulle, Charles, 181
Democratic National Convention, 333, 339, 341
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (see also Bombing of DRV; Communist insurgency; Paris peace talks; Peace talks site determination):
GVN’s legitimacy, possible acceptance of, 309
Leadership divisions, 19
Negotiation issue:
Aspen peace initiative, 66
DRV position, 1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 95
Italian peace initiative, 87
Ohio peace initiative, 66, 71
Packers peace initiative, 5, 8, 71
Thant’s peace initiative, 81
NLF, relations with, 19
RVN, private contacts with, 325
Denney, George, 175, 335, 344
DePuy, Maj. Gen. William E., 16, 51, 56, 67, 155, 162, 220
Desai, Morarji, 310
Diem. See Bui Diem.
Dillon, Douglas, 155, 157, 158
Diplomatic efforts toward settlement in Vietnam. See Negotiation issue.
Dirksen, Everett M., 36, 226, 227, 254, 308, 341
Doan Ba Cang, 94, 138
Dobrynin, Anatoliy F., 2, 10, 168, 185, 191, 197, 206, 222, 262, 269, 272, 279, 280, 282, 286
Dong. See Pham Van Dong.
Do Phat Quang, 211
D’Orlandi, Giovanni, 87
Douglas, Paul, 142
Dthlefsen, Maj. Merlyn, 47
Duggan, Ervin, 177
Duke, Angier Biddle, 198
Eaton, Cyrus, 273, 280
Eckhardt, Gen. George, 101
Edmunds, Col. A. C., 220
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 20, 39, 86, 176, 187, 225, 308, 310
Ellsworth, Bob, 310
Elsey, George M., 324, 326, 328, 340
Enthoven, Alain, 90, 100, 144, 202, 302, 337
Evans, Allan, 335
Ewell, Gen. Julian, 101
Fanfani, Amintore, 87
Fisher, Adrian, 160
Fisher, Roger, 139
Ford, Gerald R., 36, 226, 254, 310
Forsythe, Maj. Gen., 16, 94, 124, 138
Fortas, Abe, 130, 142, 147, 149, 150, 155, 157, 158, 159, 185, 222, 249, 253, 261, 265, 279
Foster, William, 160
Fowler, Henry, 26, 60, 92, 102, 104, 147, 149, 162, 177, 243
France, 221
Frankel, Max, 47
Freeman, Orville, 149
Free World forces in Vietnam. See under Military program in Vietnam.
Frei Montalva, Eduardo, 176
Fried, Edward, 243
Fulbright, J. William, 35, 65, 86, 109, 111, 120, 171, 172, 173, 176, 196, 217, 226, 232, 254
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 228
Gandhi, Indira, 216, 276, 297
Gaud, William, 60
Gelb, Leslie, 100
Geneva Conference, 2
Giap. See Vo Nguyen Giap, Gen.
Ginsburgh, Robert N., 54, 108, 231, 242, 275
Goldberg, Arthur J., 2, 81, 131, 142, 147, 160, 177, 178, 181, 209
Peace talks site determination, 190, 197, 199, 200, 212, 215
Wise Men’s meetings, 155, 157, 158
Goldstein, Ernest, 177
Goodpaster, Gen. Andrew J., 20, 51, 150, 180, 186, 189, 225, 227, 265, 302
Gore, Albert, 86,
Gorton, John, 189, 253
Goulding, Phillip G., 36, 37, 86,, 100, 106, 116, 173, 302, 324, 328
Government of RVN (GVN):
Coup threat, 138, 263
DRV’s acceptance of GVN’s legitimacy, 309
Factionalism within, 124
Huong’s appointment as Prime Minister, 245
Huong’s discussion with Komer re, 257
Intelligence report on, 263
Ky’s threat to resign, 261
Negotiations, apprehensions re, 97
1967 developments, Bunker’s assessment, 11
1968 prospects, Bunker’s assessment, 25
Personnel changes, 138, 189, 232, 235, 245, 249, 263
Post-Tet prospects, 86
Stabilization program, 7
Thieu-Ky relationship, 25, 117, 138, 189, 279, 298, 325
Thieu’s leadership, 88, 124, 261
U.S. covert support for, 343, 344
U.S. dissatisfaction with GVN performance, 138
Westmoreland’s assessment of, 185
Graham, Phil, 176
Greene, Fred, 6
Gromyko, Andrei, 24, 246
Gronouski, John, 203
Gruening, Ernest, 172
Gwertzman, Bernard, 209
Habib, Philip C., 14, 52, 75, 86,, 89, 155, 189, 225, 227, 248, 284, 285, 291, 298, 300, 301, 334
Halperin, Morton, 100
Hamilton, Ed, 60
Harkins, Gen. Paul, 290
Harriman, W. Averell, 62, 81, 104, 142, 168, 182, 189, 200, 228, 246, 294, 298, 304, 345
Bombing of DRV, 174, 248, 252, 259, 261, 312, 313, 336
Communist insurgency, 78, 307, 312
Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion, 336
Military program in Vietnam, 185, 189
Negotiation issue, 164
Italian peace initiative, 87
Ohio peace initiative, 71, 342
Packers peace initiative, 5, 8, 9, 18, 71
Soviet-U.S. cooperation, 164
Vatican’s peace initiative, 139
Thant’s peace initiative, 78
Paris peace talks:
Ashmore-Baggs mission to DRV re, 184
Bombing cessation leading to military de-escalation, 276
Paris peace talks—Continued
Bombing cessation to promote breakthrough at talks, Soviet appeal for, 265, 273, 280
Bombing expansion threat by U.S., 240, 241
Demilitarized DMZ, 234
DRV objectives, U.S. speculation, 189
DRV troops in RVN, 253
Formal talks, course of, 230, 236
Informal meetings, initiation of, 240, 247, 252, 271, 273, 280, 281, 282
Informal meetings, reports on, 291, 299, 329, 334
Instructions for U.S. representatives, 188, 189
Johnson’s meetings with U.S. delegates re, 225, 227, 279
Opening statements, 227, 230
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 283, 289, 291, 297, 299, 300, 317, 322
Political settlement in the South, 292
Productivity of talks, U.S. debate re, 278
Restraint by Communist forces, 247, 252, 322
Soviet interest in success of talks, 273
Soviet-U.S. discussions re, 240, 247, 252, 273, 280, 282, 289, 300, 305, 322
Summary report by Harriman and Vance, 312
Tho’s arrival on behalf of DRV, 259
Unilateral bombing cessation strategy, U.S. consideration of, 312, 313
U.S. acceptance of DRV offer to initiate talks, 178
U.S. delegation for, 179, 180
U.S. domestic political situation and, 225
Peace talks site determination, 191, 192, 200, 203, 206, 216
U.S. policy on Vietnam:
De-escalation through negotiation, 210, 219
DRV-NLF split, focus on, 279
Westmoreland, criticism of, 71
Wise Men’s meetings, 155, 157, 158
Hasluck, Paul, 183
Hatfield, Mark, 310
Ha Thuc Ky, 62
Ha Van Lau, 190, 229, 284, 285, 299, 300, 305, 317, 323, 329, 334
Hay, Maj. Gen., 302
Hayden, Carl, 39, 149
Helms, Richard M., 12, 23, 26, 34, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 59, 60, 74, 86, 92, 113, 120, 121, 142, 155, 157, 158, 160, 172, 175, 178, 188, 202, 216, 226, 263, 277, 288, 293, 296, 304, 308, 321, 325, 342
Bombing between 19th and 20th parallels during peace talks, 233, 241
Communist insurgency, 19, 67, 220, 232, 282, 311, 316, 333
Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion, 316
Government of RVN, 232, 249, 279
Military program in Vietnam, 36, 162, 185, 205
Paris peace talks:
Bombing cessation leading to military de-escalation issue, 276
Bombing expansion threat by U.S., 241
DRV objectives, U.S. speculation re, 249, 311
Johnson’s meeting with Nixon re, 327
Johnson’s meetings with U.S. delegates re, 225, 227, 253, 279
Mutual withdrawal, 320
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 282
Vance’s briefing for Johnson, 254
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN), 16, 67
Tet offensive, 36, 39, 72, 84
Troop augmentation by U.S., 67, 70, 86, 91, 104, 105
Henkin, Daniel Z., 324
Hickenlooper, Bourke, 86, 109, 111, 226, 254
Hill, A. William, 209
Hoang Tung, 184
Hoang Van Lac, Brig. Gen., 294
Ho Chi Minh, 17, 19, 209
Hoffman, Burton, 209
Holbrooke, Richard C., 234, 291, 329
Holloway, Gen. Bruce K., 64
Holyoake, Keith, 183
Honolulu Conference, 287, 294, 303, 304, 308
Hoopes, Townsend, 74, 78, 126, 328
Hoover, J. Edgar, 310
Hope, Paul, 209
Ho Quang Phuoc, 277
Horner, Jack, 47, 209
Hornig, Donald, 160, 233
Houdek, Robert, 213
Hudson, David, 88
Hughes, Richard, 315
Hughes, Thomas L., 1, 41, 48, 56, 185, 194, 195, 236, 243, 259, 321, 335
Humphrey, Hubert H., 22, 26, 35, 47, 60, 91, 104, 142, 147, 157, 158, 159, 162, 169, 176, 177, 186, 206, 243, 254, 268, 310, 327, 330, 339, 345
Huong. See Tran Van Huong.
Hurwitch, Robert, 182, 208, 211, 345
Ignatius, Paul, 150, 328, 340
Iliescu, Marin, 9
India, 81, 216, 276, 282
Indonesia, 216, 221
International Control Commission (ICC), 299, 301
Isham, Heywood, 87
Italy, 87
Jackson, Henry, 111, 142
Javits, Jacob, 310
Jessup, Peter, 344
Johnson, Gen. Harold K., 31, 47, 64, 86, 90, 105, 136, 150, 166, 225, 226, 227, 233
Johnson, Lyndon B. (see also Weekly reports under Bunker, Ellsworth), 29, 40, 86, 263, 270, 305, 312, 322, 325
Anti-war Senators, criticism of, 315
Bombing of DRV:
Aircraft losses, 59
Bombing between 19th and 20th parallels during peace talks, 226, 232, 233, 241, 248, 249, 253, 259, 261
Cessation on unilateral basis proposals, 308, 314, 315, 316, 318, 321, 324, 330, 332, 338, 339
Deferrals of strikes, 3
Democratic presidential platform position re, 339, 345
Effectiveness of bombing, PSAC report on, 251
Hanoi-Haiphong targets, 59, 74, 86,
Johnson’s briefing for Nixon, 310
Linkage of bombing to level of Communist violence, proposed, 319
Pause during winter of 1965-1966, 310
Peace talks site determination and, 216
Restriction on bombing announced March 31, 147, 149, 152, 153, 168, 169, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177
Resumption of bombing north of 20th parallel should peace talks fail, 242, 243, 244, 249
Saigon attacks by Communists, possible responses to, 205, 258
Thanh Hoa attack, 173
Bui Diem, meeting with, 140
Buttercup prisoner exchange, 36, 70
Communist insurgency:
Abrams’ assessment of, 157, 159
Aircraft used in, 60, 64
Cambodian sanctuaries, 316
Communist bloc support for, 78
Fighting ability of troops, 67
Future developments, U.S. estimates re, 83
Infiltration into RVN, 156, 198, 209, 227, 232, 253
Lull in fighting, 321
Saigon attacks, 282
Second (May) offensive, 222, 226, 232
Status in late February, 85
Third (August) offensive, 302, 309, 310, 316, 318, 333
Congressional testimony by administration officials, 65, 79, 86, 120
Dobrynin’s meeting with, 168
Eisenhower’s meeting with, 86,
Government of RVN, 232, 249, 279
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution debate, 79, 86, 109, 111
Honolulu Conference, 294, 303, 304, 308
Humphrey, praise for, 177
Robert Kennedy’s meeting with, 176
Khe Sanh campaign, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 35, 51, 60, 64, 67, 91, 156, 176
Kosygin, correspondence with, 262, 269
March 31 speech (see also Restriction on bombing announced March 31 under Bombing of DRV), 146, 147, 149, 163, 167, 169, 170, 171, 176
Military installations tour, 86
Military program in Vietnam:
Abrams’ appointment to command position, 150, 189
Abrams’ presentation to Wise Men re, 156, 157
Anti-aircraft missiles, 36
Bunker’s briefing, 189
Cambodia, incursions into, 22, 249
Ceasefire issue, 282
CIA-DOD briefing for Johnson, 162
Civilian contractors used in, 91
Clifford-Wheeler visit to Vietnam, 302, 304
"Close to winning the war" viewpoint, 310
Disagreements among commanders re strategy, 26, 31
Feint of full-scale landing above DMZ, 36
Free World forces, 60, 64, 216, 241
Graphic depictions of U.S. strategy, 55
Helicopter mishap in Saigon, 261
Hospitals and medical personnel, 60
"Infeasibility of military victory" viewpoint, 241
Johnson’s briefing for Nixon, 310
Johnson’s meetings with Congressional leaders, 22, 338
Laos, incursions into, 205
Morale of troops, 156
Nuclear weapons, possible use of, 51, 176
Offensive operations, 101, 110
"Protracted effort with few casualties" strategy, 106, 119
Reconnaissance flights, 186
Rostow’s proposed sequence of actions, 108
Tactical defeat, potential for, 156
Taylor’s recommendations, 67
Tour of duty extensions, 58, 74, 104, 156
U.S. command authority over all Free World forces, proposed, 70
Vann’s assessment of, 290
Westmoreland’s briefings, 185, 186
Wheeler and Abrams’ positive assessment, 159, 160
Negotiation issue:
DRV position, 4
Goldberg’s proposal, 131, 142
Ohio peace initiative, 66
Packers peace initiative, 5, 8, 9, 18, 36
Roche’s "gimmick" proposal, 17
San Antonio formula, 13, 47, 81
Soviet-U.S. cooperation, 168, 171
Thant’s peace initiative, 78, 81,
U.K.-Soviet peace initiative, 24
Vatican peace initiatives, 118, 333, 341
Nixon’s meetings with, 308, 310, 327
Paris peace talks:
Ashmore-Baggs mission to DRV re, 184
Bombing cessation leading to military de-escalation, 231, 237, 275, 276
Bombing cessation to promote breakthrough at talks, Soviet appeal for, 262, 265, 267, 268, 295
Bombing expansion, U.S. threat, 241
Break-up, risk of to preserve talks, Rostow’s proposal, 268
Briefings for Nixon, 310, 327
Briefings for Rockefeller and McCarthy, 266
Congressional involvement, 226
DRV objectives, U.S. speculation re, 189, 249, 309
DRV offer to initiate talks in response to bombing restriction announced March 31, 175
DRV’s personal attacks on Johnson, 332
Formal talks, reports on, 236
Honolulu Conference discussions of, 303, 304
Informal meetings, 269, 284, 329
Instructions for U.S. representatives, 189
Meetings with U.S. delegates and foreign policy advisers, 225, 227, 253, 279
Meeting with Thant, 181
Opening statements, 227
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 281, 282, 284, 286, 288, 289, 293, 297, 310, 317, 323
Political settlement in the South, 224, 275, 277
Presidential campaign in U.S. and, 333
Procedural agreement, 229
Productivity of talks, U.S. debate re, 243
Rostow’s proposed outline for talks, 179
RVN apprehensions re, 186
Separate talks on political and military issues, proposed, 282
Unilateral bombing cessation strategy, U.S. consideration, 314
Unity among U.S. participants, need for, 217, 227
U.S. acceptance of DRV offer to initiate talks, 178
U.S. agenda for, 179, 223
U.S. delegation for, 179, 186, 187, 226, 232
U.S. public stance, 196
Vance’s briefing, 254
Peace talks site determination, 187, 190, 191, 193
Administration discussions with Congressional leaders re, 196
Alternative sites, 201
Bombing of DRV during negotiations, 216
Bucharest option, 215
Congressional criticism of discussions, 217
DRV-U.S. private discussions, proposed, 204, 212, 215, 216
Harriman’s position, 191
Neutral party to propose site, 215
Paris site, agreement on, 221
Press conference statements, 209
Soviet involvement, 191, 197
Thant’s involvement, 215
U.S. requirements for acceptable site, 195
Presidential campaign in U.S., 150
Democratic National Convention, 333, 339, 341
Democratic presidential platform position re bombing of DRV, 339, 345
Humphrey-Nixon unanimity re Vietnam, 345
Meeting with Robert Kennedy, 176
Meeting with Nixon, 310
Paris peace talks and, 333
Withdrawal from, 169, 209
Pueblo crisis, 22, 39, 47
Republic of Vietnam (RVN), 62, 298
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN), 64, 70, 104, 157, 159, 186, 187
State of the Union address, 13
Tet offensive, 36, 37, 39, 42, 47, 57, 72, 76, 84
Thant, meeting with, 181
Thieu, correspondence with, 186
Thieu, meetings with. See Honolulu Conference above.
Thieu’s proposed visit to U.S., 261
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
Clifford Task Force recommendations, 92, 102, 104, 105
Composition of units to be deployed, 120, 129
Congressional involvement, 105, 130, 142
Equipment support, 91, 105
Financing for, 121, 156
Induction increases, 104
Johnson’s comments to Robert Kennedy, 176
Johnson’s decisions, 70, 130
Johnson’s meetings re, 64, 65, 67, 70, 74, 86, 91, 104, 105, 109, 111, 113, 120, 121, 130, 142
McNamara’s recommendations, 69
Press coverage of administration debate re, 116
Public announcement re, 130, 142, 167
Rationale for, 64
Reserve call-ups, 70, 74, 91, 104, 111, 128, 129
Vietnam and non-Vietnam deployments, 130
Westmoreland’s requests for additional troops, 68, 70, 89, 156
Wheeler’s trip to Vietnam, 86, 90
U.S. policy on Vietnam:
Australian support, 253
Declaration of war, 64
De-escalation through negotiation, 146, 163
Disengagement from Vietnam, proposals for, 125
Humphrey-Nixon unanimity re, 345
Kennedy’s proposal for re-evaluation, 123
Nitze’s refusal to testify before Congress, 133, 150, 156
Peace front, 146
Personnel reductions in Vietnam, 46
Political offensive against policy in U.S., 58
Renewal of U.S. public support, proposal for, 161
Rostow’s proposed sequence of actions, 148
Vance’s possible visit to Vietnam, 70, 74
Westmoreland’s appointment as Army Chief of Staff, 150, 151, 250
Wheeler’s continuance as JCS chairman, 150
Wilson, correspondence with, 24
Wise Men’s meetings, 135, 142, 154, 156, 157
Johnson, Vice Adm. Nels, 301
Johnson, Tom, 23, 26, 29, 31, 35, 39, 47, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70, 74, 91, 104, 105, 113, 120, 121, 130, 142, 147, 156, 157, 158, 162, 167, 172, 177, 178, 181, 185, 186, 189, 205, 216, 226, 227, 232, 233, 253, 254, 261, 265, 279, 282, 293, 308, 310, 316, 327, 333
Johnson, U. Alexis, 179, 184
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 38, 50, 51, 169, 310, 326
Bombing of DRV:
Bombing between 19th and 20th parallels during peace talks, 253
Cessation on unilateral basis proposals, 316
Effectiveness of bombing, PSAC report on, 251
Restriction on bombing announced March 31, 166, 169, 174
Resumption of bombing north of 20th parallel if peace talks failed, 256, 260
Khe Sanh campaign, 30, 31, 35
Military program in Vietnam, 239, 326
Order of battle estimates, 220
Paris peace talks, 301
Troop augmentation by U.S., 64, 70, 74, 96, 239
Wheeler’s continuance as chairman, 150
Jones, James "Jim," 4, 142, 157, 158, 169, 181, 185, 189, 190, 232, 265, 304, 339
Jorden, William J., 49, 140, 147, 148, 180, 201, 225, 227, 275, 279, 291
Kaplan, Harold, 226, 275, 291
Katzenbach, Nicholas deB., 26, 44, 52, 60, 81, 87, 92, 116, 141, 142, 155, 157, 158, 160, 175, 176, 185, 188, 189, 233, 248, 296, 287, 297, 312, 325
Bombing of DRV, 10, 172, 174, 177, 253
Communist insurgency, 253, 282
Military program in Vietnam, 98, 185, 186
Negotiation issue, 8, 10
Paris peace talks:
Bombing cessation leading to military de-escalation, 276
Johnson’s meetings re, 225, 227, 253, 279
Mutual withdrawal, 320
Opening statements, 227
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 282, 283, 289, 293
Political settlement in the South, 292
Productivity of talks, U.S. debate re, 243
U.S. acceptance of DRV offer to initiate talks, 178, 182
Vance’s briefing for Johnson and Congressional leaders, 254
Peace talks site determination, 182, 191, 195, 196, 199
Troop augmentation by U.S., 89
U.S. policy on Vietnam, 253, 279
Kaul, T. N., 199
Keeney, Spurgeon, 160
Kelly, George, 87
Kennedy, Edward M. "Ted," 23, 26, 31, 156, 172, 176, 339
Kennedy, John F., 176
Kennedy, Robert F., 111, 123, 146, 149, 150, 156, 176, 206, 226, 228, 242, 264, 273, 310
Kerwin, Maj. Gen., 270
Keyserling, Leon, 149
Khang. See Le Nguyen Khang, Gen.
Khe Sanh campaign, 36, 83, 156, 157, 279
Attacks on Khe Sanh, 22, 54
Communist troop strength, 64, 67
Dien Bien Phu analogy, 51
Johnson’s meetings re, 23, 26, 31, 35
Lang Vei evacuation, 60, 61
Operation Pegasus, 176
Significance for U.S., 60
Thieu’s assessment of, 28
U.S. offensive actions, 91
U.S. reinforcement capability, 51, 64
U.S. reinforcement of Khe Sanh prior to attack, 12
Walt’s assessment of, 61
Westmoreland’s assessment of, 30, 185
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 150, 185
Kissinger, Henry, 15, 139
Knowland, William, 86,
Komer, Robert W., 16, 45, 62, 68, 94, 138, 143, 189, 245, 257, 258, 298, 302
Kopytin, Aleksandr, 293
Korea, Republic of, 39, 65, 70, 216, 276
Kosygin, Alexei N., 2, 24, 78, 168, 171, 200, 262, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 272, 273, 280, 295, 297, 320
Krim, Arthur, 169
Krulak, Lt. Gen. Victor, 198
Kuznetsov, Vasily, 268
Ky. See Nguyen Cao Ky.
Laird, Melvin, 254
Lang, William, 21
Lansdale, Edward, 88, 277
Laos, 97, 205, 320
Lapham, Lewis, 40
Lau. See Ha Van Lau.
Lausche, Frank John, 86,
Le Duc Tho, 259, 271, 273, 275, 285, 291, 327, 328, 329, 334
Le Ngoc Chan, 194
Le Nguyen Khang, Gen., 101, 302, 340
Leonhart, William, 7, 23, 226, 320
Le Van Kim, Gen., 185
Le Van Thu, 245
Levison, Larry, 339
Lien Minh political front, 274, 298, 325, 343, 344
Lincoln, Abraham, 70
Lindquist, Robert, 183
Lindsay, John, 146
Livesay, R. Eugene, 328, 340
Loan. See Nguyen Ngoc Loan, Gen.
Loc. See Nguyen Van Loc.
Locke, Eugene, 7
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 39, 65, 76, 106, 119, 151, 155, 157, 158
Long, Russell, 22, 35
Luong The Sieu, 245
Macovescu, George, 5, 8, 9, 18, 71
Macy, John, 177
Maguire, Charles, 177
Mahon, George, 39, 121, 142, 254
Mai Thi Vang, 6
Mai Tho Truyen, 62
Mai Van Bo, 1, 4, 15, 104, 199, 291
Malik, Yakov, 199
Manac’h, Etienne, 1, 234
Manatos, Mike, 35, 177
Manescu, Corneliu, 212, 215
Mansfield, Mike, 22, 35, 71, 86,, 109, 111, 172, 173, 176, 226, 227, 254, 308, 316
Marcovich, Herbert, 15
Marcy, Carl, 173
Marder, Murrey, 18
Marks, Leonard, 26, 60, 160, 177, 243, 253
Marshall, Gen. George C., 86,
Maurer, Ion, 5
McAuliffe, Col. D. P., 220
McCain, Adm. John S., 189, 198, 301, 337
McCarthy, Eugene, 86, 123, 156, 178, 228, 266, 309, 310, 330, 333
McCloy, John, 155
McConnell, Gen. John P., 31, 47, 155, 166, 243, 301, 321, 328, 340
McCormack, John, 22, 35, 226, 254
McGill, Ralph E., 78
McGovern, George, 172
McGrory, Mary, 209
McManaway, Clay, 257
McNamara, Robert S., 16, 31, 35, 39, 40, 46, 51, 167, 189, 310
Australian support for U.S. policy, 253
Bombing of DRV, 3, 59, 74, 253
Communist insurgency, aircraft used in, 60
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution debate, 79, 86
Johnson’s March 31 speech, 176
Khe Sanh campaign, 12, 22, 23, 60, 64, 67
Military program in Vietnam:
Anti-aircraft missiles, 36
Ceasefire, 253
Civilian contractors used in, 69, 91
Disagreements among commanders re strategy, 26
Landing above DMZ, possible, 36
Free World forces, 64
Hospitals and medical personnel, 60
Nuclear weapons, possible use, 176
Tet holiday truce, 21
Tour of duty extensions, 74
U.S. command authority over all Free World forces, proposed, 70
Packers peace initiative, 8
Paris peace talks, 253
Political offensive against U.S. policy, 58
Refugee and medical care programs, 23
RVNAF mobilization, 64
Tet offensive, 36, 37
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
Clifford Task Force recommendations, 92
Equipment support, 91
Johnson’s meetings re, 64, 65, 67, 70, 74, 91
Recommendations, 69, 70
Reserve call-ups, 70, 74, 91
Westmoreland’s requests for additional troops, 89
Wheeler’s trip to Vietnam, 86
Vance’s possible visit to Vietnam, 74
Westmoreland’s Army Chief of Staff appointment, 151
McPherson, Harry C., Jr., 42, 65, 89, 142, 146, 147, 149, 152, 159, 162, 163, 167, 172, 185, 290, 304, 309
Mehlert, Calvin, 88
Michalowski, Jerzy, 171
Micunovic, Veljko, 171
Military program in Vietnam (see also Bombing of DRV; Khe Sanh campaign; Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces; Tet offensive; Troop augmentation by U.S.):
Abrams’ appointment to command position, 150, 189
Abrams’ presentation to Wise Men re, 156, 157
Anti-aircraft missiles, 36
Bunker’s briefing for Johnson, 189
Cambodia, incursions into, 22, 249
Cambodia and Laos infiltration routes, focus on, 97
Ceasefire issue, 144, 185, 253, 282
Chemical weapons, possible use of, 51
CIA-DOD briefing for Johnson, 162
Civilian contractors used in, 65, 69, 91, 302
Clifford-Wheeler visit to Vietnam, 261, 287, 302, 304
"Close to winning the war" viewpoint, 310, 326
Covert action against DRV, 335
Defections by NLF, encouragement of, 279, 296
Disagreements among commanders re strategy, 26, 31
Eisenhower’s assessment of, 20
Free World forces, 60, 64, 65, 70, 77, 160, 216, 241, 253, 276
Friendly fire casualties, 328
Helicopter mishap in Saigon, 261
Hospitals and medical personnel, 60
"Infeasibility of military victory" viewpoint, 126, 241, 306
In-place teams, 335
Johnson’s briefing for Nixon re, 310
Johnson’s meetings with Congressional leaders re, 22, 338
Landing above DMZ, possible, 36
Laos, incursions into, 205
MACV Forward headquarters, 60
Major Communist offensive, capacity for response to, 239
Maritime operations, 335
Mining of DRV ports, 108
Morale of troops, 156
1967 developments, Bunker’s assessment, 11
Nuclear weapons, possible use of, 51, 176
Offensive operations, 101, 110, 116, 124
Operation Delaware/Lam Son 216, 222
Political/psychological actions, 7, 335
"Protracted effort with few casualties" strategy, 106, 119
Public statements by military officials, policy re, 112
Reconnaissance flights, 186
Rostow’s proposed sequence of actions, 108
"Search and destroy" operations, 106, 119
Soviet response to escalation, 98
Strategic guidance, reassessment of, 103, 104
Strategic reserve. See Reserve call-ups under Troop augmentation by U.S.
Tactical defeat, potential for, 156
Taylor’s recommendations, 67
Tet holiday truce, 21
Tour of duty extensions, 58, 64, 74, 104, 156
Troop reduction proposals, 301
U.S. capacity to respond to military threats elsewhere in world and, 239
U.S. command authority over all Free World forces, proposed, 70, 77
U.S. strategy, 55
Vann’s assessment of, 290
Westmoreland’s advice upon departure from Vietnam, 250
Westmoreland’s briefings for Johnson, 185, 186
Wheeler and Abrams’ positive assessment of, 159, 160
Mill, John Stuart, 29
Mills, Wilbur, 176, 193, 232
Momyer, Gen. William H., 23, 30, 35, 90, 172, 173, 176
Moor, Dean, 19
Moorer, Adm. Thomas H., 31, 47, 64, 301, 340
Morgan, Thomas, 35, 254
Morse, Wayne, 86, 310
Moyers, Bill, 169, 310, 345
Mundt, Karl, 86, 111
Murphy, Charles, 176, 198, 339
Murphy, Robert, 155, 157, 158
National Liberation Front (NLF) (see also Communist insurgency):
Buttercup prisoner exchange operation, 6
Coalition government issue, 14, 20
Defections, U.S. policy of encouraging, 279, 296
DRV, relations with, 19
Intelligence collection concerning, 143
Offer to disband in return for participation in government (Antwerp contact), 277
Recruitment by, 124
National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) No. 328, 143
National Security Agency (NSA), 32, 263
National Security Council (NSC) meetings, 26, 60, 160, 243
Negotiation issue (see also Paris peace talks; Restriction on bombing announced March 31st under Bombing of DRV):
Aspen peace initiative, 66
DRV position, 1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 95
Goldberg’s proposal, 131, 142
GVN apprehensions, 97
Harriman’s recommendations, 164
Italian peace initiative, 87
Ohio peace initiative, 66, 71, 342
Packers peace initiative, 5, 8, 9, 18, 36, 71, 104
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 15
Roche’s "gimmick" proposal, 17
San Antonio formula. See U.S. position below.
Shah of Iran’s peace initiative, 104
Soviet-U.S. cooperation, 164, 168, 171
Thant’s peace initiative, 78, 81,
U.K.-Soviet peace initiative, 24
U.S. position (San Antonio formula), 2, 10, 13, 27, 47, 81, 131
Vatican’s peace initiatives, 118, 139, 333, 341
Negroponte, John, 285, 329, 334
Nehru, B. K., 276
Nelson, Gaylord, 111, 150
Nelson, William, 279
Neubert, Joseph W., 18
Ne Win, Gen., 310
Newsweek, 228
New York Times, 60, 112, 116, 200, 202
Ngo Minh Loan, 66, 291, 342
Nguyen Bao Tri, Gen., 124, 185
Nguyen Cao Ky (see also Government of RVN), 14, 62
Bombing of DRV, 145, 165
Buttercup prisoner exchange operation, 70
CIA interview with, 325
Clifford-Wheeler visit to Vietnam, 302
Communists’ third (August) offensive, 302
Helicopter mishap in Saigon, 261
Honolulu Conference, 287
NLF recruitment, 124
Paris peace talks, 194, 235
Project Recovery following Tet offensive, 45, 62, 72
Self-defense program, 235
Urban security, 90, 91
U.S. financial support for, 343, 344
War and Reconstruction Councils, 44
Westmoreland’s farewell, 270
Nguyen Chan, 182, 189, 204, 208, 211, 342
Nguyen Dinh Phuong, 285
Nguyen Duc Thang, Gen., 16, 44, 101, 124, 189
Nguyen Duy Trinh, 1, 4, 5, 24, 66, 185
Nguyen Luu Vien, 62, 245
Nguyen Minh Vy, 285, 291, 299, 334
Nguyen Ngoc Loan, Gen., 36, 54, 60, 235, 261, 270, 340
Nguyen Phu Duc, 245
Nguyen Thanh Le, 291
Nguyen Tho Chan, 66, 185
Nguyen Thuong, 189, 190
Nguyen Van Chuc, 207
Nguyen Van Huong, 124, 344
Nguyen Van La, Gen., 16
Nguyen Van Loc, 16, 134, 138, 189, 207, 245
Nguyen Van Minh, Gen., 261
Nguyen Van Sao, 275
Nguyen Van Thieu (see also Government of RVN), 7, 62
Bombing of DRV, 137, 145, 165, 170, 248, 255
Buttercup prisoner exchange operation, 70
Cambodia, Communist forces in, 14
CIA interview with, 325
Clifford-Wheeler visit to Vietnam, 302
Communist offensives, 82, 302
Communist propaganda statements, 107
Honolulu Conference, 287, 294, 303, 304
Johnson, correspondence with, 186
Khe Sanh campaign, 28
Negotiation issue, 1
NLF offer to disband in return for participation in government (Antwerp contact), 277
Packers peace initiative, 8
Paris peace talks, 186, 189, 194, 235, 245, 270, 302, 303, 304
Republic of Vietnam (RVN):
Coalition government, 14
DRV, private contacts with, 325
Lien Minh political front, 274, 298, 325
Martial law, 45
Pacification program, 124, 189, 263, 302
Project Recovery, 45, 94, 124
State of the Union address, 53
Urban security, 90, 91
War and Reconstruction Councils, 44
Weekly radio speeches, 235
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN), 16, 63, 91, 117, 132, 134, 218, 328
Tet holiday truce, 21
Tet offensive, 53, 62, 94, 107
U.S. financial support for, 343, 344
U.S. visit (see also Honolulu Conference above), 261, 287
Westmoreland’s farewell, 270
Nguyen Van Tho, 245
Nguyen Van Truong, 235
Nguyen Van Vy, Gen., 185, 245
Nguyen Van Huong, 298
Nhur, Paul, 245
Nitze, Paul H., 16, 26, 31, 44, 60, 64, 91, 92, 103, 104, 105, 119, 120, 127, 130, 133, 146, 150, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 166, 189, 228, 232, 238, 239, 243, 293, 301, 306, 319, 320, 321, 324, 325, 326, 328, 331, 337, 344
Nixon, Richard M., 105, 178, 281, 308, 310, 327, 330, 345
Non-Group, 188, 320
Norway, 66, 342
Noyes, Crosby, 209
Noyes, Newbold, 209
Noyes, Tommy, 209
Nugent, Pat, 149, 176
Nugroho, 184
Oberemko, Valentin, 240, 273, 280, 322
Oberg, J. C. S., 66
O’Brien, Lawrence, 35, 161, 177
O’Donohue, Daniel, 137
Oelhert, Benjamin, 200
Ohio peace initiative, 66, 71, 342
Ortona, Egidio, 87
Pacification program. See under Republic of Vietnam.
Packers peace initiative, 5, 8, 9, 18, 36, 71, 104
Pahlavi, Muhammed Reza Shah, 104, 214
Paine, Thomas, 39, 47
Paris peace talks (see also Peace talks site determination):
Ashmore-Baggs mission to DRV re, 184
Bombing cessation leading to military de-escalation issue (see also Phase I-Phase II proposal below) , 228, 231, 235, 237, 275, 276
Bombing cessation to promote breakthrough at talks, Soviet appeal for, 262, 264, 265, 267, 268, 272, 273, 280, 295
Bombing expansion threat by U.S., 240, 241
Break-up risk in order to preserve talks, Rostow’s proposal re, 268
Clifford’s assessment, 238, 328
Congressional involvement, 226
Demilitarized DMZ (see also Phase I-Phase II proposal below), 234, 299
DRV delegation for, 199, 221, 259
DRV objectives, U.S. speculation re, 189, 249, 309, 311
DRV offer to initiate talks in response to bombing restriction announced March 31st, 175, 184, 187
DRV personal attacks on Johnson, 332
DRV troops in RVN issue, 253
Formal talks, course of, 230, 326
Former presidents’ views, 225
Honolulu Conference discussions, 303, 304
Informal meetings, initiation of, 240, 247, 252, 262, 264, 269, 271, 273, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284
Informal meetings, reports on, 285, 291, 299, 323, 329, 334
Instructions for U.S. representatives, 188, 189, 232, 289, 297
Intelligence reports on, 263
Johnson’s briefings for Nixon, 310, 327
Johnson’s briefings for Rockefeller and McCarthy, 266
Johnson’s meetings with U.S. delegates, 225, 227, 253, 279
Johnson’s meeting with Thant, 181
Mutual withdrawal, 320
New approaches, Rusk’s rejection of, 326
Opening statements, 227, 230
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 291, 293, 297, 299, 300, 301, 305, 310, 317, 322, 323, 326, 334
Political settlement in the South, 224, 275, 277, 292
Presidential campaign in U.S. and, 263, 333
Press coverage of, 243
Prisoner of war release arrangements, 300
Procedural agreement, 229
Productivity of talks, U.S. debate re, 243, 278
Restraint by Communist forces, 247, 252, 322
Rostow’s proposed outline for course of talks, 179
RVN apprehensions, 186, 189, 194, 207, 235, 263
RVN participation, 194, 207, 334
RVN-U.S. consultations, 218
RVN-U.S. relations, impact on, 270
Separate talks on political and military issues, proposed, 282
Soviet interest in success of talks, 273
Soviet-U.K. discussions, 246
Soviet-U.S. discussions, 240, 247, 252, 273, 280, 281, 282, 286, 289, 300, 305, 322
Summary report by Harriman and Vance, 312
Thieu’s assessment of, 245
Thieu’s proposed negotiating strategy, 302
Unilateral bombing cessation strategy, U.S. consideration of, 312, 313, 314
Unity among U.S. participants, need for, 217, 227
U.S. acceptance of DRV offer to initiate talks, 178, 182
U.S. agenda, 179, 223
U.S. delegation, 179, 180, 186, 187, 226, 232
U.S. domestic political situation and, 225, 242
U.S. gains and losses, 271
U.S. public stance re, 196
Vance’s briefing, 254, 301
World opinion re, 253, 271
Park Chung Hee, 65, 216, 276
Parker, Alan, 307
Patterson, Eugene, 78
Paul VI, Pope, 18, 171, 215, 216, 282, 333, 341
Peace talks site determination, 187, 190
Administration discussions with Congressional leaders, 196
Bombing of DRV during negotiations, 216
Bucharest option, 203, 212, 214, 215
Bunker’s proposal, 216
Chinese involvement, 199
Congressional criticism of discussions, 217
DRV proposals, 185, 189, 190
DRV-U.S. private discussions re, proposed, 204, 206, 208, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216
Harriman’s position, 191, 192, 200
Johnson’s explanations of his thinking, 191, 193
Johnson’s press conference statements on, 209
Neutral party to propose site, 203, 214, 215
Paris, agreement on, 203, 214, 221
Pressure on U.S. to agree to site, 214
Soviet involvement, 191, 197, 199, 200, 206
Tehran option, 214
Thant’s involvement, 199, 200, 214, 215
U.S. proposals, 182, 189, 200, 201
U.S. requirements, 195, 197, 203
Peers, Lt. Gen. William R., 101
Pennsylvania peace initiative, 15
Perritt, Lt. Col. H. H., 162
Perry, Jack, 246, 273, 300, 322
Petri, Lennart, 66
Pham Van Dong, 5, 24, 185
Phan Hien, 329, 334
Phan Quang Dan, 62, 245, 257
Phan Van Su, 87
Phap Tri, Thich, 245
Pho Quoc Chu, Lt. Col., 261
Phoenix program, 279
Pierson, DeVier, 123
Pope, Cmdr. Daniel K., 31
Porter, William, 198
Presidential campaign in U.S., 146, 149, 150, 178, 206, 308
Democratic National Convention, 333, 339, 341
Democratic presidential platform position re bombing of DRV, 339, 345
Humphrey-Nixon unanimity re Vietnam, 345
Johnson-Kennedy meeting, 176
Johnson-Nixon meeting, 310
Johnson’s willingness to be nominated, 339
Johnson’s withdrawal from, 169, 209
New Hampshire primaries, 123
Paris peace talks and, 263, 333
President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB), 84
President’s Science Advisory Board (PSAB), 233
President’s Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), 251
Press coverage of Vietnam, 11, 20, 47, 106, 116, 119, 156, 243, 310
Prisoners of war, 291, 300, 329
Buttercup operation, 6, 36, 70
Provisional Reconnaissance Unit (PRU), 143
Proxmire, William, 147
Pueblo crisis, 22, 39, 47, 310
Raimondi, Luigi, 18, 118, 139, 216
Rather, Dan, 47
Rayburn, Sam, 86,, 176
Read, Benjamin H., 15, 132, 182, 200, 232, 233, 265, 271, 283, 293
Reagan, Ronald, 178
Redmont, Bernard, 4
Reilly, Sir Patrick, 246
Reischauer, Edwin O., 142
Republic of Vietnam (RVN) (see also Government of RVN):
Chieu Hoi program, 257
Coalition government issue, 14, 20, 310
Countryside conditions, 263
DRV, private contacts with, 325
Economic situation, 76, 94, 263
Labor unrest, 14
Lien Minh political front, 274, 298, 325
Martial law, 45, 56
National political organization to compete with Communists (see also Lien Minh political front above), 49, 117, 124
Pacification program, 56, 72, 75, 82, 94, 117, 124, 189, 257, 263, 302
Paris peace talks and, 186, 189, 194, 207, 218, 235, 263, 270, 334
Popular attitudes toward war, 263
Project Recovery following Tet offensive, 45, 62, 72, 82, 88, 94, 124
Self-defense program, 235
Sinophobia in, 88
Tet offensive response, U.S. proposals for, 44, 45, 49, 52, 53, 62, 88
Tet offensive’s psychological impact, 43, 55, 76, 82, 88
Thieu’s State of the Union address, 53
Thieu’s weekly radio speeches, 235
Urban security, 90, 91, 119
War and Reconstruction Councils, 44
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN):
Abrams’ assessment, 157, 159
Clifford’s assessment, 302
Communists’ third (August) offensive, 340
Corruption, 44, 49, 117
Improved performance with U.S. support, 67
Increased responsibility for conduct of war, 102, 302, 328
Ineffective units, 90, 91
Information program, 302
Intelligence report on, 263
Mobilization for, 63, 64, 70, 91, 117, 124, 132, 134, 160, 189, 218, 257, 304
Modernization program, 97, 102, 104, 117, 186, 187, 205, 239
Reorganization program, 16, 44
Saigon defenses, 340
Shortages problem, 302
Stabilization program, 7
Tet offensive, 56, 62, 75, 86, 91, 338
U.S. command authority over, proposed, 70, 77
Westmoreland’s assessment of, 185
Reserve call-ups. See under Troop augmentation by U.S.
Resor, Stanley, 127, 150
Reuss, Henry, 150
Reynolds, Frank, 47
Ribicoff, Abraham, 150
Ridgway, Gen. Matthew B., 47, 70, 142, 155, 156, 157, 158, 164
Rivers, L. Mendel, 121, 142, 196
Robb, Capt. Charles, 261
Roberts, Chalmers, 47, 308, 315
Roberts, Gene, 112
Roche, John, 17, 177
Rockefeller, Nelson, 149, 169, 266, 310
Romania. See Packers peace initiative.
Rosson, Lt. Gen. William B., 51, 101, 302
Rostow, Elspeth, 55
Rostow, Walt W., 7, 16, 19, 23, 26, 35, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 51, 56, 65, 74, 86, 88, 90, 95, 101, 120, 121, 130, 140, 159, 165, 167, 168, 176, 182, 205, 213, 231, 232, 254, 263, 271, 283, 294, 297, 304, 308
Bombing of DRV:
Bombing between 19th and 20th parallels during peace talks, 233, 248, 249, 253, 259
Cessation on unilateral basis proposals, 308
Cessation’s practical effect on Communist conduct of war, 331
Hanoi-Haiphong targets, 86,
Infiltration into RVN, impact on, 337
Peace talks site determination and, 216
Restriction on bombing announced March 31, 147, 149, 153, 172
Resumption of bombing north of 20th parallel if peace talks failed, 242
Saigon attacks by Communists, possible responses to, 258
Thanh Hoa attack, 173
Buttercup prisoner exchange operation, 70
Communist insurgency, 83, 85, 198, 222, 226, 232, 309, 333
Government of RVN, 23, 3092, 344
Honolulu Conference, 294
Johnson’s March 31 speech, 147, 149
Johnson’s meetings with Nixon, 310
Khe Sanh campaign, 31, 54, 61, 176
Military program in Vietnam:
Bunker’s briefing, 189
Cambodia, incursions into, 249
Landing above DMZ, proposed, 36
Mining of DRV ports, 108
Offensive operations, 110, 116
"Protracted effort with few casualties" strategy, 106
Rostow’s proposed sequence of actions, 108
Tet holiday truce, 21
Tour of duty extensions, 64
U.S. strategy, 55
Westmoreland’s briefings, 185, 186
Negotiation issue:
DRV position, 4
Goldberg’s proposal, 131
Ohio peace initiative, 66
Packers peace initiative, 5, 8
Roche’s "gimmick" proposal, 17
Vatican peace initiatives, 118, 333
NLF offer to disband in return for participation in RVN government (Antwerp contact), 277
Paris peace talks:
Ashmore-Baggs mission to DRV re, 184
Bombing cessation leading to military de-escalation, 275, 276
Bombing cessation to promote breakthrough at talks, Soviet appeal for, 262, 265, 295
Bombing expansion, U.S. threat, 241
Break-up risk in order to preserve talks, Rostow’s proposal re, 268
DRV objectives, U.S. speculation re, 189, 309
Formal talks, reports on, 236
Informal meetings, initiation of, 284
Informal meetings, reports on, 329
Instructions for U.S. representatives, 289
Johnson’s meetings with U.S. delegates, 225, 227, 253, 279
Opening statements, 227
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 281, 282, 284, 286, 288, 289, 293
Political settlement in the South, 224, 275, 277, 292
Rostow’s proposed outline for course of talks, 179
RVN apprehensions re, 186
Soviet-U.S. discussions re, 305
Tho’s arrival on behalf of DRV, 259
Unity among U.S. participants, need for, 217
U.S. acceptance of DRV offer to initiate talks, 178
U.S. delegation for, 179, 180, 232
U.S. domestic political situation and, 225
U.S. public stance re, 196
U.S. public’s support for war and, 242
Peace talks site determination, 187, 190
Administration discussions with Congressional leaders re, 196
Alternative sites, 201
Bombing of DRV during site negotiations, 216
Bucharest option, 203
DRV-U.S. private discussions re, proposed, 204, 212
Paris site, agreement on, 221
Soviet involvement, 197
Thant’s involvement, 199
U.S. requirements for acceptable site, 195, 197
Republic of Vietnam (RVN), 20, 274, 298, 310
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN), 70, 102
Tet offensive, 40, 42, 43, 49, 57, 60, 72
Thieu’s proposed visit to U.S., 261
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
Clifford Task Force recommendations, 92, 102, 104, 105
Financing for, 102, 128
Johnson’s meetings re, 64, 67, 70, 86, 91, 104, 105, 113
Press coverage of administration debate re, 116
Reserve call-ups, 102, 128
Rostow’s recommendations, 93
Westmoreland’s requests for, 68, 89
U.S. policy on Vietnam:
Disengagement proposals, 125
DRV-NLF split, focus on, 279
Political offensive against policy in U.S., 58
Proposed sequence of actions, 148
Vance’s possible visit to Vietnam, 70
Wise Men’s meetings, 135, 142, 154, 155, 157, 158
Rusk, Dean, 16, 17, 23, 24, 26, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 50, 51, 56, 62, 81, 97, 101, 111, 113, 159, 182, 236, 259, 268, 269, 288, 304, 321, 322, 325, 337, 345
ANZUS Council meeting, 183
Bombing of DRV:
Bombing between 19th and 20th parallels during peace talks, 232, 233, 241, 248, 249, 255, 261
Cessation on unilateral basis proposals, 313, 314, 315, 316, 338
Hanoi-Haiphong targets, 59, 74, 86,
Linkage of bombing to level of Communist violence, proposed, 319
Peace talks site determination and, 216
Restriction on bombing announced March 31, 137, 141, 145, 147, 149, 153, 165
Resumption of bombing north of 20th parallel if peace talks failed, 248
Saigon attacks by Communists, possible responses to, 205
Soviet ships hit by bombs, 10
Bui Diem-Johnson meeting, 140
Buttercup prisoner exchange operation, 6, 36
Cambodian sanctuaries, 14, 316
Communist insurgency, 48, 6, 3070
Infiltration into RVN, 227
Second (May) offensive, 222, 232
Third (August) offensive, 316, 333
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution debate, 86,
Congressional testimony by administration officials, 65, 86,, 120, 232
Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion, 316
Government of RVN, 232, 249, 279
Rusk, Dean—Continued
Honolulu Conference, 294, 308
Johnson-Nixon meetings, 310, 327
Johnson’s March 31 speech, 147, 149, 163, 176
Khe Sanh campaign, 64, 91
Military program in Vietnam:
Abrams’ presentation to Wise Men, 156
Anti-aircraft missiles, 36
Bunker’s briefing, 189
Cambodia, incursions into, 22, 249
"Close to winning the war" viewpoint, 326
Defections by NLF, encouragement of, 279, 296
"Infeasibility of military victory" viewpoint, 241
Johnson’s meetings with Congressional leaders re, 338
Laos, incursions into, 205
"Protracted effort with few casualties" strategy, 106
Reconnaissance flights, 186
Strategic guidance, reassessment of, 104
Tour of duty extensions, 58
U.S. command authority over all Free World forces, proposed, 70
Westmoreland’s briefings, 186
Negotiation issue:
DRV position, 1
Goldberg’s proposal, 142
Harriman’s recommendations, 164
Italian peace initiative, 87
Ohio peace initiative, 71
Packers peace initiative, 5, 8, 9, 36, 71, 104
Shah of Iran’s peace initiative, 104
Vatican’s peace initiatives, 139, 333
Paris peace talks:
Ashmore-Baggs mission to DRV re, 184
Bombing cessation leading to military de-escalation, 237
Bombing cessation to promote breakthrough at talks, Soviet appeal for, 265
Bombing expansion threat by U.S., 241
DRV objectives, U.S. speculation re, 189, 249, 311
Instructions for U.S. representatives, 188, 189, 232, 297
Johnson’s meetings with U.S. delegates, 225, 227, 279
New approaches, Rusk’s rejection of, 326
Opening statements, 227
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 288, 289, 293, 297, 310
Presidential campaign in U.S. and, 333
Productivity of talks, U.S. debate re, 278
Soviet-U.K. discussions re, 246
Unilateral bombing cessation strategy, U.S. consideration of, 312, 313
U.S. delegation for, 226, 232
Peace talks site determination, 187, 199, 203, 214
Bombing of DRV during site negotiations, 216
Bucharest option, 215
DRV-U.S. private discussions re, proposed, 204, 212, 213, 214, 215
Neutral party to propose site, 215
Soviet involvement, 197
Thant’s involvement, 215
U.S. requirements for acceptable site, 197
U.S. proposals, 200, 201
Presidential campaign in U.S., 333, 339
Republic of Vietnam (RVN), 52, 298
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN), 64, 67, 132, 134
Tet offensive, 36, 42, 48, 75
Thieu’s proposed visit to U.S., 261
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
Clifford Task Force recommendations, 92, 104, 105
Congressional involvement, 130, 142
Equipment support, 105
Induction increases, 104
Johnson’s meetings re, 64, 65, 67, 70, 74, 86, 91, 104, 105, 130, 142
Public announcement re, 130, 142
Westmoreland’s requests for, 70, 89
Wheeler’s Vietnam visit re, 67, 86,
U.S. policy on Vietnam:
ANZUS discussion, 183
"A to Z" review, 120
Declaration of war issue, 64
DRV-NLF split, focus on, 279
Vance’s possible visit to Vietnam, 74
Wise Men’s meetings, 142, 155, 156, 157, 158
Russell, Richard B., 39, 65, 74, 104, 111, 113, 121, 142, 146, 150, 156, 173, 176, 196, 250, 254, 261
Ryan, Gen. John D., 150
Sacred Sword Patriotic League (SSPL), 335
Saigon attacks. See under Communist insurgency.
Saltonstall, Richard, 47
San Antonio formula. See U.S. position under Negotiation issue.
Saunders, Harold Barefoot, 26, 35, 177
Scherer, Ray, 47
Schnittker, John, 177
Schnyder, Felix, 216
Schultze, Charles L., 3
Seaborg, Glenn, 160
Sea Cabin group, 301
Seib, Charles, 209
Seignious, Gen. George, 265, 291
Seitz, Gen. Richard, 86,, 156
Shah of Iran, 104, 214
Sharp, Adm. Ulysses S. Grant, 21, 34, 38, 43, 50, 63, 68, 99, 112, 115, 136, 150, 157, 189, 198, 221, 233
Sheehan, Neil, 116
Shepard, William, 313
Shriver, Sergeant, 149, 240, 281, 305
Sidle, Gen. Winant, 16, 23, 36, 302
Sihanouk, Prince Norodom, 14, 199, 316
Sisco, Joseph, 26, 81,, 199
Smith, Adm. Abbott, 19, 86, 175
Smith, Bromley, 26, 60, 160, 177, 197, 199, 229, 243, 291, 292, 293, 312, 316, 317, 319, 321, 322, 323, 325
Smith, Cyrus, 177
Smith, Hedrick, 116
Smith, Margaret Chase, 39, 142, 196
Sorensen, Theodore, 123, 176
Soviet Union:
Bombing of Soviet ships in DRV ports, 10
Communist insurgency, 19, 78
Czechoslovakia invasion, 316, 336
Military escalation in Vietnam, possible response to, 98
Negotiation issue, 10, 24, 164, 168, 171
Paris peace talks:
Bombing cessation to promote breakthrough at talks, Soviet appeal for, 262, 264, 265, 267, 268, 272, 273, 280, 295
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 281, 286
Soviet interest in success of talks, 273
Soviet-U.K. discussions re, 246
Soviet-U.S. discussions re, 240, 247, 252, 273, 280, 281, 282, 286, 289, 300, 305, 322
Peace talks site determination, 191, 197, 199, 200, 206
Troop augmentation by U.S., response to, 95
Sparkman, John, 35, 86,, 109, 111
Special National Intelligence Estimates, SNIE 53-68, 263
Steadman, Richard, 21, 100, 135, 150
Stennis, John, 39, 142, 147, 176
Stewart, Michael, 241, 246
Stillwell, Maj. Gen., 302
Stoessel, Walter, 203, 243
Sullivan, William H., 199, 205, 216, 226, 228, 246
Peace talks site determination, 182, 184, 185, 187, 189, 204, 208, 211, 221
Sutherland, Jack, 47
Swank, Emory, 185
Sweden, 66
Sweet, Charles, 88
Symington, W. Stuart, 142, 196
Tanner, Henry, 15
Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D., 39, 47, 92, 113, 120, 130, 261, 288, 308, 310
Bombing of DRV:
Bombing between 19th and 20th parallels during peace talks, 253
Cessation on unilateral basis proposals, 316
Linkage of bombing level to that of Communist violence, proposed, 319
Resumption of bombing north of 20th parallel if peace talks failed, 244, 249
Saigon attacks by Communists, possible responses to, 258
Communist insurgency, 67, 253, 316, 321
Military program in Vietnam, 104, 185, 249, 253
Paris peace talks:
Bombing cessation leading to military de-escalation issue, 231
Bombing cessation to promote breakthrough at talks, Soviet appeal for, 267
Johnson’s meetings with U.S. delegates and foreign policy advisers re, 225, 227, 253, 279
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 282, 285, 286, 293
Rostow’s proposed outline for course of talks, 179
Separate talks on political and military issues, proposed, 282
U.S. agenda for, 179, 223
U.S. delegation for, 179, 226
Tet offensive, 84
Troop augmentation by U.S., 67, 70, 91, 104, 105
Wise Men’s meetings, 155, 157, 158
Temple, 304
Tet offensive:
Battle of the Bulge analogy, 58
Bunker’s assessment of, 53, 62, 76, 82, 94, 107, 189
Casualties, 39, 43, 49, 50, 53, 60, 62, 72, 75, 76, 94
CIA Saigon Station report on, 40
Communist gains and losses, 72, 88
Communist objectives, 41, 48, 50, 62, 88, 91, 107
Communist recognition of failure, 57
Communist units participating in, 73
Eisenhower’s assessment of, 310
Forewarnings of, 32, 40
Intelligence failure by Communists, 72
Intelligence failure by U.S. and RVN, 49, 84
Intelligence reports on, 41, 72, 73, 84
Johnson’s meetings re, 36, 39
Johnson’s press conference on, 47
Johnson’s speech on, 42
"No retreat" instruction to Communist units, 57, 62
Propaganda value for Communists, 40, 43, 49, 55
Property damage, 62, 76, 82, 94
Pueblo crisis and, 39
RVNAF, positive effects in, 338
RVNAF performance, 56, 62, 75, 91
RVN response. See under Republic of Vietnam.
Scope and intensity of, 33, 38, 50
Second wave attacks, 82, 94
Three-phase campaign, 43
Uprising by Vietnamese populace, Communist expectation of, 57, 62, 72, 88, 94
U.S. appraisals of, 37, 49, 75, 76, 88, 290
U.S. Embassy, attack on, 36, 38, 40
U.S. public opinion, impact on, 33
Westmoreland’s reports on, 34, 38, 43, 50, 185
Thailand, 70, 328
Thang. See Nguyen Duc Thang, Gen.
Thanh Le, 275
Thant, U, 78, 81, 171, 181, 190, 197, 199, 200, 214, 215, 232, 268
Thieu. See Nguyen Van Thieu.
Tho. See Le Duc Tho.
Thompson, Llewellyn E., Jr., 98, 171, 178, 185, 191, 246, 265, 272, 286, 295
303 Committee, 143, 343, 344
Thuy. See Xuan Thuy.
Tibbetts, Margaret Joy, 66
Tomorowicz, Bohdan, 139
Ton That Thien, 245
Toon, Malcolm, 10
Tower, John, 111
Tran Bach Dang, 6
Tran Chanh Thanh, 194, 245
Tran Kim Phuong, 194
Tran Luy, 245
Tran Quang Co, 285
Tran Quoc Buu, 298, 344
Tran Thien Khiem, 245
Tran Van An, 62, 124
Tran Van Dac, Lt. Col., 228, 245
Tran Van Don, 124, 235, 274, 298, 344
Tran Van Hai, 270
Tran Van Huong, 62, 189, 207, 218, 235, 245, 257, 263, 274, 302
Tran Van Tuyen, 62
Trinh. See Nguyen Duy Trinh.
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
Bunker’s recommendations, 117
Clifford Task Force recommendations, 92, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 114
Communist response, U.S. estimates re, 95
Composition of units to be deployed, 115, 120, 122, 127, 129, 136
Congressional involvement, 105, 130, 142
Equipment support, 91, 105
Financing for, 102, 104, 121, 128, 156
Induction increases, 104
JCS recommendations, 70, 96
Johnson’s comments to Robert Kennedy re, 176
Johnson’s decisions, 70, 130
Johnson’s meetings re, 64, 65, 67, 70, 74, 86, 91, 104, 105, 109, 111, 113, 120, 121, 130, 142
McNamara’s recommendations, 69, 70
Press coverage of administration debate re, 116
Problems in Vietnam resulting from, 117
Public announcement re, 130, 142, 167
Rationale for, 64, 68, 70, 99, 119
Reserve call-ups, 70, 74, 91, 102, 103, 104, 111, 128, 129, 189, 239
Resistance in government and the public, 115, 122, 136
Rostow’s recommendations, 93
Tour of duty extensions, 58, 64, 74, 104, 156
Vietnam and non-Vietnam deployments, 130
Westmoreland’s requests for, 63, 68, 70, 89, 90, 99, 114, 156, 157
Wheeler’s recommendations, 90
Wheeler’s Vietnam visit re, 67, 86, 90, 91
Trudeau, Pierre-Elliot, 232
Trueheart, William, 335
Truman, Harry S, 176, 225
Truong, Gen., 302
Truong Binh Tong, 6
Truong Thai Ton, 245
Tuckner, Howard, 156
Tydings, Joseph, 111
Udall, Stewart, 177
Ullman, Richard, 116
Unger, Leonard, 203
United Kingdom, 24, 246
United Nations, 2
U.S. policy on Vietnam (see also Bombing of DRV; Military program in Vietnam; Troop augmentation by U.S.):
ANZUS discussion re, 183
"A to Z" review, 120, 131
Australian support, 253
Declaration of war issue, 64
De-escalation through negotiation issue, 146, 163, 210, 219
Disengagement from Vietnam, proposals for, 109, 111, 125, 158
DRV-NLF split, focus on, 279
Economic assistance, 257
Financing reduction, 302
Humphrey-Nixon unanimity re, 345
Kennedy’s proposal for re-evaluation of, 123
Nitze’s refusal to testify before Congress, 133, 150, 156
Peace front, 146
Personnel reductions in Vietnam, 46
Political offensive against policy in U.S., 58
Public opinion re, 33, 326
Refugee and medical care programs, 23
Renewal of U.S. public support, O’Brien’s proposal for, 161
Rostow’s proposed sequence of actions, 148
Wise Men’s meetings re, 135, 142, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158
Valenti, Jack, 310
Vance, Cyrus R., 26, 65, 67, 155, 157, 158, 198, 209, 228, 236, 246, 292, 294, 298, 304
Bombing of DRV, 248, 301, 312, 313, 327
Communist insurgency, 307e, 312
Military program in Vietnam, 253, 301
Ohio peace initiative, 342
Paris peace talks:
Bombing cessation leading to military de-escalation issue, 276
Bombing cessation to promote breakthrough at talks, Soviet appeal for, 265
Demilitarized DMZ issue, 234, 299
Informal meetings, initiation of, 271, 281, 284
Informal meetings, reports on, 285, 291, 299, 323, 329, 334
Johnson’s briefings for Nixon, 327
Johnson’s meetings re, 225, 227, 253
New approaches, Rusk’s rejection of, 326
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 291, 293, 297, 299, 300, 301, 317, 322, 323, 326
Procedural agreement, 229
Restraint by Communist forces, 322
Soviet-U.S. discussions re, 273, 280, 286, 289, 305, 322
Summary report by Harriman and Vance, 312
Unilateral bombing cessation strategy, U.S. consideration of, 312, 313
U.S. delegation for, 179, 186, 187
Vance’s briefings for, 254, 301
Peace talks site determination, 192
Vietnam visit, proposed, 70, 74
Vann, John Paul, 290
Van Van Cua, 261, 270
Vatican’s peace initiatives, 118, 139, 333, 341
Vien. See Cao Van Vien, Gen.
Viet Cong. See National Liberation Front (NLF).
Vietnam. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam; Republic of Vietnam.
Vietnam Alliance of National, Democratic, and Peace Forces, 263
Vo Long Trieu, 62
Vo Nguyen Giap, Gen., 28, 65, 260
Vu Quoc Thuc, 245
Vy. See Nguyen Minh Vy.
Walker, Lannon, 52
Wallace, George, 310
Wallner, Woodruff, 203
Walsh, John P., 6, 165, 241, 246, 297, 327
Walt, Lt. Gen. Lewis, 61, 86,, 301, 324, 328
Warnke, Paul, 59, 78, 92, 100, 105, 106, 119, 150, 180, 189, 233, 286, 293, 320, 324, 328, 337, 340
Washington Post, 130
Washington Star, 209
Watson, Marvin, 104, 232, 339
Weaver, Robert, 177
Welsh, Paul V., 220
Westmoreland, Gen. William C., 143, 159, 219, 221, 270, 333
Army Chief of Staff appointment, 150, 151, 250
Communist insurgency:
Saigon attacks, 23
Second (May) offensive, 228, 232
Status in late February, 85
Third (August) offensive, 310, 324, 328, 333, 340
Three-phase strategy for early conclusion of war, 63, 68
Criticism of, 65, 71
Eisenhower’s assessment of, 86,
Government of RVN, assessment of, 185
Khe Sanh campaign, 12, 23, 26, 28, 30, 35, 51, 60, 67, 185
Military program in Vietnam:
Briefings for Johnson, 185, 186
Cambodia, incursions into, 249
Ceasefire issue, 185
Chemical weapons, possible use of, 51
Civilian contractors used in, 91
Disagreements among commanders re strategy, 26
Final advice, 250
Friendly fire casualties, 328
Johnson’s meetings with Congressional leaders re, 338
MACV Forward headquarters, 60
Nuclear weapons, possible use of, 51
Offensive operations, 101
Public statements by military officials, policy re, 112
Reconnaissance flights, 186
Tet holiday truce, 21
Troop reduction proposals, 301
U.S. command authority over all Free World forces, proposed, 77
Order of battle estimates, 202
Project Recovery following Tet offensive, 45
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN), 63, 117, 185, 328, 340
Tet offensive, 34, 38, 43, 50, 53, 60, 185, 338
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
Clifford Task Force recommendations, 104, 114
Composition of units to be deployed, 115, 122, 136
Requests for, 63, 68, 70, 89, 90, 99, 114, 156, 157
Resistance in government and the public, 136
Wheeler’s trip to Vietnam re, 90
Weyand, Lt. Gen. Frederick C., 51, 63, 101, 302
Wheeler, Gen. Earle G., 16, 40, 44, 50, 92, 101, 103, 113, 121, 225, 226, 239, 293, 301, 308, 310, 325, 337, 338
Bombing of DRV:
Aircraft losses, 59
Bombing between 19th and 20th parallels during peace talks, 232, 233, 241, 249, 253, 261
Cessation on unilateral basis proposals, 316
Deferrals of strikes, 3
Effectiveness of bombing, PSAC report on, 251
Hanoi-Haiphong targets, 59, 74, 86,
Linkage of bombing to level of Communist violence, proposed, 319
Peace talks site determination and, 216
Restriction on bombing announced March 31, 144, 166, 172
Resumption of bombing north of 20th parallel if peace talks failed, 256, 260
Saigon attacks by Communists, possible responses to, 205
Communist insurgency:
Aircraft used in, 60, 64
Cambodian sanctuaries, 316
Infiltration into RVN, 156, 198, 232, 238, 253, 340
Saigon attacks, 282
Second (May) offensive, 222, 232
Status in late February, 85
Third (August) offensive, 304, 316, 324, 340
Honolulu Conference, 294
JCS Chairman, continuance as, 150
Khe Sanh campaign, 156, 157
Communist troop strength, 64, 67
Johnson’s meetings re, 23, 26, 31, 35
Significance for U.S., 60
U.S. offensive actions, 91
U.S. reinforcement capability, 51, 64
U.S. reinforcement of Khe Sanh prior to attack, 12
Westmoreland’s assessment of, 30, 185
Military program in Vietnam:
Abrams’ appointment to command position, 150
Abrams’ presentation to Wise Men re, 156, 157
Anti-aircraft missiles, 36
Bunker’s briefing for Johnson, 189
Cambodia, incursions into, 249
Ceasefire issue, 144
CIA-DOD briefing for Johnson, 162
Civilian contractors used in, 91
Clifford-Wheeler visit to Vietnam, 261, 287, 302, 304
Disagreements among commanders re strategy, 26, 31
Free World forces, 60, 64, 241, 276
Helicopter mishap in Saigon, 261
Hospitals and medical personnel, 60
"Infeasibility of military victory" viewpoint, 241
Landing above DMZ, proposed, 36
Laos, incursions into, 205
Nuclear weapons, possible use of, 51
Offensive operations, 110
Operation Delaware/Lam Son 216, 222
"Protracted effort with few casualties" strategy, 119
Public statements by military officials, policy re, 112
"Search and destroy" operations, 119
Tactical defeat, potential for, 156
Tet holiday truce, 21
Tour of duty extensions, 58, 64, 74, 104, 156
U.S. command authority over all Free World forces, proposed, 70
Westmoreland’s briefings for Johnson, 185, 186
Wheeler and Abrams’ positive assessment of, 159, 160
Order of battle estimates, 91, 202, 220
Paris peace talks:
Bombing cessation leading to military de-escalation, 276
Bombing cessation to promote breakthrough at talks, Soviet appeal for, 265
Bombing expansion threat by U.S., 241
Harriman’s briefing for Johnson and foreign policy advisers, 279
Instructions for U.S. representatives, 189
Phase I-Phase II proposal (Zorin proposal), 282
U.S. acceptance of DRV offer to initiate talks, 178
U.S. delegation for, 186, 232
Vance’s briefing for Johnson and Congressional leaders, 254
Vance’s briefing for Johnson and foreign policy advisers, 253
Peace talks site determination, 216, 221
Press censorship, 119
Republic of Vietnam, urban security in, 90, 91, 119
Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF/ARVN), 64, 91, 104, 304, 340
Tet offensive, 34, 36, 38, 39, 43, 58, 60, 91
Troop augmentation by U.S.:
Clifford Task Force recommendations, 104, 105, 114
Composition of units to be deployed, 115, 120, 122, 127, 136
Equipment support, 105
Induction increases, 104
Johnson’s meetings with foreign policy advisers re, 67, 70, 74, 86,, 91, 104, 105, 120, 130, 142
Johnson’s meetings with JCS re, 64
Public announcement re, 142, 167
Rationale for, 64, 70, 99, 119
Reserve call-ups, 70, 74, 104
Resistance in government and the public, 115, 122, 136
Westmoreland’s requests for, 63, 68, 70, 90, 114, 156, 157
Wheeler’s recommendations, 90
Wheeler’s Vietnam visit re, 67, 86, 90, 91
U.S. policy on Vietnam:
De-escalation through negotiation issue, 210, 219
Political offensive against policy in U.S., 58
Public opinion re, 326
Wise Men’s meetings, 142, 156, 157, 158
Wilson, Harold, 24, 81,
Wilson, Woodrow, 176
Wirtz, Willard, 177
Wise Men’s meetings on U.S. policy, 135, 142, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158
Xuan Thuy, 199, 221, 230, 234, 236, 243, 253, 259, 271, 281, 284, 291, 329, 334, 336
Young, Milton, 39, 142, 254
Young, Stephen, 150, 261
Zorin, Valerian, 240, 247, 252, 273, 280, 281, 286, 289, 300, 305, 322
Zwick, Charles, 46, 162
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