Foreign Relations,
1961-1963, Arms Control and Disarmament
Released by the
Office of the Historian
Index
Aardvark shot, 490 Accidental warfare:
Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 318 Khrushchev on, 80, 498, 787, 792 McCloy/Gromyko meeting, 33 NIE on, 749 UK, Rusk visit, 475 UN resolution on weapons in outer space, 896
Adenauer, Konrad:
China, 777, 871 de Gaulle talks, 778 Kennedy, letters exchanged, 777 - 778, 870 - 872, 876n Limited Test Ban Treaty, 777 - 778, 870 - 872, 873 - 876 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 763 - 765, 778n non - diffusion negotiations, 571, 582
Ad Hoc Panel on Nuclear Testing. See Panofsky Panel Report. Ad Hoc Panel on the Technical Capabilities and Implications of the Geneva System. See Fisk Panel Report. Africa (see also specific countries), 451, 593, 781, 808, 889
NIE on US resumption of testing, 4 Sahara Desert, French tests, 694, 698, 709, 842, 856 - 857
Agricultural sector, 800 AICBM. See Air - launched intercontinental ballistic missiles. Aircraft:
B - 47s, 421, 424, 433, 770, 787 B - 52s, 153, 505, 706, 794 - 795 Badgers, 421, 424, 770, 787 nuclear propulsion, 548, 762
Air forces (see also Missiles; United States Air Force): Khrushchev/Kennedy talks, open skies, 91
Khrushchev/McCloy meeting, 112 - 113 NORAD, 643
Air Force Technical Application Center:
Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, briefing on, 551 test detection, 489 - 491, 500, 514 - 516, 645 testing resumption by US, 2n, 6 - 7, 153, 211 USSR, testing during moratorium, 51n
Air - launched intercontinental ballistic missiles (AICBM), 31, 62 - 65, 71, 117, 118, 129, 145, 177, 179, 188, 189 - 191, 250 - 251, 261, 286, 321, 742
Brown on, 129, 261, 265, 269, 270 China, 320 Committee of Principals, 145, 147 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee on, 408, 410 Gilpatric on, 313, 314 Inspection Study Group, conclusions, 526 JCS memo, 684, 890 Kaysen on, 299, 300 - 302 McNamara on, 117, 118 McNaughton on, 292 Nike - Zeus missiles, 40, 64, 65, 108, 122, 129, 153, 216, 269, 300 - 301, 333 NSC on, 217 - 218, 246 Taylor on, 134
Akalovsky, Alexander, 28n, 380, 493, 572, 589, 855n, 856, 894 Albert, Carl, 92 Alphand, Herve, 593, 641n, 650 - 652, 711n, 791 - 794 Alsop, Joseph, 763 American University, Kennedy speech, 709 - 714, 727, 737, 801 Anderson, Clinton, 356, 822 Anderson, Adm. George W., Jr., 724n, 783 Antarctic Treaty, 483 Anti - ballistic missiles, 40, 48, 73, 134, 179, 189, 199, 201, 215, 333, 336 - 337, 605, 654, 865
Macmillan/Kennedy talks, 272, 273, 275, 277, 756 Macmillan/Rusk talks, 471
Arends, Leslie H., 92 Argentina, 249, 403 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 344
atmospheric testing, 220, 334, 478, 500 B - 52 - deliverable bomb development, 794 - 795 China, 425, 427 CIA on treaty proposal, 431, 653 - 654 Committee of Principals, 345 - 347, 351, 418 - 421, 603, 611, 679 - 681, 692
ACDA treaty proposals, 417 - 422, 428 - 433, 436 - 438, 461 - 468, 507 - 509, 649 - 650, 679 - 683, 692, 719 - 726, 772 - 776, 900 - 901 comprehensive test ban, 679 - 681 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 340 - 343, 360 - 361, 369, 422 - 425, 461 - 468, 499 - 509, 603n, 648 - 650, 879, 900 - 901
Fisher on role, 387, 388, 406 - 411 Foster on treaty proposals, 417 - 425, 426 - 438, 461 - 468, 507 - 509, 603 - 604, 653 - 654, 679, 682, 719 - 724, 772, 774, 775 GCD treaty proposal, 417 - 425, 426 - 438, 500 - 506, 508, 603 - 604, 772 - 776, 904
AEC position, 433, 434 conventional weapons, 466 - 468, 773, 776, 904 Defense Department, 423, 424, 427, 428, 433, 434 - 437, 721 delivery vehicles, reduction plan, 346 - 347 Fisher on, 418 - 419, 432, 467, 500 German position, 904 - 905 Kaysen on, 425, 429, 430, 434 - 436, 437, 724 military personal reductions, 427, 464 - 467, 506 - 507 missile reduction provisions, 345 - 351, 406 - 411, 430 - 432, 434 - 436, 465, 603 - 604, 772 - 776 Rusk on, 422, 423, 428 - 433, 436 - 437, 500 - 506, 603, 679 - 682, 904 - 905 Wiesner on, 420 - 424, 429 - 431, 500, 774 German position on treaty proposal, 904 - 905 Gilpatric on treaty proposal, 423, 424, 428 - 432, 437 inspection issues, 370, 417 - 418, 421, 427, 488, 500, 648 - 649, 772 - 773, 775 JCS on treaty proposal, 422 - 424, 426 - 427, 431, 434, 437, 720 - 724 Kennedy on treaty proposal, 422, 423, 434 - 436, 437, 507 - 509, 518 - 519, 522, 648, 692, 734 - 735 Lemnitzer on treaty proposal, 426 - 427, 431, 432, 437 McNamara on treaty proposal, 426 - 427, 462 - 467, 679, 681 - 682 non - diffusion negotiations, 570n, 571 North Atlantic Council on treaty proposal, 423 orbiting nuclear weapons, 893 outer space, 564 seismic sensing, 489 - 490, 514 - 516, 539, 649 Stennis Committee, 680 test ban proposals, 362, 500, 648 - 650, 653 - 654, 692, 779 - 785 UK seismic detection cooperation, 399 - 401, 476 - 477 US/UK bilateral discussions, 476 - 484
Artsimovich, L., 657 Asia (see also specific countries), 4 ASROC warhead, 313 - 314 Atlas program, 195, 196, 264, 267, 339, 439, 440, 505 Atmospheric testing (see also Christmas Island; Johnston Island; Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations), 5, 93 - 94, 136, 198, 201, 257 - 258, 331, 519
ACDA on, 220, 334, 478, 500 AEC on, 190, 197, 198, 210 - 214, 223, 251 - 252, 260, 270 - 271, 283, 307, 314 - 315, 321, 328, 334, 440, 441, 566, 599 - 600 AICBMs, 31, 62 - 65, 71, 177, 179, 188, 189 - 191, 250 - 251, 286 Atomic Energy Detection System, 883 - 885 balloon tests, 210 - 212, 214, 321 ban proposals:
Bundy on US/UK joint atmospheric test ban proposal, 208n, 209 - 210 Committee of Principal on, 500, 501 - 505, 507 - 509, 510, 720 - 721 conventional weapons and, 299 Dean on, 522, 530 Foster memo to Kennedy, 518 France, 782 JCS on, 802 Kennedy/Khrushchev letters, 568 - 569, 576, 577, 585 - 586 Kennedy/Macmillan letter, 537 Khrushchev speech, 762 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 731, 782, 784, 786, 799, 800, 803, 807, 810 - 811, 819 - 823, 885 - 886 McCloy on, 94n, 158 - 160 military force levels and, 299 non - aligned countries, 159 Rusk on, 93 - 94, 158 - 160, 238, 252, 510, 532, 710 - 714 UN position, 193, 200 - 204, 212, 220, 285, 294, 317 - 319, 322, 336, 483, 572 - 575, 596 US/UK joint proposals, 159, 160, 208 - 210, 223 - 224, 255 - 258, 289, 294, 298, 471 - 473, 478 - 480, 527n, 538, 559 - 562, 656
Berlin crisis and, 200 bombers and, 265 - 266 Brown on, 61, 159, 161 - 162, 219 - 220, 260 - 271, 275, 279, 287, 310, 337, 599, 600
AICBMs, 129, 261, 265, 268 - 271 Bundy on, 188 - 191, 215n, 226 - 227, 251 - 253, 286 - 287, 306, 326 - 327, 439 - 442, 470n
ban proposals, 208n, 209 - 210 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 559 Canadian position, 200, 203, 210 China, 320, 884 Committee of Principals on, 141 - 142, 197 - 202, 213, 501 - 504, 507 - 508 cost of, 293, 299, 902
v. underground testing, 162, 188, 226 - 227
detection of, 142, 257, 268, 369, 477 - 478
Defense Department studies, 188 - 191, 189, 197, 211, 223, 241, 248, 260, 269, 283, 306, 321, 440, 442, 566 - 567 Dominic tests, 441 - 442, 549 - 550, 566 - 568 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee on, 317 - 319, 326, 500, 501 - 505, 507 - 509, 510, 518, 522, 530, 550 - 551
Home letter to Rusk, 538 NSC meeting, 329 - 330, 332, 335, 337 Rusk/Dean notes, 534 - 535, 558 - 551 US/UK joint proposals, 527n, 560 - 562, 656 White House staff meeting discussion, 327, 523, 528, 530
Eniwetok Proving Grounds, 182, 191, 206 - 207, 211, 212, 245 France, 782 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 13, 93 - 94, 97, 159, 289, 301, 510, 532
Kennedy preparations, 13, 93 - 94, 97 US/UK proposal for ban, 208, 294
Gilpatric on, 159, 161, 189n, 197n, 198, 215n, 226, 283, 310, 312 - 316, 333, 599, 711, 902 - 903 high altitude, 261, 274, 313, 442, 470, 566, 567, 883 - 884, 903 interagency panel on results, 599 - 600 JCS position, 55, 183n, 211, 215, 315, 327, 328, 333 - 334, 720 - 721, 802, 865 Kaysen on, 287 - 288, 297 - 303, 306, 599, 600, 710 - 711, 734n Kennedy (see also Kennedy/Macmillan subheadings below), 250 - 251, 258, 290, 319 - 322, 518 - 519
AEC report, 210 - 214, 323 - 324 American University speech, 709 - 714, 727, 737, 801 ban proposals, 93n, 158 - 162, 258, 291 - 295, 297 - 306, 310, 450 - 452, 568 - 569, 575 - 579, 585 - 586, 710 - 712 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 93n interagency panel on results, 600 national address on, 355 - 357 Ormsby Gore conversation, 325 - 326 public announcement, 283 - 285, 288 - 289 research report, 178, 182, 183, 753 Kennedy/Macmillan joint letters to Khrushchev, 665 - 667, 674 - 676, 685 - 686, 707 - 710 Kennedy/Macmillan letters exchanged, 131, 164n, 223 - 224, 272 - 281, 281, 295 - 297, 304 - 305, 316, 337 - 339, 414 - 417, 535 - 537, 565, 655 - 661, 756 Kennedy/Macmillan talks, 447 - 449, 752 - 758 Khrushchev on, 111, 159 - 160, 286 - 287, 731, 783, 819 - 820 low - yield, 736 - 738 Macmillan on (see also Kennedy/Macmillan subheadings above), 160, 208 - 210, 223 - 224, 258, 289, 304 - 305, 471 - 472, 560 - 562, 565 McNamara on, 123, 124, 183n, 197 - 200, 201, 214 - 216, 252, 315, 329, 332 - 333, 439, 504 - 505, 566 - 567, 599 - 601 McNaughton on test ban, 291 - 295 media coverage, 736 - 738 Nevada tests, 220, 222, 245, 252, 259, 260, 263, 313, 321, 440, 441, 442, 470 NSC on, 136, 217 - 222, 226 - 227, 239, 241 - 248, 252 - 253, 328 - 337, 439 - 442 public opinion, 190, 191, 207, 320 - 321, 334, 440, 442, 450 radiation effects, 124, 126 - 127, 160, 183, 190, 226, 245, 282 - 283, 320 - 321, 439, 736 resumption of testing, 250 - 251, 290, 323 - 324, 710 - 711
AEC report, 210 - 214 Brown letter, 260 - 267, 268 - 271 Bundy on, 226 - 227, 307 Christmas Island test, approval, 441, 527, 537 Gilpatric on, 312 - 316 interagency review panel, 599 McNamara letter, 214 - 216 NSC on, 217 - 222, 241 - 248, 328 - 337, 439, 440 - 442 Operation Dominic, 549 - 550, 566 - 568 public announcement, 282 - 285, 288 - 290 Rusk on, 319 - 322 Stevenson letter, 317 - 319 UK position, 325 - 326, 447 - 449 White House staff meeting, 326 - 327 Rusk on, 93 - 94, 158 - 160, 202, 208n, 215n, 238, 239, 252, 319 - 322, 323, 324n, 325 - 326, 328 - 329, 331 - 332, 334, 335 - 336, 440, 510, 532, 710 - 714
Dobrynin conversation, 444 - 446 Schlesinger on, 259, 282 - 285, 286 - 287, 288 - 289 Seaborg on, 158 - 162, 193 199, 210 - 214, 218 - 219, 226, 241 - 248, 250 - 253, 272, 276 - 277, 278, 310, 328, 334, 439 - 441, 505, 549 - 550, 566 - 568, 599 - 601, 736 - 738
Senate on moratorium, 713 Stevenson on, 317 - 319, 404, 450 - 452 tactical weapons, 756 Taylor on, 710 - 712 Thompson on, 93 - 94 UK position (see also Kennedy/Macmillan; Macmillan subheadings above; US/UK subheadings below), 200, 277
Christmas Island, 207n, 212, 223, 227 - 230, 207n, 212, 227 - 230, 236, 245, 251, 252, 274, 278 - 279, 293 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 208, 294 Rusk visit, 471 - 472, 473
UN actions, 193, 200 - 204, 212, 220, 285, 294, 317 - 319, 322, 336, 483, 572 - 575, 596 underground testing and:
bans related to, 501, 504, 574, 731 benefits compared, 161 - 162, 179, 182, 213, 219 - 220, 244, 270, 300 distinction of underground and, 780, 878 supplementary to underground testing, 193, 247, 290 656
US/UK cooperation, 477 - 483 US/UK joint test ban proposals, 159, 160, 208 - 210, 223 - 224, 255 - 258, 289, 294, 298, 471 - 473, 478 - 480, 527n, 538, 559 - 562, US/USSR results compared, 599 - 601 Wiesner on, 188 - 191, 207n, 226, 252, 268 - 271, 329, 336, 337, 566, 599 - 600
Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 881 Atomic Energy Commission, 468
ACDA, GCD treaty proposal, 433, 434 atmospheric testing, 190, 197, 198, 223, 251 - 252, 260, 270 - 271, 283, 307, 314 - 315, 321, 328, 334, 440, 441, 566, 599 - 600 budget, 774 Geneva test discontinuance talks, preparations, 11 high - yield bomb development, 707 inspection issues, 645 Kennedy, reports to, 178, 181 - 182, 210 - 214 low - yield tests, 736 - 738 missile certification, 63 neutron bomb research, 65 NIE on US resumption of testing, 1n, 2n, 3n Nuclear Test Delegation, 20 - 21 Plowshare program, 724 - 726, 877 - 878 secret testing, 8 - 10, 722 seismic sensing, nuclear explosions, 47, 501, 516 space testing, 470 test ban proposals, 306, 393 - 395, 433, 434, 478, 528, 681, 722, 821, 822, 864, 877 test resumption by US, 898
Committee of Principals on, 142, 144, 148, 198, 199 Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, letter, 639 McNamara on, 119, 121 - 122 Operation Dominic, 50 Panofsky Panel Report, 127n reports on, 178, 181 - 182, 210 - 214 scheduling, 162, 192 - 193 secret, 8 - 10, 722 UK use of US facilities, 225, 477
testing during moratorium by USSR, 51n, 152 - 153 underground testing, 270, 290, 635, 636, 882
Atomic Energy Detection System, 638, 882 - 885, 903 Australia, 521
B - 47 aircraft, 421, 424, 433, 770, 787 B - 52 aircraft, 153, 505, 706, 794 - 795 Badger aircraft, 421, 424, 770, 787 Baker, Vincent, 171, 358 Ball, George W., 131 - 132, 204n, 323 - 324, 869n
atmospheric testing, Kennedy conversation, 323 - 324 Berlin crisis, 132, 403, 405n Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 324 - 325, 398 - 399
conventional weapons, 377 inspection issues, 373 - 374, 376, 378 - 379, 398 - 399 Macmillan letter to Kennedy, 656 Rusk/Gromyko conversation, 405 Rusk notes from, 373 - 374, 376 - 378
Geneva conference on test discontinuance, 132 high - yield bomb development, 706 inspection issues, 373 - 374, 376, 378 - 379, 398 - 399, 401 - 403 Kennedy/Adenauer letter, 872 Kennedy conversations, 323 - 324, 401 - 403 Kennedy/Macmillan exchanges, 447, 449, 656 Khrushchev/Harriman talks, 797 - 798 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 797 - 798, 809n, 821, 827 - 831, 835 - 836, 837, 841n, 846, 877 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 763, 841n non - transfer agreements, 623, 673n Panofsky Panel, 131 - 132 Rusk, notes to, 373 - 374, 376 - 378 test resumption, 132 Thant, letter to, 376
Balloons, testing, 210 - 212, 214, 321 Barber, Arthur W., 607 Battle, Lucius D., 194 Beam, Jacob D., 483 Beigel, Edgar J., 791 Belgrade Conference, 149 - 150, 163, 168 Bell, David S., 56, 69, 226 Berkner, Lloyd, 143 Berlin crisis, 110, 111, 130 - 132, 138, 153, 156, 166n, 173n, 176, 200, 254 - 256, 274, 275, 279, 187, 274, 275, 279, 403, 405n, 444, 459 - 460, 485, 494, 652, 688, 754, 775, 791, 793, 796, 871, 887 - 888
and atmospheric testing, 200 and ballistic missile test firing, 196 Khrushchev speech in Berlin, 762 - 763 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 789 - 790 military personnel in, 652, 775, 871 NATO/Warsaw non - aggression pact, 735, 763, 778n, 791, 793 - 794, 806, 812 nuclear weapons transfer controls, 454, 652 Swedish UN test ban resolution, 231
Bermuda talks, 287, 416 - 417, 471 Betancourt, Romulo, 654 Bethe Panel Report, 230, 303, 584, 599 Betts, Gen. Austin W., 161, 310, 706 Bhabha, Homi Jehangir, 194n Biological weapons, 318, 387 Black boxes, 597 - 598, 626 - 627, 637, 653, 668, 701, 799 Blackout, nuclear explosion effects, 178, 179 - 180, 189 - 190, 260, 261, 269 - 270, 313, 903 Bohlen, Charles E., 86, 184, 240, 471, 472, 651, 727, 763, 766, 828, 832, 836, 866, 868n Bombers (see also Air - launched intercontinental ballistic missiles), 173
atmospheric testing and, 265 - 266 B - 47 aircraft, 421, 424, 433, 770, 787 B - 52 aircraft, 153, 505, 706, 794 - 795 Badgers, 421, 424, 770, 787 Committee of Principals, 611, 616 - 617, 775 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 407 - 408, 421, 611, 616 - 617 French nuclear delivery capability, 582 - 583 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 859
Bombs, 179, 263, 706, 794 - 795 Bomb shelters, 121 - 122, 180 - 181 Bowles, Chester B., 69, 96, 220 - 221 Bradbury, Dr., 220 Brazil, 412, 593 Broadcast media (see also Radio; Television):
USSR resumption of testing, TASS broadcast, 149
Brook, Sir Norman, 447, 449 Brown, Harold, 356
AICBMs, 129, 261, 265, 269, 270 anti - ballistic missiles, 337 atmospheric testing, 159, 161 - 162, 219 - 220, 260 - 271, 275, 279, 287, 310, 337, 599, 600 Brown, Harold--Continued Fisk Report, 65 - 66, 128 ICBMs, 62 - 66, 129 inspection issues, 738n Kennedy/Macmillan talks, 272, 275, 279 NSC, 60 - 66, 67, 69, 70 - 71, 219 - 220, 337 Panofsky Report, letter to Wiesner, 128 - 129 seismic test detection, 514n test ban treaty, 236, 310
Brubeck, William H., 458n, 503n Bruce, David K. E., 140, 281, 447, 449, 471, 472, 744 - 746, 752, 757, 782, 796 - 797 Bullard, Sir Edward, 576, 581 Bundy, McGeorge, 27n, 356, 587n
AEC secret testing, 8 - 9 atmospheric testing (see also testing resumption below), 188 - 191, 208n, 209 - 210, 215n, 226 - 227, 251 - 253, 286 - 287, 306, 307, 326 - 327, 439 - 442, 470n, 599 - 601
low - yield, 736 - 738 Christmas Island, test requested, 441 - 442 NSC meeting, 328 - 337, 439, 440 Operation Dominic, 50
B - 52 - deliverable bomb development, 794 - 795 Committee of Principals, 141, 142, 144, 146 - 148, 197, 198, 200, 201, 350, 503, 504, 511 - 513, 680, 682 Disarmament Advisory Committee, 287 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 344, 352, 488, 503, 504, 511 - 513, 523, 528, 530, 531, 559 - 560, 597 - 598, 644, 646 France and de Gaulle, 727, 866 - 869 Geneva test discontinuance talks, Kennedy preparations, 11 - 12 high - yield bomb development, 706, 707 inspection issues, 528, 530, 560, 597 - 598, 644, 646 Kennedy, memos to, 97 - 98, 306, 597 - 598 Kennedy/Macmillan letter to Khrushchev, 675n, 707n Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 750, 751, 781 - 782, 789, 797 - 798, 809n, 822, 835, 841n, 845, 847 - 848, 855n NATO, multilateral force, 735 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 763, 781 non - diffusion agreements, 619n, 632, 781 secret testing, 8 - 10, 734 seismic sensing, UK/US research, 539 test ban proposals, 96, 159, 161, 208n, 209 - 210, 236 - 237, 239, 310, 503, 504, 511 - 512, 680, 644, 767, 898 - 899
JCS study, 802 Khrushchev/Harriman/Hailsham talks, 750, 751, 781 - 782, 789, 797 - 798, 809n, 822, 835, 836n Stevenson proposal, 458n US/UK joint atmospheric test ban proposal, 208n, 209 - 210 US/UK/USSR talks, 752
testing resumption (see also atmospheric testing above), 70 - 71, 163, 164n, 278, 636, 898 - 899
Committee of Principals on, 141, 142, 144, 146 - 148, 157 - 158, 197, 198, 200, 201 Nevada Test Site, 259, 635 NSC on, 56, 69, 134n, 328 - 337, 439 - 442 Panofsky Panel report, 114, 134n, 135n, 136n scheduling, 162, 192 White House staff meetings, 59, 290 yields, 161
USSR, CIA defense budget analysis, 104, 548n
Bundy, William P., 67 Bunn, George, 681, 849n, 855n Burdett, William C., 447, 449 Burke, Adm. Arleigh, 56 Burma, 412 Burris, Col., 217n, 220n, 221n Byrns, John W., 92
Caccia, Sir Harold, 165n, 471, 744, 757 Canada, 495
atmospheric testing by US, 200, 203, 210 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 495, 528 - 529 Kennedy speech to Parliament, 233 Kennedy/Khrushchev talks, 93 NIEs on nuclear capabilities/policies, 4, 37, 747 non - transfer agreements, 640, 643 radiation effects of explosions, 4, 37, 93, 200, 203 Carter, Gen. Marshall S., 582 Cathright, W.E., 893 Central Europe (see also specific countries):
disarmament policy, NIE on, 38 Gromyko/McCloy meeting, 34 Central Intelligence Agency:
ACDA treaty proposal, 431, 653 - 654 disarmament policies, various countries, NIE on, 35n high - yield bomb development, 706 military expenditure reductions, verification, 609 resumption of testing by US, 259
NIE on, 1n USSR results compared, 599 - 600 White House staff meeting, 58 test ban proposals, 888 - 670, 684 - 685 USSR:
defense budget analysis, 104 testing during moratorium, 48n testing resumption, 168 - 169, 209, 217 - 218, 222, 681 verification, 468, 668 - 670 Chamberlain, Dr., 864n Chayes, Abram L., 846n, 875 - 876 Chiang Kai - shek, 843, 855 Chemical weapons, 318, 387 Chen - yi, 583 Childs, Marquis, 783n China, People's Republic of:
ACDA treaty proposal, 425, 427 AICBM, 320 atmospheric/space testing, 320, 884 Committee of Principals on, 346, 348, 351, 602, 606, 775 disarmament policies, 194, 37 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee and, 341, 342, 364, 377 - 378, 388, 413, 645 - 646, 649 Foster on testing by, 573n, 734 GCD, 775, 890 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 184 - 185 German position on, 777, 871, 874 Indian position on, 194n, 202n JCS on, 22 - 23, 427, 689 - 691, 866, 878 - 879, 890 Kennedy/Macmillan letters, 656 - 659, 663 - 664 Korea, 878 Laos, position on, 34 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 732, 735, 771 - 772, 783, 784, 789, 790, 796, 800, 801, 803, 808 - 809, 817, 829, 832, 833, 842 - 844, 845n, 850 - 851, 855n, 871, 874 McCloy/Gromyko meeting, 33, 34 McNamara on, 119 military personnel reductions, 464 Nitze on, 521 non - diffusion controls, 451, 544, 545, 571, 573 - 574, 583, 602, 618 - 619, 621 - 622, 639, 651, 668, 704, 732, 748 - 749, 752 - 753, 866 nuclear materials production cutoff, report, 31 nuclear weapons production, 669, 747, 754 Rusk/Gromyko conversation, 184 - 185 test ban proposals, 92, 168, 298, 573 - 574, 598, 629, 645, 649, 654n, 711n, 734 - 735, 746, 766, 767n
Harriman/Hailsham/Khrushchev talks, 732, 735, 771 - 772, 783, 784, 789, 790, 796, 800, 801, 803, 808 - 809, 822, 829, 832, 833, 836, 842 - 844, 845n, 848n, 855n, 858 - 859 Indian test ban resolution, 202n JCS on, 689 - 691 verification control posts, 93 UK position on, 276, 473, 758, 796 UN membership, 185, 200, 451, 629 USSR, 6, 168, 687, 689, 777, 851 - 853, 858 China (Taiwan), 843, 844, 850 - 851, 855n, 860 Chiperfield, Robert, 92 Christmas Island, 207n, 212, 223, 227 - 230, 236, 245, 251, 252, 274, 278 - 279, 293, 295 - 297, 299, 304 - 305, 310, 316, 356, 441 - 442, 485, 505, 521, 527, 537
Kennedy on, 223, 278 - 279, 295 - 297, 521, 527, 537 Macmillan on, 227 - 230, 236, 274, 278 - 279, 281, 295 - 297, 316, 356, 441, 527, 537 Churchill, Winston, 789 Clandestine testing. See Secret testing. Cleveland, Harlan, 159, 200, 201, 233 - 234, 241, 329, 458n Clifton, Chester V., 286 Cline, Ray S., 582 - 583 Cluster warheads, 62, 243 Committee of Principals on Nuclear Test Negotiations, 13 - 14, 67 - 68, 71 - 78, 116, 141 - 147, 197 - 204, 213, 236 - 241, 345 - 351, 461 - 469, 499 - 510, 601 - 611, 647, 783, 900 - 901
ACDA treaty proposals, 417 - 422, 428 - 433, 436 - 438, 461 - 468, 649 - 650, 679 - 683, 692, 719 - 726, 772 - 776, 900 - 901 AICBMs, 145, 147 atmospheric testing, 141 - 142, 197 - 202, 213, 501 - 505, 507 - 509, 510 Berlin crisis, 200 bombers, 611, 616 - 617, 775 China, 346, 348, 351, 602, 606, 775 comprehensive test bans, 679 - 681 conventional weapons, 346, 506 - 507, 466 - 468, 610, 773, 776 Cuban missile crisis, 601 - 602, 605, 612, 775 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 499 - 509, 601 - 617
atmospheric testing, 500, 501 - 505, 507 - 509, 510 bombers, 611, 616 - 617 Bundy on, 503, 504, 511 - 513 Congressional approval, 499, 500, 510, 512 - 513, 616 Dean on, 511, 513, 514, 602 detection technology, 508, 511 - 513 GCD, 502, 508, 510 inspection issues, 395 - 398, 500, 502, 503, 508 - 513, 550 - 551 Nitze on, 504, 507, 604 non - aligned countries, 421, 504, 511513 outer space testing, 500, 507, 509 Rusk on, 499 - 500, 502 - 504, 506, 510 - Wiesner on, 500, 501, 503, 506, 511 espionage, 773, 774 Foster on, 499 - 509, 511, 513, 517 - 519, 602, 605, 607 - 617 GCD, 141 - 142, 144 - 147, 418 - 422, 502, 508, 510, 601 - 611, 772 - 776 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 72 - 73, 76, 141, 142, 144, 148, 238 ICBMs, 351, 418 - 419, 603, 604, 774 inspection issues, 78, 349, 351, 395 - 398, 417 - 418, 421, 500, 502, 503, 508 - 513, 648 - 650, 500, 772, 775 Lemnitzer on, 141, 147, 201, 347 - 348, 505 McNamara on, 73 - 74, 77 - 78, 141, 144 - 145, 148, 197 - 200, 346 - 351, 417, 419 - 421, 462 - 467, 501, 502, 505 - 507, 512, 601 - 611, 679 - 682, 719 - 725, 773 - 774 missiles, 143 - 144, 198, 345 - 351, 418 - 422, 602 - 614, 774 Nitze on, 201, 348 - 349, 468, 504, 507, 521, 604, 607, 610, 722 non - aligned countries, 421, 504, 511 non - dissemination controls, 508, 513 - 514 nuclear materials production, 143, 144, 606 - 609 nuclear parity concept, 346 - 347, 349, 605 nuclear stockpiles, 145, 351, 606, 774 orbiting weapons, 892 Rusk on, 71 - 78, 197 - 204, 237n, 345 - 351, 417, 461 - 468, 499 - 500, 502 - 504, 506, 510 - 513, 601 - 611, 679 - 680, 719 - 726, 773 - 775 Seaborg on, 77, 141, 143, 144n, 148, 198, 199, 200, 238, 240 - 241, 351n, 436 - 438, 468, 501, 511, 608, 681 - 683, 774 seismic sensing, 78, 141, 142, 499, 500, 508, 511 - 513 outer space testing, 75, 500, 507, 509 Taylor on, 603, 605, 607, 607, 679, 720 - 723, 774 test ban proposals (see also ACDA treaty proposals above), 13 - 14, 67 - 68, 71 - 78, 141 - 147
Bundy on, 503, 504, 511 - 512, 680 McNamara on, 73 - 74, 144 - 145, 197 - 200, 501, 502, 504 - 505, 679 - 682, 719 - 725 test ban proposals--Continued Rusk on, 71 - 78, 197 - 204, 237n, 499 - 507, 510 - 514, 679 - 682, 719 - 725 Wiesner on, 74 - 75, 77, 78, 236, 240, 241, 500, 503, 504 testing resumption, 13 - 14, 67 - 68, 71 - 78, 141 - 147
Bundy on, 141, 142, 144, 146 - 148, 197, 198, 200, 201 Dean on, 74, 77 - 78, 141, 200, 238 Defense Department, 144 - 148 Gilpatric, 141, 145, 198 JCS, 147 Kennedy and, 141 - 147 Lemnitzer on, 141, 147, 201 Macmillan, 144 McCloy on, 76 - 78, 141, 144n, 145 - 148 McNamara on, 73 - 74, 77 - 78, 141, 145, 148, 197 - 200 NATO, 146 Nitze on, 201 Rusk on, 141, 142, 145 - 146, 148, 197 - 204 UK position, 77, 144, 198 Wiesner on, 148 underground testing, 75, 239 - 240, 501, 504, 509, 511 - 512 Vela program, 499 verification issues (see also inspection issues above), 468 - 469, 603 Wiesner on, 74 - 75, 77, 78, 148, 236, 240, 241, 349 - 350, 351, 418, 420 - 422, 500, 501, 503, 506, 511, 603 - 607, 609 - 611, 682 Committee on Atmospheric Testing, 227n, 241 - 248, 250 - 251, 288 - 289 Commonwealth of Nations (see also specific countries), 380 Communications systems, nuclear explosion effects on, 178, 179 - 180, 189 - 190, 260, 262, 269 - 270 Communist bloc. See Sino - Soviet bloc; specific countries. Comprehensive disarmament. See General and comprehensive disarmament. Comprehensive test bans (see also Geneva Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapon Tests):
ACDA, 679 - 681 Committee of Principals, 679 - 681 JCS on, 24 Khrushchev speech, 762 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 688, 719, 722, 723, 728 - 735, 737, 744 - 746, 750, 751, 753, 763, 768 - 772, 779 - 786, 798, 807, 819 - 820, 825 NIE on, 749 UN proposals, 524, 596 Indian, 142, 198, 200, 202 - 203 Irish, 26, 203, 451 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 831, 836 - 837, 846 Swedish, 231 - 233, 451 US/UK joint, 596 Conger, Clement, 358, 503n Congo, 29, 85, 86, 285 Congress of the United States (see also House of Representatives; Senate of the United States; specific members):
Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 499, 500, 510, 512 - 513, 523, 532, 616 Fisk Report, availability to, 12 French and Soviet visits, briefing, 92 - 93 GCD, intelligence on, 773 Geneva test discontinuance talks, preparations, 11 - 12 inspection issues, 366, 532, 588, 653, 704 Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 12, 159, 500, 530 - 533, 639, 646 Kennedy national address, briefing, 355 - 357 Kennedy/Zorin exchange of views, 100 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 779, 821, 846 seismic sensing, 499, 653 test ban proposals, 239, 499, 502, 504, 588, 681 - 682, 722, 724 testing resumption, 56, 143, 144, 153 - 157 Conventional weapons (see also Military bases; Military personnel):
ACDA, GCD treaty proposal, 466 - 468, 773, 776, 904 Conventional weapons--Continued atmospheric test ban and Soviet force levels, 299 Committee of Principals, 346, 506 - 507, 466 - 468, 610, 773, 776 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 341 - 342, 364, 377, 386, 787 Khrushchev on, 112, 776 - 777 McNamara on, 466 - 468, 506 - 507, 773 nuclear v. disarmament talks, 144 - 147, 787 nuclear warheads, interchangeability, 107, 133 Cost factors. See Economic issues. Courtney, Raymond, 744 Cousins, Norman, 687 Couve de Murville, Maurice, 473, 621 - 622, 651, 675, 727, 766, 828 Cuban missile crisis, 592, 597, 601 - 602, 605, 612, 673, 753, 754 - 755, 773, 775, 789, 796, 871
Davies, Richard, 685 Davy Crockett Gun, testing, 123, 156 De Gaulle, Charles, 657, 869, 895
Adenauer on, 778 disarmament policy, 38, 173, 309 Kennedy, exchanges with, 836, 847, 851 - 853, 857, 866 - 868 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 763, 832 non - diffusion negotiations, 571, 582 test ban proposals, 766, 767n, 782, 822, 823, 827 - 830, 836, 842, 847, 851 - 853, 857, 866 - 869, 885 - 886 Dean, Arthur H., 174 - 176
atmospheric/undersea testing, 93 - 94, 159, 530, 532 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 352, 373, 380, 395 - 397, 445, 460
Committee of Principals, 511, 513, 514, 602 inspection, 438, 487 - 488, 528, 533n, 550 - 552, 624, 644, 729 Kennedy meeting, 371 - 372, 452 - 454, 522, 523, 528 - 530, 531 Kuznetsov conversations, 554 - 555, 644 UK position, 359, 360, 365, 374 - 375, 535 - 537 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 41 - 47, 95 - 97, 530, 532
Committee of Principals, 72 - 73, 76, 142, 144, 148, 238 preparations, 12 - 13, 17 - 18 UK position, 138 German Democratic Republic, 254 - 255 Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 530 - 533 retirement letter, 625 test ban proposals, 200, 235 - 236, 238 - 239, 362
Panofsky Panel report, 114 Stevenson proposal, 454, 458n UN and, 158n, 198 US/UK bilateral talks, 476 - 480, 483 - 484 testing resumption, 58, 59, 115, 130
Committee of Principals, 74, 77 - 78, 141, 200, 238 NSC on, 56 - 57, 70, 336 Tsarapkin conversation, 254 - 256 Defense Atomic Support Agency, 121, 122 Defense Department:
ACDA treaty proposals, 423, 424, 427, 428, 433, 434 - 437, 721 atmospheric testing, 188 - 191, 197, 211, 223, 241, 248, 260, 269, 283, 306, 321, 440, 442, 566 - 567 Committee of Principals, 144 - 148, 346, 349 - 350, 421, 680, 681, 721 delivery vehicles, ACDA reduction plan, 346 - 347 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 387, 408 - 411 Geneva test discontinuance talks, Kennedy preparations, 11 high - yield bomb development, 706 nuclear materials reductions/cutoffs, 109 - 110, 606 - 607 orbiting nuclear weapons, 892 outer space testing, 564 seismic sensing, 489, 539, 645 test ban proposals, 306, 528, 680, 721 testing resumption (see also atmospheric testing above), 70 - 72, 636
Brown report to NSC, 60 - 61 Committee of Principals, 144 - 148 interagency panel on results, 599 - 600 Kennedy and, 156, 178, 181 - 182, 636 NSC on, 56, 440 nuclear weapons effects program, 260 scheduling, 193 UN, Kennedy disarmament speech, 172 - 173 underground testing, 882 Delivery vehicles. See Bombers; Missiles. Denmark, 232 Denuclearized zones. See Nuclear free zones. Detection technology (see also Seismic sensing of nuclear explosions):
AFTAC, 489 - 491, 500, 514 - 516, 645 atmospheric testing, 142, 257, 268, 369, 477 - 478 Atomic Energy Detection System, 638, 882 - 885 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 508, 511 - 513, 514, 522 JCS memo to McNamara, 24 Macmillan letter to Kennedy, 565 McCone on, 670 NIE on testing resumption, 3, 49 - 51 Panofsky Panel, 106 - 107 small - scale violations, 66, 514 - 516 UK position, 365 - 369, 492 - 493 US/UK cooperation, 476 - 484 Developing countries (see also Africa; Asia; Latin America; specific countries), 615 - 616, 808 Dillon, C. Douglas, 69, 221, 329, 781 Dirksen, Everett M., 92, 155, 356 Disarmament Administration:
Committee of Principals, 144 - 147 GCD policy, Kennedy UN speech, 172 Goodby memorandum, 14 McCloy designated as adviser, 7 - 8 Disarmament Advisory Committee, 287 Disease. See Radiation effects on health. Dobrynin, Anatoly F., 86, 443 - 446, 459 - 460, 485 - 487, 541 - 547, 551, 556 - 557, 575, 589, 620 - 621, 624, 628, 632, 640 - 644, 647 - 648, 661 - 663, 673n, 702 - 705, 781, 793, 885 - 886, 888 - 889, 894, 895 Dodd, Thomas, 220, 713n Dulles, Allen W., 56, 69, 88, 136, 141, 142, 148, 152 - 153, 155, 168, 201, 204, 331 Earth orbit (see also Outer space; Satellites):
Mercury program, 567 weapons in, 33, 318, 451 - 452, 733, 787, 892 - 893, 896 - 897 East - West detente, general:
disarmament policy and, NIE, 37 - 38 test resumption by US, NIE, 6 Eastern Europe (see also specific countries), 34, 174 Economic issues, 607
AEC expenditures on weapons, 774 anti - ballistic missile costs, 605, 776 atmospheric testing, 162, 188, 226 - 227, 293, 299, 902 Atomic Energy Detection System, 903 bomb sizing (megatons), 112, 135 Chinese, sanctions against, 690 defense budget analysis, USSR 61 - 62, 104 GCD production cutoffs, 31, 32, 465 - 466, 607 Gromyko/Rusk conversation, 494 - 495 high - yield weapons testing, 706 inspection programs, costs, 31, 525 Khrushchev on, 76, 498, 499 military expenditure reductions, 733, 799 - 800, 812 - 813, 888
development aid allowed by, 615 - 616 verification, 609 - 610, 615 - 616 Nike - Zeus weapons system, 153 nuclear materials:
production cutoffs, 31, 32, 465 - 466, 607 weight - to - yield ratios, 48, 107, 116 - 117, 123, 219 - 220, 243, 245, 246 - 247, 251, 263 - 265, 274, 314, 684, 741 - 742, 756 nuclear weapons proliferation, 521, 582 - 583, 747 test ban, 74 - 75, 690 test resumption by US, 882
atmospheric v. underground, 162, 188, 226 - 227 Macmillan/Kennedy talks, 273 McNamara on, 119, 121 - 122, 123 underground testing, 119, 121 - 122, 123, 162, 188, 226 - 227, 366, 589 Vela tests, 366 weapons proliferation and, 521, 582 - 583 Eight - Nation Delegation, 455 - 456, 476, 481, 483, 517, 522, 551n, 552 - 553, 554, 661, 671
Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 295n, 309, 378 - 379
accidental warfare, 318 ACDA, 340 - 343, 360 - 361, 369, 387, 388, 406 - 411, 422 - 425, 461 - 468, 499 - 509, 603n, 648 - 650, 879, 900 - 901 ACDA treaty proposal, 422 - 425, 461 - 468, 499 - 509, 603n, 648 - 650, 879, 900 - 901 AFTAC briefing, 551 AICBMs, 408, 410 atmospheric testing, 317 - 319, 504
Committee of Principals, 500, 501 - 505, 507 - 509, 510 Dean on, 522, 530, 550 - 551 Foster memos, 518, 559 Home letter to Rusk, 538 Kennedy and, 326, 518 NSC meeting, 329 - 330, 332, 335, 337 Rusk/Dean exchanges, 534 - 535, 558 - 551 UK/US joint proposals, 527n, 560 - 562, 656 White House staff meetings, 327, 523, 528, 530 Ball on, 398 - 399, 405, 656
conventional weapons, 377 inspection issues, 373 - 374, 376 - 379, 398 - 399 Thant, letter to, 376 bombers, 407 - 408, 421, 611, 616 - 617 Bundy on, 344, 352, 488, 503, 504, 511 - 513, 523, 531, 559 - 560
inspection issues, 528, 530, 560, 597 - 598, 644, 646 Canadian position, 495, 528 - 529 China, 341, 342, 364, 377 - 378, 388, 413, 645 - 646, 649, 656 - 659, 664 Committee of Principals, 499 - 509, 601 - 617
atmospheric testing, 500, 501 - 505, 507 - 509, 510 bombers, 611, 616 - 617 Bundy on, 503, 504, 511 - 513 Congressional approval, 499, 500, 510, 512 - 513, 616 Dean on, 511, 513, 514, 602 detection technology, 508, 511 - 513 Committee of Principals--Continued GCD, 502, 508, 510 inspection issues, 500, 502, 503, 508 - 513 Kennedy, Foster memos to, 507 - 514, 612 - 617 Nitze on, 504, 507, 604 non - aligned countries, 421, 504, 511 outer space testing, 500, 507, 509 Rusk on, 499 - 500, 502 - 504, 506, 510 - 513 Wiesner on, 500, 501, 503, 506, 511 Congressional approval, 523, 532
Committee of Principals on, 499, 500, 510, 512 - 513, 616 military expenditure reductions, 616 Senate, 523, 530, 654 conventional weapons, 341 - 342, 364, 377, 386, 787 Dean on, 352, 373, 380, 395 - 397, 445, 460, 511, 513, 514, 602
inspection, 438, 487 - 488, 528, 533n, 550 - 552, 624, 644, 729 Kennedy meeting, 371 - 372, 452 - 454, 522, 523, 528 - 530, 531 Kuznetsov conversations, 554 - 555, 644 Macmillan, Kennedy letter to, 535 - 537 UK position, 359, 360, 365, 374 - 375 Defense Department on, 387, 408 - 411 detection technology, general, 508, 511 - 513, 514, 522 Foster on, 358, 362 - 363, 365 - 367, 369 - 370, 376 - 378, 380, 386, 413, 452 - 454, 461 - 468, 499 - 509, 511, 513, 517 - 519, 522, 529, 531, 559 - 560, 602, 605, 607 - 617, 627, 644 - 645
Dean note to, 550 - 551 Kuznetsov conversations, 554 - 555, 730 McCone discussion, 637 - 639 UK position on inspection, 533 French position, 473 GCD proposals:
Committee of Principals on, 502, 508, 510 Dean note to Rusk/Foster, 551 Eight - Nation Delegation, 455 - 456, 476, 481, 483, 517, 522, 554 Gromyko proposal, 381, 384, 770 JCS on, 889 - 892 Kennedy/Gromyko conversation, 894 - 895 Kennedy letter to Macmillan, 551n, 536 - 537 UN, Rusk/Gromyko talks, 572, 574 - 575 US/UK joint proposal, 559 - 562, 656 Wiesner on, 552 - 553 Gromyko on, 378, 380, 381 - 385, 405 - 406, 413, 444 - 446, 448, 493 - 495, 770, 787, 894 - 895
GCD proposals, 381, 384, 770 Kennedy conversation, 894 - 895 Home on, 379, 380 - 385, 412, 448, 492
ICBMs, 377, 406 - 408 Indian position, 453, 553 inspection issues, 341, 342, 349, 354 - 355, 455 - 456, 500, 502, 503, 540 - 541, 623 - 625
Ball on, 373 - 374, 376, 378 - 379, 398 - 399 Bundy on, 528, 530, 560, 597 - 598, 644, 646 Committee of Principals on, 395 - 398, 500, 502, 503, 508 - 513, 550 - 551 Dean on, 438, 487 - 488, 528, 533n, 550 - 552, 624, 644, 729 Fisher on, 387, 388 - 390, 648 - 649 Foster on, 508 - 509, 517 - 519, 559 - 560, 637 - 639, 653 - 654 JCS on, 890, 891 Kennedy on, 401 - 403, 414 - 415, 488, 628 - 629, 644 - 647, 648, 655 - 656, 660 - 661, 666 - 667, 677 - 678, 767 - 768 Khrushchev on, 438 - 439 McCone on, 637 - 639, 653 - 654, 668 - 670 McNamara on, 532, 645, 773 NSC meeting, 411 - 414 Rusk/Kuznetsov conversation, 456 - 457, 555, 628 - 631 Rusk on, 487 - 488, 550 - 551, 624, 644 - 647 UK position, 511, 513, 533, 536, 537 - 538, 541, 559 UN and, 413 - 414 inspection issues--Continued White House staff meetings, 364, 370, 528 - 529, 532, 644 - 646 Wiesner memos to Kennedy, 552 - 554, 580 - 581 JCS on GCD, 889 - 892 Kaysen memo to Kennedy, 339 - 343 Kennedy/Khrushchev letters, 324 - 325, 357 - 358, 568 - 569, 575 - 579 Kennedy/Macmillan joint letter to Khrushchev, 666 - 667, 670 - 671, 676 - 678 Kennedy/Macmillan letters, 414 - 415, 655 - 656, 660 - 661, 767 - 768 Khrushchev and, 381
inspection issues, 438 - 439 Macmillan/Kennedy joint letter to, 666 - 667, 670 - 671, 676 - 678 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 733, 786, 787, 800, 831 testing, 414 - 417, 664 US/UK proposals, 561 - 562 McNamara and, 363 - 364, 406 - 411, 520, 531, 604 - 605
inspection issues, 532, 645, 773 JCS, 889 - 892 Mexico, 412 military bases, foreign, 461 - 464 missiles, 340, 342, 386 - 388, 377, 406 - 411 NATO, 340 - 341, 343, 364, 378, 388, 413 Nitze on, 371, 504, 507, 521, 604, 644 - 646 non - aligned countries (see also Eight - Nation Delegation) , 412, 413, 421, 453, 504, 511, 530, 665 non - dissemination controls, 453 - 454, 508, 513 - 514, 519, 535 nuclear materials transfers, US/USSR, 370, 388 orbiting weapons, 318, 733 outer space testing:
Committee of Principals on, 500, 507, 509 test ban, 563 - 565, 568 - 569, 576, 577 - 578, 585 - 586, 810, 896 - 897 UK/US proposal, 560 - 562 Rusk/Dobrynin conversations, 444 - 446, 647, 889 Seaborg on, 468, 501, 511, 644 - 647 secret testing, 370, 375 seismic sensing, 371, 398 - 399, 405, 487 - 489, 551n, 552 - 553, 597, 637 - 639, 649 Senate approval, 523, 530, 654 Stevenson/Kennedy exchange, 450 - 452, 454, 458 - 459 Swedish position, 530n, 553 Taylor on, 889 - 892 UK position, 352 - 355, 358 - 361, 365 - 367, 551n
Dean on, 359, 360, 365, 374 - 375, 535 - 537 Home letter to Rusk, 537 - 539 inspection system, 511, 513, 533, 537 - 538, 559 Kennedy letter to Macmillan, 535 - 537 Ormsby Gore on, 352 - 355, 360, 365 - 368, 372, 415 Rusk talks, 492 - 493 test ban proposals, 352 - 255, 365 - 367, 395 - 398, 399n, 480 - 481, 483, 649, 650 US/UK joint proposal, 560 - 562, 656 UN, 379, 555, 596
Eight - Nation proposal, 522 Gromyko on, 381 - 382, 384 inspection issues, 413 - 414 outer space, resolution on weapons in, 896 - 897 underground testing, 370, 371, 519, 555 underwater testing, US/UK proposal, 559 - 562 US/UK/USSR exchanges, 380 - 385, 633 verification issues (see also inspection issues above), 381 - 384, 395 - 398, 456 - 457, 634 Wiesner on, 362, 363, 370 - 372, 413 - 414, 418, 492, 500, 501, 503, 506, 511, 551n, 521, 552 - 553, 521, 644 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 372, 473, 657
AEC secret tests, 8 - 10 Committee of Principals, 13 - 14 open skies proposal, 90 test ban proposals, 93n, 370, 413, 512, 578, 589 test resumption, 589 U - 2 incident, 274 - 275, 279 US/UK/USSR exchange, 380 - 385 Electromagnetic pulse (see also Communications systems; Blackout), 260 - 262, 269 - 270, 584 Eniwetok Proving Grounds, 182, 191, 206 - 207, 211, 212, 220, 222, 245 Espionage:
Committee of Principals on, 773, 774 Khrushchev:
inspection as, 486, 695, 715, 719, 729 Kennedy talks, 88 - 89 nuclear testing and, 168 - 170, 412 U - 2 incident, 274 - 275, 279, 497 European Regional Organizations:
Swedish, UN test ban resolution, 231 - 233 test ban talks, 311 Evans, Harold, 447, 449 Ewell, Col. Julian J., 236, 259, 327, 441
Fallout. See Radiation effects on health. Farley, Philip J., 316, 362 Fedorenko, Nikolay T., 627, 628, 632 - 634 Finney, John, 12, 488 First - strike capability, 266, 291 - 292, 301, 302, 343, 799 Fisher, Adrian S., 56, 69, 96, 141, 234, 308 - 309, 327, 362, 406, 422, 502, 516, 604, 607, 648 - 650, 657n, 713 - 714
ACDA, GCD treaty proposal, 418 - 419, 432, 467, 500 B - 52 reductions, 505 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 386 - 390, 406 - 411, 469, 535, 644, 646, 722 high - yield bomb development, 706 - 707 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 817 - 818, 838, 849n military base reductions, 608 non - diffusion negotiations, 570n Plowshare program, 725 seismic sensing, 488, 581n US/UK cooperation, 477, 478 - 479 Vela tests, 488 Fisk, John (see also Fisk Panel Report), 12 - 13 Fisk Panel Report, 12, 14 - 17, 65 - 66, 70 - 71, 106, 124, 125, 128 Fissile materials. See Nuclear materials, weapons grade. Foreign Weapons Evaluation Group, 230 Foster, William C., 98, 136, 141, 147, 173, 197, 204, 208n, 220, 239 - 240, 259, 283, 288, 330, 334, 334, 345 - 349, 440, 499, 505 - 506, 523, 625, 679, 711, 726, 898, 900
ACDA treaty proposals, 417 - 425, 426 - 438, 461 - 468, 603 - 604, 653 - 654, 679, 682, 719 - 724, 772, 774, 775 B - 52 - deliverable bomb development, 794 - 795 bomber reductions, 611, 616 - 617 Chinese testing, 573n, 734 Cuban missile crisis, 605 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 358, 362 - 363, 365 - 367, 369 - 370, 376 - 378, 380, 386, 413, 452 - 454, 461 - 468, 522, 529, 531, 559 - 560, 627, 644 - 645
Committee of Principals, 499 - 509, 511, 513, 517 - 519, 602, 605, 607 - 617 Dean note to, 550 - 551 Kuznetsov conversations, 554 - 555, 730 McCone discussion, 637 - 639 UK position on inspection, 533 France, nuclear free zones, 593 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 744, 746n, 750, 751, 779, 784, 827, 830, 837, 841n, 845, 877 military base reductions, 607 - 608, 614 - 615 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 763, 841n non - diffusion negotiations, 570n, 582 - 583, 668 seismic sensing, 517 - 519, 644 - 645, 653 - 654 Stevenson test ban proposal, 454, 458n Tsarapkin/Fedorenko talks, 632 - 634 Vela project results, 499 Foster Plan, 173, 340n, 344n Four - Power Disarmament Meetings, 528 - 529, 539, 660 France:
atmospheric test ban, 782 Berlin crisis, 652, 791, 793 bombers, 582 - 583 Bundy on, 727, 866 - 869 disarmament policies, general, 38, 144, 309 Franco - German Treaty, 640 - 641, 658 GCD, 38, 173, 309, 895 Harriman/Hailsham/Khrushchev talks, 827 - 830 Kennedy/de Gaulle exchanges, 80, 727, 836, 847, 851 - 853, 857, 866 - 868, 895 Kennedy/Khrushchev talks, 88 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 784, 791 - 794, 796, 799 - 801, 803, 804, 812, 817, 825, 827 - 832, 842, 843, 851 - 853, 857 - 858, 860, 866 - 869, 885 - 886 NATO, 33, 621 - 622, 648, 652 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 763, 791 - 794, 827 - 832, 852, 867, 868 non - proliferation, 544, 571, 582 - 583, 620, 630, 632, 639, 660, 668
Alphand/Tyler conversation, 650 - 652 Berlin crisis and, 652 de Gaulle on, 571, 582 Franco - German Treaty, 640 - 641, 658 Gromyko/McCloy meeting, 33 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 745, 792, 794 NATO, 621 - 622, 648, 652 NIE on, 747, 748, 649 nuclear free zones, 593 nuclear weapons production, 754
aid from US for, 829, 836, 881, 886 McCone on, 669 NIE on, 747, 748, 649 test bans, 33, 93, 298, 565, 573, 574, 578, 649, 727, 766, 784, 791, 796, 799 - 801, 803, 804, 827 - 830, 851 - 853, 857 - 858
de Gaulle on, 766, 767n, 782, 822, 823, 827 - 830, 836, 842, 847, 851 - 853, 857, 866 - 868 JCS on, 878 NIE on US resumption of testing, 4 testing by, 4, 33, 473, 522, 694, 784, 791 - 794, 796, 799 - 801, 803, 804, 812, 817, 825, 828, 843, 857, 886
Macmillan/Kennedy talks, 273, 753, 754 Macmillan on, 828, 847, 869n McMahon Act and, 881 McNamara on, 119 Nitze on, 646 Pacific Ocean, 842 Sahara Desert, 694, 698, 709, 842, 856 - 857 seismic sensing of, 489 - 490, 694, 709 UK position, 473, 828, 857 UN test ban resolutions, 158, 796 UN and, 158, 593, 796 underground testing, 473, 522, 694, 792, 886 US aid for nuclear weapons development, 836, 881, 886 Franco, Gen. Francisco, 844 Franco - German Treaty, 640 - 641, 658 Fulbright, J. William, 92, 154, 356 Fusion weapons. See Neutron bombs.
Gaithright, Wreathram E., 469, 499n Gaitskell, Hugh, 92 - 93, 323 - 324 Galbraith, J. Kenneth, 194n General and comprehensive disarmament:
ACDA treaty proposals, 417 - 425, 426 - 438, 500 - 506, 508, 603 - 604, 772 - 776, 904 AEC role, 433, 434 conventional weapons, 466 - 468, 773, 776, 904 Defense Department, 423, 424, 427, 428, 433, 434 - 437, 721 delivery vehicles, reduction plan, 346 - 347 Fisher on, 418 - 419, 432, 467, 500 German position, 904 - 905 Kaysen on, 425, 429, 430, 434 - 436, 437, 724 military personal reductions, 427, 464 - 467, 506 - 507 missile reduction provisions, 345 - 351, 406 - 411, 430 - 432, 434 - 436, 465, 603 - 604, 772 - 776 Rusk on, 422, 423, 428 - 433, 436 - 437, 500 - 506, 603, 679 - 682, 904 - 905 Wiesner on, 420 - 424, 429 - 431, 500, 774 China, 775, 890 Committee of Principals on, 141 - 142, 144 - 147, 418 - 422, 502, 508, 510, 601 - 611, 613 - 617, 772 - 776 conventional weapons, 466 - 468, 773, 776, 904 cost issues, 31, 32, 465 - 466, 607 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 502, 508, 510, 551
Eight - Nation Delegation, 455 - 456, 476, 481, 483, 517, 522, 554 Gromyko proposal, 381, 384, 770 JCS on, 889 - 892 Kennedy/Macmillan letter, 551n, 536 - 537 Rusk/Gromyko talks, 572, 574 - 575 US/UK joint proposal, 559 - 562, 656 Wiesner and, 551n, 552 - 553 French position, 38, 173, 309, 895 German position, ACDA proposal, 904 - 905 Gromyko and, 33, 34 - 35, 84 - 85, 381, 384, 572, 574 - 575, 770, 894 - 895 JCS on, 889 - 892 Kennedy and, 92 - 93, 102, 172, 364 - 365, 508, 518 - 518, 536 - 537, 894 - 895 Khrushchev and, 84 - 85, 111 - 114, 819, 855 Macmillan, Rusk telegram, 166 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 775, 781 outer space, weapons in, 897 Rusk on, 422, 423, 428 - 433, 436 - 437, 499 - 507, 510 - 514, 541n, 603, 679 - 682, 904 - 905 Stevenson on, 175 - 176 UK position, 480 - 482, 551n UN role, 172, 554, 560, 572, 574 - 575 US/UK joint proposal, 559 - 562, 656 Wiesner on, 420 - 424, 429 - 431, 500, 551n, 552 - 553, 774 Zorin on, 99 - 102 Geneva Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapon Tests, 257 - 258
AEC, Kennedy preparations, 11 atmospheric testing, 13, 93 - 94, 97, 159, 208, 289, 294, 301, 530, 532 Ball on, 132 Bundy on, 11 - 12 China, inclusion, 184 - 185 Committee of Principals on, 72 - 73, 76, 141, 142, 144, 148, 238 Congress, 11 - 12 Dean on, 12 - 13, 17 - 18, 41 - 47, 72 - 73, 76, 95 - 97, 138, 142, 144, 148, 238, 513, 514, 530, 532 Defense Department, 11 Fisher memo, 386 - 390 inspection issues, 13, 235, 254 JCS memo to McNamara, 24 Kennedy on, 10 - 14, 17 - 18, 52 - 53, 91, 93n, 95 - 97, 101, 130, 138, 140, 234, 274, 278, 289 Khrushchev on 44, 45, 47, 52 - 53, 83 - 84, 91, 112 Macmillan/Kennedy exchanges, 52 - 53, 130, 138, 140, 274, 278, 289 McCloy/Gromyko meeting, 32 - 34 McCloy on, 10 - 13, 41 - 47, 53 - 57, 67 - 68, 94n, 95 - 97, 101 McNamara on, 67 - 68, 74 - 78, 121, 124r monitoring, 13, 235, 254 Ormsby Gore on, 52, 115, 130, 138, 140 NIE on effects of US resumption of testing, 1 - 3 Nitze on, 11 NSC on, 56 - 57 nuclear materials, 318 Rusk/Gromyko conversation, 493 - 495 Seaborg on USSR testing, 10 - 14, 199 secret testing by US, impact on, 9 seismic sensing, 13, 235 Stevenson on, 82 - 83 Tsarapkin on, 254 - 256 troika proposal, 94, 112 UK position, 47 UN, McCloy telegram to U Thant, 44 underwater testing, 93 - 94 US/UK proposal for ban, 208, 294 German Democratic Republic (see also Berlin):
Adenauer on, 871 - 872, 874 - 875 Dean/Tsarapkin conversation, 254 - 255 Khrushchev on, 686, 688, 694, 790, 801 Limited Test Ban Treaty adherence, 811, 843 - 844, 848n, 851, 854, 863 - 864 military personnel stationed, 799, 812 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 791, 793, 801, 805 - 806 nuclear - free zones, 889 nuclear non - proliferation agreements, 413, 451, 496, 544 - 547, 570, 618, 621, 544 - 547, 570 - 571, 602, 618, 621, 622, 632, 642 - 643, 651 - 652, 660, 675, 686, 746
Adenauer on, 571, 582 Berlin crisis and, 454, 652 Franco - German Treaty, 640 - 641, 658 NATO, 641, 746 German reunification, 187, 905 Germany, Federal Republic of (see also Berlin crisis):
disarmament policy, NIE on, 38 Franco - German Treaty, 640 - 641, 658 Kennedy/Adenauer letters, 763 - 765, 777 - 778 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 789, 799, 801, 812, 828, 836, 848, 870 - 876 military personnel stationed, 799, 812 NATO, 34, 641, 746, 905 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 763 - 765, 778n, 796, 801, 828, 831 - 832 non - diffusion agreements, 413, 451, 454, 496, 503n, 544 - 547, 570 - 571, 582, 602, 618, 621, 622, 632, 640 - 641, 642 - 643, 651 - 652, 658, 660, 675, 686, 746 nuclear capabilities, 521, 747, 886 nuclear free zones, 889 recognition of GDR, 863 - 864 Rusk/Adenauer conversation, 873 - 876 test ban proposals, 646, 686, 789, 799, 801, 812, 828, 836, 848, 870 - 876 Gilpatric, Roswell L.:
ACDA treaty proposal, 423, 424, 428 - 432, 437 AICBMs, 313, 314 atmospheric testing, 159, 161, 189n, 197n, 198, 215n, 226, 283, 310, 312 - 316, 333, 599, 711, 902 - 903 Atomic Energy Detection System, 882 - 885, 903 Committee of Principals, 141, 145, 198 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 531, 644 high - yield bomb development, 706 inspection, 532 JCS on approach to Soviets, 53 - 54 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 822 non - diffusion negotiations, 570n outer space: testing, 564 weapons in, 896 - 897 secret testing by US, McCloy, letter to, 53 - 54 test ban proposals, 644 testing resumption, 56, 69, 141, 145, 198, 312 - 316 underground testing, 881 - 885, 902 underwater testing, 313 - 314, 903 Glenn, Col. John, 331 Goa, 273, 285 Godber, Joseph B., 255, 374 - 375, 380, 395 - 398, 438, 472 - 475, 533, 541, 744 Goetz, Betty, 570n Goodby, James E., 14, 288n, 358, 480 - 482, 570n, 657n Gore, Albert, 154, 155 Greelee, Capt., 363 Green, Howard C., 495 Greenhill, Denis, 642n Gromyko, Andrei A.:
accidental warfare, 33 atmospheric testing, 572 - 575 Berlin, 494, 887 - 888 Central/Eastern Europe, 34 China, 33, 34, 184 - 185, 573 - 574 Committee of Principals on, 605, 610, 611 Congo, 29 costs of weapons development, 494 - 495, 888 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 378, 380, 381 - 385, 405 - 406, 413, 444 - 446, 448, 493 - 495, 770, 787, 894 - 895 GCD, 33, 34 - 35, 84 - 85, 381, 384, 572, 574 - 575, 770 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 184 - 185 Kennedy, conversations with, 589 - 592, 894 - 895 Kennedy/Khrushchev talks, 86 Khrushchev opinion of, Macmillan on, 664 Kohler/Trevelyan meeting, 685 - 686 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 800, 803 - 807, 814, 817, 820, 827, 838 - 841, 853 - 855, 856
Chinese testing, 842 - 844, 845n French position, 825, 829, 842, 856 - 857 German Democratic Republic, 843 - 844, 854 peaceful uses of nuclear explosions, 824 wartime uses v. testing of weapons, 849 McCloy meeting, 32 - 34 military expenditure reductions, verification, 609 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 805 - 806, 809n, 814, 826, 832, 833 - 834, 840, 887 - 888 non - proliferation negotiations, 33, 496, 503n, 542 - 544, 557 - 559, 602, 660, 672 outer space, weapons in, 897 Rusk and, 32 - 34, 83 - 85, 184 - 185, 381, 384 - 385, 405 - 406, 493 - 496, 502, 503n, 542 - 544, 557 - 559, 572 - 574, 602, 651, 660, 672, 887 - 889, 895 Stevenson talks, 19, 28 - 29 US/UK joint test ban proposal, 426 UN, 572 - 575, 602, 897 GCD proposal, 572, 574 - 575 veto power of Soviets, 85 US foreign base reduction, 463, 610 US/UK/USSR exchanges, 633 Ground shock (see also Hardened sites), 260, 270 Gryzlov, A. A., 99, 380 Gullion, Edmund A., 20 - 21, 69 Guthrie, John C., 324, 628, 648
Hailsham, Viscount Quinton (see also Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations (Harriman/Hailsham Moscow mission), 734, 757 Hallstein, Walter, 851 Hammarskjold, Dag, 86 Hard Hat shot, 121 - 122, 123, 190 Hardened sites, 121 - 122, 123, 180 - 181, 190, 219, 243, 313, 333, 802 Hardtack shot, 489 Harriman, W. Averell (see also Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations (Harriman/Hailsham Moscow mission), 656, 673n, 736n, 737 Haworth, Leland J., 399 - 401, 468, 469, 501, 516, 521, 551n, 599, 600, 706, 738n Health. See Radiation effects on health. Heath, Edward, 471, 744 Heathcoat Amory, Robert, 310, 349, 362 Hickenlooper, Bourke, 92, 356 High - altitude testing, 261, 274, 313, 442, 470, 566, 567, 883 - 884, 903 High - yield nuclear weapons, 188, 706 - 707
yield - to - weight ratio, 48, 107, 116 - 117, 123, 219 - 220, 243, 245, 246 - 247, 251, 263 - 265, 271, 274, 314, 644, 684, 741 - 742, 756 Hillenbrand, Martin J., 459, 485, 493, 589 Hoeven, Charles, 92 Holifield, Chet, 143, 356, 500, 530 Home, Lord Alexander Frederick Douglas, 160, 252
Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 379, 380 - 385, 412, 448, 492 Gromyko and, 887 - 889 Kennedy/Macmillan joint letter to Khrushchev, 675, 676n Kennedy/Macmillan talks, 272, 276 - 278, 281, 757 non - diffusion negotiations, 570, 621 - 622, 675, 755 Rusk and, 471 - 475, 537 - 539 seismic sensing, 537 - 538, 539, 591 Honest John rocket, 196 Hood, Viscount Samuel, 160, 352, 358 - 361, 533n, 536 Horowitz, Solis, 514n Hosmer, Craig, 645, 735 House of Representatives (see also specific Representatives), 92 - 93 Humphrey, Hubert H., 92, 115, 155, 713 - 714 Hungary, Soviet aggression, 285, 793
Ilyichev, Ivan, 493 Imhof, Johannes V., 650 India, 29, 249, 639
Chinese nuclear capability, 194n, 202 - 203 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 453, 553 NIE on US resumption of testing, 4 nuclear capabilities, 521, 747 UN resolution against testing, 142, 198, 200, 202n Indochina, 23, 184 - 185 Indonesia, 4 Ink, Dwight, 822 Inspection issues (see also Seismic sensing of nuclear explosions), 362, 478
ACDA treaty proposals, 370, 417 - 418, 421, 427, 488, 500, 648 - 650, 772 - 773, 775 AEC, 645 Ball on, 373 - 374, 376, 378 - 379, 398 - 399, 401 - 403 Brown on, 738n Bundy on, 528, 530, 560, 597 - 598, 644, 646 Committee of Principals on, 78, 349, 351, 417 - 418, 421, 500, 502, 503, 508 - 513, 648 - 650, 500, 772, 775 Congressional concerns, 366, 532, 588, 653, 704 costs and personnel, 31, 525 Dean, Kennedy letter, 18 Dean/Tsarapkin conversation, 254 - 256 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 341, 342, 349, 354 - 355, 455 - 456, 500, 502, 503, 540 - 541, 623 - 625
Dean/Godber, joint proposal, 395 - 398 Dean on, 438, 487 - 488, 528, 533n, 550 - 552, 624, 644, 729 Fisher on, 387, 388 - 390, 648 - 649 Foster on, 508 - 509, 517 - 519, 559 - 560, 637 - 639, 653 - 654 JCS on, 890, 891 Khrushchev on, 438 - 439 McCone on, 637 - 639, 653 - 654, 668 - 670 McNamara position, 532, 645, 773 NSC meeting, 411 - 414 Rusk/Kuznetsov conversation, 456 - 457, 555, 628 - 629, 630 - 631 Rusk on, 487 - 488, 550 - 551, 624, 644 - 647 seismic sensing, 487 - 488 UK position, 511, 513, 533, 537 - 538, 541, 559 UN and, 413 - 414 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 13, 235, 254 Gromyko/Kennedy talks, 590 - 591 Gromyko/McCloy meeting, 32 Haworth letter to Long, 399 - 401 IAEA, peaceful uses of nuclear materials, 26 - 27, 607 Inspection Study Group, conclusions, 524 - 527 JCS memos to McNamara, 25, 427, 456 - 457, 890 Kennedy, 401 - 403, 488, 500, 508 - 509, 510 - 513, 517 - 519, 522, 580 - 581, 597 - 598, 623 - 624, 626 - 629, 644 - 647, 648, 708 - 710, 738 - 744 Kennedy/Khrushchev exchanges, 86, 87 - 90, 438, 576, 585 - 586, 623 - 624, 693 - 698 Kennedy/Macmillan exchanges, 414 - 415, 438 - 439, 536, 655 - 656, 660 - 661, 738 - 744, 767 - 768 Kennedy/Macmillan joint letters to Khrushchev, 666 - 667, 677 - 678, 686, 695 - 698, 708 - 710, 714 - 718 Khrushchev on (see also Kennedy/Khrushchev and Kenedy/Macmillan subheadings above), 486, 496 - 497, 597 - 598, 623 - 624, 627, 656, 660, 662, 665 - 667, 670 - 671, 686, 693 - 699, 714 - 718, 773
Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 438 - 439 espionage, inspection as, 486, 695, 715, 719, 729 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 728 - 731, 745, 786, 799 Kohler conversation, 587 - 588, 686 McCloy meeting, 112 Thompson talks, 496 - 499 Kuznetsov on, 628 - 629, 630 - 631 Macmillan on, see Kennedy/Macmillan subheadings above McNamara on, 346, 456 - 457, 501, 532, 645, 773 missiles, 773 - 774 NATO, observation posts, 888 non - aligned countries, 478, 598, 677 - 678 NSC on, 411 - 412 nuclear stockpiles, 387 public opinion, 366, 367, 653 reliability, 31 resumption of testing by US, 58 - 59 Rusk/Dobrynin conversations, 485 - 487, 702 - 704 Rusk on, 487 - 488, 550 - 551, 624, 644 - 647, 888 Seaborg on, 624 - 625, 644 - 647 Stevenson on, 82, 317, 450 - 452 Soviet monitoring of US tests, NIE, 3, 5 UK position (see also Kennedy/ Macmillan subheadings above), 365 - 367, 391 - 393, 399 - 403, 425 - 426, 475, 478 - 480, 492 - 493, 511, 513, 530, 533, 537 - 538, 541, 559, 626 - 627, 632 - 633, 649, 656 UN resolutions, 573, 596
monitored ban, 203 unmonitored ban, 131, 202, 204 unmonitored ban proposals, 131, 202, 204, 471, 478, 555, 565 US/UK joint proposal, 425 - 426, 656 US/UK/USSR exchanges, 632 - 634 Wiesner on, 413 - 414, 500, 580 - 581, 700 - 701, 738n White House staff meetings, 58 - 59, 364, 370, 528 - 529, 532, 644 - 646 zonal, 351, 364, 370, 373, 388 - 390, 456, 497, 525 - 526, 890 Intercontinental ballistic missiles (see also Air - launched intercontinental ballistic missiles), 215, 264
anti - ballistic missiles, 40, 48, 73, 134, 179, 189, 199, 201, 215, 333, 336 - 337, 605, 654, 865 Atlas program, 195, 196, 264, 267, 339, 439, 440, 505 Brown on, 62 - 66, 129 Committee of Principals on, 351, 418 - 419, 603, 604, 774 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 377, 406 - 408 Honest John rocket, 196 Kaysen on, 299, 300, 301 kill mechanisms, testing results, 122 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 774, 859 McCone on, 759 Minuteman missiles, 63, 153, 216, 219, 263 - 264, 270, 274, 505 Nike - Zeus missiles, 40, 64, 65, 108, 122, 129, 153, 216, 269, 300 - 301, 333 nuclear explosions, disablement of missiles/launch sites (see also Hardened sites), 262, 270, 313, 742 outer space, weapons in, 564, 896 - 897 outer space testing, interagency committee (NSAM 156) on ban, 563 Polaris program, 13, 63, 153, 195, 197, 216, 219, 263 - 264, 267, 270, 274, 339, 430 - 431, 439 test firing, 194 - 196, 215 Intermediate - range ballistic missiles, 603 International Atomic Energy Agency, nuclear materials for peaceful purposes, 26 - 27, 607 International Court of Justice, 479 International Disarmament Organization, 318 Irish UN resolution, 26, 203, 451 Israel, 639, 748, 749 Institute for Strategic Studies, 603 Italy, 521, 747
Jackson, Henry M., 154 - 155, 500, 530, 822 Japan, 249 nuclear capabilities, 521, 747 US resumption of testing, 4, 356 Johnson, Chuck, 548n Johnson, Gerald, 223, 310, 706 Johnson, Lyndon B., 56, 92, 153, 154, 156, 287, 329, 336, 362, 523, 531, 644 Johnson, U. Alexis, 202, 776, 845, 877 Johnston Island, 211, 212, 220, 223, 251, 274, 441, 485, 566 - 568, 881, 902 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 19, 623
ACDA treaty proposal, 422 - 424, 426 - 427, 431, 434, 437, 720 - 724 AICBMs, 684, 890 anti-ballistic missiles, 865 atmospheric testing, 55, 183n, 211, 215, 315, 327, 328, 333 - 334, 720 - 721, 802, 865 ballistic missile, test firing, 194 - 196, 215 China, 22 - 23, 427, 689 - 691, 866, 878 - 879, 890 delivery vehicle reductions, 348, 606 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 419, 456 - 457, 529, 879 Fisk Report, 15n, 124, 125 GCD, 889 - 892 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 53 - 55 on Khrushchev, 877 - 880 McCloy on approach to Soviets, JCS response, 53 - 55 McNamara, JCS memos to, 21 - 27, 109 - 110, 426 - 427, 456 - 457, 889 - 892 military personnel reductions, 110, 464, 530 NATO, 21 - 27 neutron bombs, 39 - 40, 41, 61, 107 NIE, 2n, 6 - 7 non - diffusion negotiations, 25 - 26, 571, 619 nuclear materials, 24 - 25
production cutoff, 109 - 110, 145 reductions, 606 orbiting nuclear weapons, 892 outer space testing, 865 Panofsky Panel Report, response, 114, 124 - 127, 135 secret testing, 53 - 55, 684, 720, 754 seismic sensing, 15, 720 - 721 Sino - Soviet bloc, 22 - 25 Stennis Committee, 720, 724, 783, 784n tactical nuclear warfare, 126, 865 - 866 test bans, 679, 683 - 685, 720 - 724, 783, 784n, 802, 830, 865 - 866, 877 - 880
Chinese acceptance of, 689 - 691 inspection issues, 25, 427, 456 - 457, 683 - 685 Panofsky Panel report, 114 testing moratorium: USSR testing during, 51n US voluntary, 38 - 41, 711 testing resumption by US, 684, 898
atmospheric, 183n, 211, 215, 315, 327, 328, 333 - 334 Committee of Principals, 147 Fisk Report, 15n, 124, 125 Kennedy staff meeting, 58 Panofsky Panel Report, 124 - 127, 136 underground, 15n, 38 - 41, 124 - 127 USAF opinion, NIE, 2n, 6 - 7 testing resumption by USSR, intelligence aspects, 168 - 169 US/USSR stockpile transfers to peaceful uses, 351, 365 verification issues, 456 - 457, 683 - 685 Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 12, 159, 500, 530 - 533, 637, 646 Jones, William, 248n
Kadar, Janos, 793, 804 Karpov, Victor, 628 Kaysen, Carl, 266n, 287 - 288, 297, 297 - 303, 306, 310, 339 - 343, 344 - 345, 351, 362, 386n, 452 - 454, 463, 467 - 469, 611, 617n, 656, 738n, 855n
ACDA, GCD treaty proposal, 425, 429, 430, 434 - 436, 437, 724 AICBMs, 299, 300 - 302 atmospheric testing, 287 - 288, 297, 297 - 303, 306, 599, 600, 710 - 712, 734n Khrushchev speech, 763 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 750, 751, 789, 798n, 807, 847, 855n military base reductions, 608 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 763 non - diffusion negotiations, 571n seismic detection, 489 - 491 Stevenson proposals, 458n, 475 USSR/US capabilities compared, 599 - 601, 680 Kazakhstan, 823 Keeny, Spurgeon M., Jr., 141, 142, 310, 362, 468, 469, 504, 725, 726 Kennedy, John F.:
accidental warfare, 80 ACDA treaty proposals, 422, 423, 434 - 436, 437, 507 - 509, 522, 648, 692, 734 - 735 Adenauer, letters exchanged, 777 - 778, 870 - 872, 876n AEC:
meetings, 152 - 153, 154, 155, 156, 362, 528, 645 Operation Dominic, Seaborg letter, 50 reports, 178, 181 - 182, 210 - 214 secret testing, Bundy letter, 8 - 10 American University speech, 709 - 714, 727, 737, 801 atmospheric testing, 93n, 158 - 162, 258, 291 - 295, 297 - 306, 310, 450 - 452, 568 - 569, 575 - 579, 585 - 586, 709 - 714, 727, 737, 801
McNamara letter, 214 - 216 NSC on, 217 - 222, 241 - 248, 439, 440 - 442 Operation Dominic, 549 - 550, 566 - 568 Ormsby Gore conversation, 325 - 326 resumption of, 216, 250 - 251, 282 - 285, 288 - 290, 317 - 322, 328 - 337, 710 - 711 US/UK joint atmospheric test ban proposal, 208 - 209, 223 - 224 White House staff meeting, 326 - 327 Berlin crisis, 130, 131, 138, 187, 274, 275, 279, 754, 763 black boxes, 597 - 598 China, testing, 99, 654n, 735 - 736, 801, 886 Congressional relations, 11 - 12, 92 - 93, 100, 355 - 357 Cuban missile crisis, 592, 753, 754 - 755, 871 de Gaulle, 657, 869, 895 letters exchanged, 836, 847, 851 - 853, 857, 866 - 868 talks, 80, 727 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 401 - 403, 692
Committee of Principals, Foster memos, 507 - 514, 612 - 617 Dean/Foster meeting with, 452 - 454 Dean retirement letter, 625 Fisher paper, 648 Kaysen memo, 339 - 343 NSC meeting, 411 - 414 Rusk/Gromyko conversation, 405 - 406 Seaborg on test ban, 393 - 395 seismic sensing, 597 - 598 US/UK joint proposal, 560 - 562, 568, 656 White House staff meetings, 344 - 345, 362, 369 - 372, 520 - 524, 531 - 533, 644 - 647 Fisk Report, McCloy transmittal to Kennedy, 14 - 17 France, 552 - 553, 827 - 830, 885 - 886, 894 - 895
aid for nuclear weapons development, 836, 881, 886 visit to, 92 US/UK joint proposal, 560 - 561, 656 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 10 - 14, 17 - 18, 91, 93n, 95 - 97, 101, 234 Gromyko:
conversations with, 589 - 592, 894 - 895 Stevenson talks, 19, 28 high - yield bomb development, 706 inspection issues, 364, 370, 401 - 403, 500, 508 - 509, 510 - 513, 517 - 519, 522, 528 - 529, 532, 597 - 598, 623 - 624, 626 - 629, 644 - 647, 648, 655 - 656, 699 - 700, 708 - 710, 738 - 744 Khrushchev:
Congressional briefing on talks, 92 - 93 letters, 438, 576, 585 - 586, 623 - 624, 693 - 698 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 753, 779 - 785, 789 - 790, 797 - 798, 801, 809n, 827 - 831, 835 - 837, 845 - 848, 880 - 881 Macmillan/Kennedy joint letters to, 665 - 667, 674 - 678, 685 - 686, 693 - 699, 708 - 710, 714 - 718 Murrow on, 150 speech in Berlin, 763 talks, 86 - 91, 687 Laos, 206, 673 Macmillan (see also under Khrushchev above):
on de Gaulle, 657, 869 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 797 - 798 letters, 130 - 131, 164n, 137 - 140, 143, 164, 227 - 230, 281, 295 - 297, 304 - 305, 308 - 309, 337 - 339, 414 - 417, 438 - 439, 535 - 537, 565, 582n, 627 - 627, 632 - 633, 655 - 661, 674 - 676, 686, 767,768 Nassau meeting, 630 talks, 272, 276 - 278, 279, 281, 447 - 449, 734 - 735, 738 - 744, 752 - 759 McCloy/Zorin negotiations, 97 - 98 national address, Congressional briefing, 355 - 357 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 763 - 765, 778n, 835 non - diffusion negotiations, 570 - 572, 582n, 618 - 619, 623, 668, 672 - 673, 781 outer space testing, 563 - 565, 568 - 569, 575 - 579, 781 seismic sensing, 489 - 491, 521 - 523, 529, 531, 576 - 577, 579, 580 - 581, 585 - 586, 594 - 595, 597 - 598, 623 - 624, 627, 693 - 698, 700 - 701, 708 - 709, 740 - 742, 753 test ban proposals (see also ACDA treaty proposals; atmospheric testing; outer space testing above and underground testing; underwater testing below), 120, 362 - 365, 393 - 395, 510 - 514, 589 - 592, 654, 628 - 629, 655 - 656
Panofsky Panel report, 114 press coverage, 233 - 234 Soviet aide - memoire, 96 - 97 Stevenson proposal, 403 - 404, 450 - 452, 454, 458 - 459 US/UK ban proposals, 208 - 209, 304 - 305, 414 - 415, 565, 626 - 627, 655 - 661, 674 - 676 testing resumption (see also atmospheric testing; outer space testing; test ban proposals above and underground testing; underwater testing below), 58 - 59, 152 - 157, 470, 635 - 636, 644
Committee of Principals on, 141 - 147 Macmillan/Kennedy letters, 130 - 131, 137 - 140, 143, 164, 227 - 230 Murrow letter, 148 - 149 NSC on, 56 - 57, 69 - 70, 217 - 222 Panofsky Report, 127n, 131 - 134 press coverage, 235 - 236 report on program, 176 - 183 scheduling, 192 - 193 Stevenson letters, 150 - 152, 206 - 207 yield of tests, 161, 644 UK relations (see also Macmillan above; US/UK subheadings above and below):
Christmas Island, 223, 278 - 279, 295 - 297, 521, 527, 537 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 535 - 537, 560 - 562, 568, 656 seismic detection cooperation, 391 - 393 testing resumption, 130 - 131, 137 - 140, 143, 164, 223 - 225, 272 - 281, 295 - 297 underground testing, UK use of US facilities, 225, 477 US/UK test ban proposals, 208 - 209, 304 - 305, 414 - 415, 565, 626 - 627, 655 - 661, 674 - 676 US/UK/USSR summit, proposed, 665 - 667, 674 - 676 UN relations, 52, 138, 150 - 152, 186, 206, 220 - 221, 304 - 305, 524
fallout testing initiative, 170n speeches, 115, 148, 151, 171 - 174, 221 test ban, 204n underground testing, 131, 139, 521 - 522, 569, 576, 644, 676, 880 - 881
research on program, 179, 182 - 183 UK use of US facilities, 225, 477 underwater testing, 568 - 569, 575 - 579 US/USSR capabilities compared, 584 Zorin, exchange of views, 99 - 102 Kennedy, Robert F., 656, 661 - 663, 673 Kent, Sherman, 771 - 772 Khrushchev, Nikita S.:
accidental warfare, 80, 498, 787, 792 agricultural development, 800 atmospheric testing, 111, 159 - 160, 286 - 287 Berlin crisis, 110, 111, 187, 274, 275, 279, 688, 762 - 763, 789 - 790 Chinese relations, 858 - 860 Cousins interview, 687 Cuban missile crisis, 592 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 381, 733, 786, 787, 800, 831
inspection issues, 438 - 439 Kennedy, letters exchanged, 324 - 325, 357 - 358, 568 - 569, 575 - 579 Kennedy/Macmillan joint letter to, 676 - 677, 670 - 671 testing, 414 - 417, 664 US/UK proposals, 561 - 562 Eisenhower letter, 93n France, 88, 112 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 44, 45, 47, 52 - 53, 83 - 84, 91, 112 Germanys, 686, 688, 694, 790, 801 inspection issues, 112, 438 - 439, 486, 496 - 497, 587 - 588, 597 - 598, 623 - 624, 627, 656, 660, 662, 665 - 667, 670 - 671, 686, 693 - 699, 714 - 718, 773
espionage, inspection as, 486, 695, 715, 719, 729 Kennedy exchanges, 86, 87 - 90, 438, 576, 585 - 586, 623 - 624, 695 - 698 Kennedy/Macmillan joint letters, 666 - 667, 677 - 678, 686, 695 - 698, 708 - 710, 714 - 718 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 728 - 731, 745, 786, 799 Kennedy, John F. (see also Kennedy/Macmillan subheadings below), 69 - 70, 78, 79 - 80, 86 - 93, 101, 150, 598 - 599
Laos, 206, 673 letters exchanged, 130, 185 - 187, 205 - 206, 324 - 325, 339, 357 - 358, 568 - 569, 575 - 579, 585 - 586, 592, 623 - 624, 627, 636, 656, 661 - 663, 672 - 673, 693 - 699, 714 - 718, 798 Kennedy/Macmillan joint letters to, 665 - 667, 670 - 678, 685 - 686, 693 - 699, 707 - 710, 714 - 718 Kennedy/Macmillan talks, 274, 279, 280, 448 Kennedy, Robert, 656, 661 - 663, 656, 673 Kohler conversations, 587 - 588, 685 - 686 Laos, 206, 673 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 688, 719, 722, 723, 728 - 735, 750, 856 - 863
Bundy on, 750, 751, 781 - 782, 789, 797 - 798, 809n, 822, 835, 841n, 845, 847 - 848, 855n conventional weapons, 112, 776 - 777 McCloy on, 80, 110 - 114 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact t, 762 - 766, 770 - 771, 781, 816, 835, 839 - 840, 841n non - diffusion controls, 672 - 673, 675, 686, 731 - 732 Khrushchev, Nikita S.--Continued outer space testing, 568 - 569, 575 - 579, 781 Rusk on, 80, 83 - 85, 86, 113 - 114, 486, 687, 707 - 710, 744 - 746, 763, 766, 779 - 784, 791 - 794, 801, 809n, 815 - 816, 821 - 823, 827, 829 - 830, 835, 845 - 850, 853 - 855, 877 - 880 seismic sensing, 84, 576 - 577, 579, 585 - 586, 587 - 588, 623 - 624, 627, 694, 728 - 730, 745 Senate of the US and, 88, 92 - 93, 783, 805, 809, 810 - 811, 821 - 822, 830 - 831, 835, 841, 857, 849, 854, 880, 881, 886 - 887 test ban proposals, 111, 497 - 499, 793n
Chinese position, 657, 659 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 688, 719, 722, 723, 728 - 735, 744 - 746, 759, 777 Macmillan/Kennedy joint letters to, 665 - 667, 670 - 678, 685 - 686, 693 - 699, 714 - 718 speech, 763 - 763 Thompson conversation, 687 testing resumption, 56 - 57, 68, 69 - 70, 155, 286, 414 - 417 underwater testing, 111, 568 - 569, 576, 577 - 578, 585 - 586, 731, 762, 810 Killian, James R., Jr., 646 Kistiakowsky, George S., 657 Kohler, Foy D., 77, 80, 86, 159 - 160, 184, 362, 444, 459, 471, 472, 485, 493, 496, 498, 587 - 588, 672, 676n, 685 - 686, 698, 718, 801, 804, 807, 809, 815, 818, 820, 824, 826, 833, 834, 839, 841, 845, 856, 863 Komer, Robert, 27n, 58, 70 - 71, 141, 171 - 174 Korea, 23, 811, 844, 848n, 878 Kornienko, Georgi M., 444, 459, 485, 541, 556 Kovalev (USSR), 184, 493 Kuznetsov, Valeriy Alekseevich, 550, 553, 554 - 555, 597, 624 - 625, 628 - 632, 644, 730, 750
Laos, 28, 34, 206, 673, 688, 775, 788, 790, 796 Latin America, 285, 451, 593, 781, 888 - 889 Lausche, Frank J., 835 Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, 584 League of Nations, 100 - 101, 381, 382 Legere, Col. Lawrence J., 287, 326 - 327 LeMay, Gen. Curtis E., 69, 74, 419, 420 - 421, 423 - 424, 689 - 691, 723n, 724n, 783, 830, 878, 879 Lemnitzer, Gen. Lyman L.:
ACDA treaty proposal, 426 - 427, 431, 432, 437 ballistic missile, test firing, 194 - 196 Committee of Principals, 347 - 348, 505 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 364, 365, 529 McNamara, JCS memos to, 21 - 27, 426 - 427 missile reduction agreements, 505 nuclear materials production cutoff, 109 - 110 test ban proposals, 310, 362, 898 testing resumption:
Committee of Principals on, 141, 147, 201 NSC meetings, 69, 136, 215n, 333 - 334, 440 Panofsky Panel Report, 124 - 127, 135 US/USSR stockpile transfers to peaceful uses, 351 Less developed countries. See Developing countries. Lilienfeld, Georg von, 778n Limited nuclear warfare. See Tactical nuclear warfare. Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations (Harriman/Hailsham Moscow Mission) (see also Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations subheadings under other subjects), 688, 719, 722, 723, 728 - 735, 737, 744 - 746, 750, 751, 753, 763, 768 - 881
Adenauer on, 777 - 778, 870 - 872, 873 - 876 amendment, voting procedure, 825 Ball on, 797 - 798, 809n, 821, 827 - 831, 835 - 836, 837, 841n, 846, 877 bombers, 859 comprehensive test ban proposals, 688, 719, 722, 723, 728 - 735, 737, 744 - 746, 750, 751, 753, 763, 768 - 772, 779 - 786, 798, 807, 819 - 820, 825 Congressional response, 779, 821, 846 conventional weapons, 776 - 777 Fisher on, 817 - 818, 838, 849n Foster on, 744, 746n, 750, 751, 779, 784, 827, 830, 837, 841n, 845, 877 French position, 784, 791 - 794, 796, 799 - 801, 803, 804, 812, 817, 825, 827 - 832, 842, 843, 851 - 853, 857 - 858, 860, 866 - 869 German Democratic Republic and, 871 - 872, 874 - 875, 885 - 886
NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 791, 793, 801, 805 - 806 test ban treaty adherence, 811, 843 - 844, 848n, 851, 854, 863 - 864 German (FRG) position, 789, 799, 801, 812, 828, 836, 870 - 876 ICBMs, 774, 859 Kaysen on, 750, 751, 789, 798n, 807, 847, 855n Kennedy on, 753, 777 - 778, 779 - 785, 789 - 790, 797 - 798, 801, 809n, 827 - 831, 835 - 837, 845 - 848, 870 - 872, 876n, 880 - 881 Laos, 775, 788, 790 Macmillan on, 751, 776 - 777, 796 - 798, 818n, 827, 828, 830, 832, 847, 855n, 869n NATO multilateral nuclear force, 672 - 673, 732, 735, 745 - 746, 780 - 781, 786 - 787, 790, 797 - 800 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 732 - 733, 735, 746, 763 - 765, 778n, 780, 781, 787 - 788, 791 - 794, 797 - 801, 805 - 807, 809n, 811 - 812, 814, 824, 826, 828, 830, 831 - 834, 835, 839 - 841, 848 non - proliferation controls, 780 - 781, 784, 786 - 787, 807, 731 - 732, 808, 813, 838 NSC instructions, 779 - 788 nuclear free zones, 781, 787 orbiting weapons, 770, 787 peaceful uses of nuclear explosions, 803, 804, 810, 823 - 824 Taylor on, 780, 783 - 784, 830, 878, 880 treaty ratification and deposition, 810 - 811, 827, 838 - 839, 841, 843, 850 - 851, 853, 863 - 864, 869, 876n UK position, 719, 722, 723, 728 - 735, 737, 781 - 782, 796 - 798 UN actions, 831, 836 - 837, 849 underground testing, 779 - 780, 786, 792 unrecognized regimes, 811, 843 - 844, 848n, 851, 853 - 855 , 863 - 864 wartime use v. testing of weapons, 836 - 837, 846, 849, 855, 877, 878 withdrawal provisions, 803 - 804, 809 - 810, 813 - 818, 821, 824 Lippmann, Walter, 624, 790 Long, Franklin, 366, 399 - 401, 476 - 478, 516, 529, 551n, 726, 734, 744, 757 Loper, Gen. Herbert, 15, 125 Los Alamos Laboratories, 584 Lovett, Robert A., 530, 531, 532 Luedecke, Gen. A.R., 223 Lumumba, Patrice, 29
Macmillan, Harold (see also Kennedy/Macmillan; Macmillan; UK subheadings under other subjects):
atmospheric testing, 160, 208 - 210, 223 - 224, 258, 289, 304 - 305, 560 - 562, 565 Cuban missile crisis, 753, 754 - 755 de Gaulle, 657, 869 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 529
Kennedy, letters exchanged, 414 - 417, 535 - 537, 655 - 661, 663 - 665 Khrushchev, Kennedy joint letter to, 665 - 667, 670 - 671 US/UK joint proposals, 560 - 562, 656 Eisenhower, Camp David declaration, 370 French testing, 828, 847, 869n Geneva test discontinuance talks, Kennedy and, 52 - 53, 130, 138, 140, 274, 278, 289 inspection issues, 438 - 439, 530, 626 - 627, 655 - 656, 665 - 667, 670 - 671, 708 - 710, 738 - 744
Kennedy exchanges, 414 - 415, 438 - 439, 655 - 656, 660 - 661, 738 - 744, 767 - 768 Khrushchev, Kennedy joint letters to, 666 - 667, 677 - 678, 708 - 710 Kennedy:
Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 797 - 798 letters, 130 - 131, 164n, 137 - 140, 143, 164, 227 - 230, 281, 295 - 297, 304 - 305, 308 - 309, 337 - 339, 414 - 417, 438 - 439, 535 - 537, 565, 582n, 627 - 627, 632 - 633, 655 - 661, 674 - 676, 686, 767,768 talks, 272, 275, 276 - 278, 279, 281, 447 - 449, 734 - 735, 738 - 744, 752 - 759 Khrushchev:
Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 751, 776 - 777, 789, 796 - 798, 818n, 827, 828, 830, 832, 847, 855n, 869n Kennedy/Macmillan letters on, 52 - 53, 138, 308 - 309, 414 - 417, 626 - 627, 656, 659, 660, 663 - 665, 670 - 671, 674 - 676 Kennedy/Macmillan joint letters to, 665 - 667, 674 - 676, 685 - 686, 707 - 710 Kennedy/Macmillan talks, 448 letter to, 425 - 426 Nassau talks, 630 non - diffusion negotiations, Kennedy and, 582n, 656, 660, 752 - 755 outer space testing, 565 seismic sensing, letter to Kennedy, 391 - 393 test ban proposals, 655 - 658
Kennedy letters exchanged, 414 - 417, 535 - 537, 565, 655 - 661 Kennedy/Macmillan joint letters to Khrushchev, 665 - 667, 674 - 676, 685 - 686, 707 - 710 Kennedy talks, 447 - 449, 752 - 758 Rusk visit to UK, 471 - 472 testing resumption, 56 - 57, 115, 114, 329, 330
Christmas Island tests, 227 - 230, 236, 274, 278 - 279, 281, 295 - 297, 316, 356, 441, 527, 537 Kennedy announcement, 356 Kennedy letters, 130 - 131, 164n, 137 - 140, 143, 164, 227 - 230, 281, 295 - 297, 304 - 305, 337 - 339, 414 - 417, 438 - 439 Kennedy talks, 272 - 281, 447 - 449 Johnston Island tests, 567 - 568 public opinion, 236 Rusk telegram, 165 - 166 underground testing, 131, 139, 279, 755 - 753 US facilities used for testing, 225, 477 US/UK/USSR exchanges, 632 - 633
Makins, Sir Roger, 212 Malinovsky, Marshal Rodion Y., 859 Mansfield, Michael J., 92, 154, 356 Marder, Murray, 12 Marengo, Louis C., 431, 609, 776 McCloy, John J., 19, 97 - 98, 152n, 530
atmospheric/undersea testing, 94n, 158 - 160 Berlin crisis, 110, 111 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 528, 531, 532, 553, 613 Fisk Report, transmittal to Kennedy, 14 - 17 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 10 - 13, 41 - 47, 53 - 55, 56 - 57, 67 - 68, 95 - 97, 101 Gromyko meeting, 32 - 34 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 835 Kennedy adviser, letter designating, 7 - 8 Khrushchev/Kennedy talks, 80 Khrushchev meeting, 110 - 114, 135 nuclear materials production cutoff, 109 - 110 Nuclear Test Delegation, Gullion memo, 20 Rusk memo, 113 - 114 secret testing proposal, 9 seismic sensing, 45, 46 - 47, 53 - 55, 531 Soviet aide - memoire, 96 test ban negotiations, after Geneva test discontinuance talks, 67 - 68, 94n, 158 - 160 test moratorium, 39, 45 - 46 test resumption, 43 - 47, 53 - 55, 56, 58, 59, 68, 69, 70, 76 - 78, 116 - 124, 129, 132, 135, 137, 141, 144n, 145 - 148, 152n, 155 - 158, 330 US/USSR bilateral negotiations, 105, 174 - 176 USSR defense budget analysis, 104 Zorin, meetings with, 37 - 38, 61, 105, 174 - 176 McCone, John, 161 - 162, 287, 328, 329, 336, 356, 370, 413, 470, 499n, 502, 512, 523, 531 - 533, 599 - 601, 637 - 639, 644 - 646, 649 - 650, 653 - 654, 668 - 670, 679 - 681, 721, 736, 759 - 760, 898
Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 773 - 776, 773 - 775, 821 - 823, 831, 835, 864 - 864 high - yield bomb development, 706 McCormack, John W., 92, 356 McGhee, George C., 80, 194n, 351, 362, 767n, 848, 870 McGill, Ralph, 287 McMahon Act. See Atomic Energy Act of 1946. McNamara, Robert S.:
ACDA treaty proposal, 426 - 427, 462 - 467, 679, 681 - 682 Adenauer meeting, 870 - 872 AICBMs, 117, 118 atmospheric testing, 183n, 197 - 200, 201, 214 - 216, 252, 315, 329, 332 - 333, 439, 504 - 505, 566 - 567 ballistic missile, test firing, 195n Berlin crisis, 652, 775, 871 Committee of Principals, 73 - 74, 77 - 78, 141, 145, 148, 197 - 200, 346 - 351, 417, 419 - 421, 462 - 467, 501, 502, 505 - 507, 512, 601 - 611, 679 - 682, 719 - 725, 773 - 774 conventional forces reductions, 466 - 468, 506 - 507, 773 Cuban missile crisis, 601 - 602 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 363 - 364, 406 - 411, 520, 531, 532, 604 - 605, 645, 773, 889 - 892 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 67 - 68, 74 - 78, 121, 124 JCS memos to, 21 - 27, 109 - 110, 426 - 427, 456 - 457, 889 - 892 low - yield tests, 736 - 738 McCloy, letter to, 109 - 110, 129 military base reductions, 610 military personnel reductions, 530 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 763 neutron bomb, 220 non - diffusion negotiations, 570n, 582n nuclear materials production cutoff, 109 - 110, 144 - 145 satellite detection of tests, 884 secret testing by USSR, 734 seismic sensing of tests, 501, 514 - 516, 531 Hard Hat shot, 121 - 122, 123 test ban proposals, 73 - 74, 144 - 145, 197 - 200, 291 - 295, 310, 362, 372, 501, 502, 504 - 505, 644, 654, 679 - 682, 719 - 725, 759 - 760, 898
Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 750, 781, 783, 784, 821 - 822 inspection techniques, 346, 456 - 457, 501 post - Geneva test discontinuance talks, 67 - 68, 74 - 78 unmonitored, 204 testing resumption, 60 - 66, 73 - 74, 77 - 78, 119, 121 - 122 s, 141, 145, 148, 183n, 197 - 200, 201, 214 - 216, 252, 315, 329, 332 - 333, 439, 470, 504 - 505, 566 - 567, 599 - 601, 898
Bundy memo, 162 Kennedy meetings, 153 - 154, 155, 156, 287 McCloy, letter to, 116 - 124 NSC on, 56, 69, 217, 332 - 333 Panofsky Panel Report, response, 125 underground testing, 504 McNaughton, John T., 291 - 295, 362, 437, 468, 757, 817 - 818, 849n, 855, 904 Media (see also Radio; Television):
atmospheric testing by Soviets, 736 - 738 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 816 New York Herald Tribune, 234 New York Times, 12, 164n, 259, 488 People's Daily, 573 Washington Post, 12 test resumption by US, announcement, 120 - 121 Medium - range ballistic missiles (see also Multilateral force; Polaris missiles; Skybolt), 263, 408, 418 - 419, 431, 604 Mendelevich, Lev Isaakovich, 628 Menon, Krishna, 72 Menshikov, Mikhail Alekseevich, 86 Mercury program, 567 Mexico, 28, 412 Middle East (see also specific countries), 4, 705, 748 Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich, 895n Military bases, reduction, 461 - 464, 506, 509, 607 - 608, 610, 614 - 615 Military personnel:
ACDA treaty proposal, 427, 464 - 467, 506 - 507 atmospheric test ban and Soviet force levels, 299 Berlin, 652, 775, 871 China, 464 Dobrynin/Rusk/Home meeting, 888 - 889 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 341 - 342, 370, 377 - 378, 388, 530 European troop movements, monitoring, 869 Germanys, 799, 812 JCS on reduction of US forces, 110, 464, 530 Khrushchev/McCloy meeting, 112 Sino - Soviet Bloc v, US allies, 133 tactical nuclear weapons training, 802 Minuteman program, 63, 153, 216, 219, 263 - 264, 270, 274, 299, 300, 301, 505 Missiles (see also Anti - ballistic missiles; Cuban missile crisis; Intercontinental ballistic missiles; Medium-range ballistic missiles; Multilateral nuclear force; Nike - Zeus missiles; Polaris program):
AEC certification, 63 atmospheric effects, 178, 315 Chinese development, 771 - 772, 858 - 860 cluster warheads, 62 Committee of Principals on, 143 - 144, 198, 345 - 351, 418 - 422, 602 - 614, 774 disarmament via reduction of, 309, 340, 342, 364, 377, 505, 602 - 614
ACDA plan, 345 - 351, 406 - 411, 430 - 432, 434 - 436, 465, 603 - 604, 772 - 776 Fisher on, 386 - 387, 604 Harriman/Hailsham/Khrushchev talks, 733 prototypes, 505 - 506 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 340, 342, 377, 386 - 388, 406 - 411 inspection issues, 773 - 774 McCloy/Khrushchev meeting, 112 production cutoffs, 387 - 388, 430 - 432, 434 - 437, 465 - 466, 509, 733, 772 - 776 research by US, Brown report, 62 - 66 survivability (see also Hardened sites), 265, 313, 742 tactical, see Tactical nuclear warfare USSR, 61 - 62, 774 Monitoring. See Detection technology; Inspection issues; Seismic sensing of nuclear explosions; Verification issues. Morgan, Thomas E., 92 Multilateral nuclear force (NATO), 521, 543, 546, 570 - 571, 618, 640 - 644, 647 - 648, 699, 704, 705, 735
French position, 621 - 622, 648, 652 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 732, 735, 745 - 746, 780 - 781, 786 - 787, 790, 797 - 800 Kennedy letter to Khrushchev, 672 - 673 Nassau Agreements, 630, 648 Murray, Thomas, 45 Murrell, D., 685 Murrow, Edward R., 56, 70, 76, 149 - 150, 153, 154, 159 - 160, 221, 330, 421, 468, 502, 511, 530, 531, 847 - 848 Myrdal, Alva, 530
Nassau Agreements, 630, 648 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 387, 567 National Intelligence Estimates (see also Special National Intelligence Estimates), 192, 454
NIE 4 - 61, 1 - 7 NIE 4 - 2 - 61, 35 - 38 NIE 4 - 3 - 61, 582 NIE 4 - 3 - 63, 747 - 749 NIE 11 - 2 - 63, 760 - 762 National Security Action Memoranda (NSAM):
69, 136n 87, 162 - 163, 176 112, 227n, 241 116, 252 - 253 156, 563 174, 514n 168, 548 192, 564 205, 600 - 601 210, 634 - 635, 898 239, 692 250, 736 - 738 269, 898 - 899 National Security Council:
actions:
2408, 43n 2419, 56 2426, 69 2437, 137n 2440, 222 - 223 2450, 440 - 441 2456, 567 AICBMs, 217 - 218, 246 atmospheric testing, 136, 217 - 222, 226 - 227, 239, 241 - 248, 252 - 253, 328 - 337, 439 - 442 Committee on Atmospheric Testing, 227n, 241 - 248, 250 - 251, 288 - 289 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 411 - 414 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 56 - 57 inspection issues, 411 - 412 meetings, 217 - 222, 411 - 414
482d, May 2, 1961, 56 - 57 484th, May 9, 1961, 69 - 70 490th, Aug. 8, 1961, 134 - 137 492d, Nov. 2, 1961, 217 - 222 497th, Aug. 8, 1961, 331 - 337 Mar. 28, 1962, 411 - 414 499th, April 18, 1962, 439 - 442 504th, Sept. 6, 1962, 567 Jan. 22, 1963, 635 - 636 515th, Jul. 9, 1963, 779 - 785 non - aligned countries, UN negotiations, 413 - 414 NSAM 156 Committee, 563 - 565 outer space, 563 - 564 Scoville Committee, 600 - 601 test bans, 56 - 57, 411 - 414, 563 - 564 testing resumption, 56 - 57, 60 - 65, 114, 134 - 137, 154, 209 - 210, 217 - 222, 226, 239, 412 USSR negotiations, McCloy memo, 42 - 47, 53 - 55, 779 - 785 Working Group on Underground Nuclear Tests, 634 - 635, 636 - 637 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 546, 732 - 733, 735, 746, 762 - 766, 770 - 771, 781, 880
Adenauer on, 763 - 765, 778n Ball on, 763, 841n French position, 763, 791 - 794, 827 - 832, 852, 867, 868 German position, 763 - 765, 778n, 796, 801, 828, 831 - 832 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 732 - 733, 735, 746, 763, 780, 781, 787 - 788, 791 - 794, 797 - 801, 805 - 807, 809n, 811 - 812, 814, 824, 826, 828, 830, 831 - 834, 835, 839 - 841, 848 Kennedy on, 763 - 765, 778n, 835 Rusk on, 762 - 766, 770 - 771 Naval forces, NATO. See Multilateral nuclear force; Polaris program; Submarines. Nehru, Jawaharlal, 285 Neidle, Alan F., 483 Neutral countries. See Non - aligned countries Neutron bombs:
Brownon, 65, 129 Foster on, 644 JCS memo on, 39 - 40, 61, 107 Kennedy/Macmillan talks, briefing, 742 - 743 NSC on, 136, 220, 222 test moratorium, JCS on US voluntary, 39 - 40, 41 US/UK bilateral cooperation, 477 USSR interest, 61, 107 - 108 Wiesner on, 129, 136, 521 Nevada tests, 192, 207n, 212 - 213, 219, 392, 470, 636, 698, 738
atmospheric, 220, 222, 245, 252, 259, 260, 263, 313, 321, 440, 441, 442, 470 Dobrynin/Rusk conversation, 485 US/UK cooperation, 225, 477 Newman, Joseph, 234 New York Herald Tribune, 234 New York Times, 12, 164n, 259, 488 Niblick program, 882 Nigeria, 454 Nike - Zeus missiles, 40, 64, 65, 108, 122, 129, 153, 216, 269, 300 - 301, 333 Nitze, Paul H.:
Committee of Principals, 201, 348 - 349, 468, 504, 507, 521, 604, 607, 610, 722 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 371, 504, 507, 521, 604, 644 - 646 GCD, Gromyko opinion, 85 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 11 German nuclear capabilities, 521 Gromyko/Stevenson talks, Rusk on, 19 orbiting nuclear weapons, 892 test ban proposals, 240, 310, 362, 504, 644, 722, 725 testing resumption, 56, 201 Non - aligned countries (see also Eight - Nation Delegation; specific countries):
atmospheric test ban, 159 Belgrade Conference, Murrow on, 149 - 150, 163, 168 Committee of Principals, 421, 504, 511 GCD, technical briefing by US experts, 551n Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 412, 413, 421, 453, 504, 511, 530, 665 inspection, on - site, 478, 598, 677 - 678 Kennedy/Macmillan exchanges, 140, 675, 676 - 678 Kennedy/Khrushchev exchanges, 87, 592 NIE on US resumption of testing, 4 - 5 non - proliferation controls, 705 Stevenson and, 28, 80, 82, 248 - 249 Swedish UN test ban resolution, 231 - 233, 451 UK relations, 475, 480 UN relations, 413 - 414, 475, 480 Non - dissemination/non - proliferation controls (see also Nuclear free zones):
ACDA, 570n, 571 Adenauer on, 571, 582 Ball on, 623, 673n Berlin crisis and, 454, 652 Bundy on, 619n, 632, 781 Canada, 640, 643 China, 451, 544, 545, 571, 573 - 574, 583, 602, 618 - 619, 621 - 622, 639, 651, 668, 704, 732, 748 - 749, 752 - 753, 866
Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 732, 735, 771 - 772, 783, 784, 789, 790, 796, 800, 801, 803, 808 Cline memo to Foster, 582 - 583 Committee of Principals on, 508, 513 - 514 cost factors, 521, 582 - 583, 747 - 749 de Gaulle on, 571, 582 Dobrynin/Rusk conversations, 541 - 547, 556 - 557, 620 - 621, 640 - 641, 647 - 648, 704 - 705, 781, 786 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 453 - 454, 508, 513 - 514, 519, 535 Fisher on, 570n Fisk Report, 16 Foster on, 570n, 582 - 583, 668 Franco - German Treaty, 640 - 641, 658 French position, 33, 544, 571, 582 - 583, 593, 620, 621 - 622, 630, 632, 639, 648, 650 - 652, 660, 668, 745, 747, 748,, 745, 792, 794 German (FRG) position, 413, 451, 454, 496, 503n, 544 - 547, 570 - 571, 602, 618, 621, 622, 632, 641, 642 - 643, 651 - 652, 660, 675, 686, 746 Germanys, agreement on, 413, 451, 496, 503n, 544 - 547, 570 - 571, 602, 618, 621 Gilpatric on, 570n Gromyko/Rusk exchanges, 33, 496, 503n, 542 - 544, 557 - 559, 602, 660, 672 Home on, 570, 621 - 622, 675, 755 Irish UN resolution, 26, 203, 451 JCS on, 25 - 26, 571, 619 Kaysen on, 571n Kennedy, 570 - 572, 582n, 618 - 619, 623, 668, 781 Kennedy/Khrushchev letter, 672 - 673 Kennedy/Macmillan exchanges, 582n, 652n, 656, 660, 752 - 755 Khrushchev, 672 - 673, 675, 686, 731 - 732 Kuznetsov/Rusk conversation, 630 - 631 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 731 - 732, 780 - 781, 784, 786 - 787, 807, 808, 813, 838 McNamara on, 570n, 582n Middle East, 705, 748 NATO, 620 - 622,
multilateral nuclear force, 521, 543, 546, 570 - 571, 618, 621 - 622, 640 - 644, 647 - 648, 652, 672 - 673, 699, 704, 705, 732, 735, 745 - 746, 780 - 781, 786 - 787, 790, 797 - 800 NIE on likelihood of proliferation, 747 - 749 non - aligned countries, general, 705 Rusk on, 570 - 572, 602, 618 - 619, 623, 630 - 631, 651, 673n, 675, 780 - 781, 869 Rusk/Dobrynin exchanges, 541 - 547, 556 - 557, 620 - 621, 632, 640 - 644, 647 - 648, 704 - 705, 781 Rusk/Gromyko exchanges, 33, 496, 503n, 542 - 544, 557 - 559, 602, 651, 660, 672 Stevenson on, 451 Swedish UN test ban resolution, 232 - 233, 451 Ten - Nation Group, expansion, 28 Thompson on, 673n UK position, 570 - 572, 618, 620 - 622, 630, 632, 648, 675, 755 UN actions, 25 - 26, 232 - 233, 451, 545, 547, 557, 602, 651n Warsaw Pact, 546, 732 - 733, 735, 746 North American Air Defense Command, 643 North Atlantic Council, 232, 423, 793 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (see also Multilateral nuclear force (NATO); NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact; North Atlantic Council):
base reductions, 464 Committee of Principals, 146 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 340 - 341, 343, 364, 378, 388, 413 France, 33, 621 - 622, 648, 652, 763, 827 - 832, 868 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 311 Germany, 34, 641, 746, 763 - 765, 778n, 796, 801, 828, 831 - 832, 905 Gromyko, 33, 805 - 806, 809n, 814, 826, 832, 833 - 834, 840, 887 - 888 inspection issues, 888 JCS, 21 - 27 Kennedy/Khrushchev letters, 578, 672 - 673, 695, 715 McNamara, JCS memo to, 21 - 27 non - dissemination controls, 620 - 622
multilateral nuclear force, 521, 543, 546, 570 - 571, 618, 621 - 622, 640 - 644, 647 - 648, 652, 672 - 673, 699, 704, 705, 732, 735, 745 - 746, 780 - 781, 786 - 787, 790, 797 - 800 nuclear stockpiles, 343 Rusk on, 735, 780 - 781, 816, 869, 887 - 888 Stevenson/Zorin talks, 248 - 249 Swedish UN test ban resolution, 231 - 233 test resumption, 146 UK position, 648, 697 USSR defense budget analysis, 104 Warsaw Pact (see NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact), 775, 781
Northrup, Doyle, 500, 531 Norton (DOD), 531 Norway, 232 Nuclear explosions, peaceful uses (See also Seismic research), 719
Gromyko/McCloy meeting, 33 Kennedy, report on program, 177 Kennedy/Khrushchev meeting, 79 - 80 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 803, 804, 810, 823 - 824 NIE on, 2n, 748 NSC on, 56 Plowshare program, 159, 178, 183, 191, 699, 680 - 681, 682 - 683, 724 - 726, 877 - 878 US/USSR materials transfers to peaceful uses, 351, 370, 388, 606 - 607, 614, 770, 787 Nuclear free zones, 379, 451, 573n, 593, 781, 787, 888 - 889 Nuclear materials, weapons grade:
Committee of Principals on, 143, 144, 606 - 609 cost factors:
production cutoffs, 31, 32, 465 - 466, 607 weight - to - yield ratios, 48, 107, 116 - 117, 123, 219 - 220, 243, 245, 246 - 247, 251, 263 - 265, 274, 314, 684, 741 - 742, 756 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 341, 370, 388 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 318 Gromyko/McCloy meeting, 33 neutron bombs, 65, 129, 136 test moratorium, US voluntary, 39 - 40, 41 USSR interest, 61, 107 - 108 Panel on Cutoff, report, 30 - 31 Panofsky Panel Report, JCS response, 125 - 126 production cutoff agreements, 30 - 31, 32, 109 - 110, 144 - 145, 349, 369, 370, 388, 606 - 609, 615, 770, 861 - 862 reductions, 606 UN, Kennedy speech, 173 US/USSR materials transfers to peaceful uses, 351, 370, 388, 606 - 607, 614, 733, 770, 787 USSR, 48, 61, 116 - 117, 761 - 762, 775 yield - to - weight ratios, 48, 107, 116 - 117, 123, 219 - 220, 243, 245, 246 - 247, 251, 263 - 265, 271, 274, 314, 644, 684, 741 - 742, 756 Nuclear stockpiles (see also Parity concept; Proportionality concept), 30 - 31, 155, 264, 270 - 271, 314
Committee of Principals on, 145, 346 - 347, 349, 351, 605, 606, 774 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 342, 343, 369 - 370, 377 inspection of, 387 Kennedy/Khrushchev talks, 88 Kennedy/Macmillan joint letter to Khrushchev, response to, 693 - 694 NATO, 343 Panofsky Panel Report, 125 - 126 UN, Kennedy speech, 173 US/USSR stockpile transfers to peaceful uses, 351, 370, 388, 606 - 607, 614, 770, 787 USSR, 125, 168 - 169, 693 - 694, 761 verification of reductions, 606 Nuclear Test Ban Agreement. See Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee; Geneva Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapon Tests. Nuclear weapons testing. See Atmospheric testing; Comprehensive test bans; Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee; General and comprehensive disarmament; Geneva Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapon Tests; Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations; Outer space testing; Secret testing; Seismic Underground testing; Underwater testing. Operation Dominic, 441 - 442, 470n, 549 - 550, 566 - 568 Operation Ivanhoe, 210n Operation Nougat, 210n, 470n Operation Storax, 470n, 636 - 637 Orange shot, 40 Orbiting weapons. See Earth orbit. Ormsby Gore, David, 52, 115, 130, 138, 140, 224, 274, 281, 296, 308, 309, 325 - 326, 337 - 338, 441 - 442, 447, 449, 597, 656, 757
Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 352 - 355, 360, 365 - 368, 372, 415 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 52, 115, 130, 138, 140 non - diffusion negotiations, 570 Outer Mongolia, 848n Outer space (see also Earth orbit; Outer space testing; Satellites), 563, 564, 896 - 897 Outer space testing, 182, 197n, 219, 257, 470, 507, 563 - 565
AEC, 470 Atomic Energy Detection System, 638, 883 - 884 China, 320 Committee of Principals on, 75, 500, 507, 509 Defense Department on, 564 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 500, 507, 509, 560 - 562, 563 - 565, 568 - 569, 576, 577 - 578, 585 - 586, 810 Fisk Report, 15 - 16 interagency committee (NSAM 156) on ban, 563 - 565 JCS position, 865 Kennedy on, 563 - 565, 568 - 569, 575 - 579, 781 Outer space testing--Continued Kennedy/Khrushchev letters, 568 - 569, 575 - 579 Khrushchev, 731, 762, 777, 781, 786, 799, 800, 803, 807, 819 - 823 large yield tests, 188 McNamara on, 123 NIE on, 1 - 2, 5 - 6, 49 - 50 radiation flux in space, 39, 41, 587 UN, 563, 572 - 575, 596 underground testing and, 756
Pacific Ocean (See also Christmas Island; Johnston Island), 212, 321, 470, 865
Dominic I atmospheric tests, 441 - 442, 549 - 550, 566 - 568 Eniwetok Proving Grounds, 182, 191, 206 - 207, 211, 212, 220, 245 French testing, 842 Padilla Nervo, Luis, 484, 555 Pakistan, 249 Panama Canal, 823, 878 Panel on Nuclear Testing. See Panofsky Panel Report. Panel on the Technical Capabilities and Implications of the Geneva System. See Fisk Panel Report. Panofsky, Wolfgang, 136 Panofsky Panel Report, 106 - 109, 114, 269
atmospheric testing, Defense Department report, 188, 189 Ball memo, 131 - 132 Brown, letter to Wiesner, 128 - 129 JCS response, 114, 124 - 127, 135 Maxwell memo, 133 - 134 NSC memo, 134 - 137 Taylor on, 16, 127n, 133 - 134, 136, 168 underground tests, 106 - 109, 114, 124 - 127, 128 - 129 Parity concept, 342 - 343, 346 - 347, 349, 605 Parker, Adm. Edward N., 346, 363 Parrott, Thomas, 209 - 210 Pastore, John, 356, 822, 880 Peaceful uses. See Nuclear explosions, peaceful uses; Seismic research. Pelen, Pierre, 791 Penny, Sir William, 272 - 273, 275, 278, 391n, 576 Perkins Panel, 30 - 31 Pershing program, 216 Photographic intelligence, 773 U - 2 incident, 274 - 275, 279, 497 Plowshare program, 159, 178, 183, 191, 699, 680 - 681, 682 - 683, 724 - 726, 877 - 878 Plutonium, tritium, and uranium. See Nuclear materials. Poland, 32 - 34, 553 Polaris program, 13, 63, 153, 195, 197, 216, 219, 263 - 264, 267, 270, 274, 299, 300, 301, 339, 430 - 431, 439 Popper, David H., 200 Price, Benjamin M., 492 Price, Charles M., 356 Press. See Media. Press, Frank, 490 - 491 Proliferation controls. See Non - dissemination/non - proliferation controls. Proof testing. See Reliability of nuclear weapons. Proportionality concept, 342 - 343, 348, 349, 364 - 365, 606 Public opinion (see also Media):
atmospheric testing, 442 Berlin crisis, 131 Communist propaganda:
disarmament policies, 35 - 36, 257 - 258 resumption of testing by US, 2, 59, 138 - 139 Soviet testing during moratorium, 49 GCD, intelligence on, 773 inspection issues, 366, 367, 653 outer space testing, 564 test bans, 233 - 234, 309, 502, 679 - 680, 753, 809, 821 - 822, 847 testing resumption by US, 82, 132, 191, 259, 283 - 285, 288 - 289, 320 - 321, 422, 440, 450, 495
Committee of Principals on, 76, 144 Defense Department report, 190, 191, 334 Eniwetok Proving Grounds, 207 Kennedy, Congressional briefings, 93, 355 - 357 McNamara on, 118 - 119 Murrow on, 149 - 150, 153, 154 Nevada Test Site, 220 Public opinion--Continued NIE, 1 - 4, 5 Panofsky Panel Report, 126 - 127 public opinion, 236 Vela tests, 487, 501 testing resumption by USSR:
McCloy on, 158 Murrow on, 149 - 150, 153, 154 NIE on, 167 - 168 Pugwash Committee, 576 - 577, 623 - 624, 657
Radar, nuclear weapons effects on (see also Blackout), 178, 261 - 262, 269 - 270 Radiation effects on health (see also Neutron bombs):
atmospheric testing, 124, 126 - 127, 160, 183, 190, 226, 245, 282 - 283, 320 - 321, 439, 736 ballistic missile, test firing, 196 Canadian position, 4, 37, 93, 200, 203 Committee of Principals on, 141 - 142 Communist propaganda, 2 genetic, 182 Kennedy, report on testing program, 181 - 182, 183 Kennedy/Macmillan and, 131, 742 - 743, 756 Kohler, instructions on Soviet approach, 587n lethal effects testing, 117, 181 McCone memo, 669 Panofsky Panel Report, 126 - 127 public fears, 3 - 4, 126 - 127 Sahara Desert, French tests, 856 - 857 Stevenson letter to Kennedy, 404 underground testing, 75, 183, 213, 825 underwater testing, 124 UN fallout testing initiative, 170 - 171 X - ray/other kill mechanisms, 122 Radio, 178, 179 - 180, 355 - 357 Ramsbotham, Mason, 472 Rand Corp., 584 Rapacki Plan, 34 Rathjens, George, 581n, 776 Reactors, USSR capacity, 762 Read, Benjamin H., 809n, 837n, 845 Reliability of nuclear weapons, 15n, 69, 117, 177 Research and development. See Atmospheric testing; Comprehensive test bans; Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee; General and comprehensive disarmament; Geneva Conference on the Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapon Tests; Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations; Neutron bombs; Outer space testing; Seismic research; Underground testing; Underwater testing. Reserve forces, 432 Retaliatory capability, nuclear warfare, 107
Brown paper to NSC, 62 hardened sites, 121 - 122, 123, 180 - 181, 190, 219, 243, 313, 333, 802 JCS on, 802 Maxwell on, 133 - 134 Panel on Cutoff Report, 31 Reuters, 487 Riddell, Maj. Gen. (UK), 380 Riley, Adm. Herbert D., 327 Robb, M. A. M., 447, 449 Romney, Carl, 514 - 516, 531, 551n Roosevelt, Franklin D., 84 - 85, 285, 789 Rostow, Walt W., 95, 350, 421 Ruina, Jack, 514 Rusk, Dean:
ACDA, GCD treaty proposal, 422, 423, 428 - 433, 436 - 437, 500 - 506, 603, 679 - 682, 904 - 905 Acheson, conversation, 102 - 103 Adenauer and, 872, 873 - 876 atmospheric and/or undersea testing, 93 - 94, 158 - 160, 202, 208n, 215n, 238, 239, 252, 319 - 322, 323, 324n, 325 - 326, 328 - 329, 331 - 332, 334, 335 - 336, 440, 510, 532, 710 - 714 Berlin crisis, 444, 459 - 460, 485, 775 Chinese nuclear capability, 194, 793 Committee of Principals, 71 - 78, 197 - 204, 237n, 345 - 351, 417, 461 - 468, 499 - 500, 502 - 504, 506, 510 - 513, 601 - 611, 679 - 680, 719 - 726, 773 - 775 Cuban missile crisis, 601 - 602 Dean, Kennedy letter, 17 - 18 Dobrynin conversations, 444 - 446, 541 - 547, 556 - 557, 620 - 621, 640 - 641, 647 - 648, 702 - 705, 781, 786, 793 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 378 - 379, 534 - 537
Committee of Principals on, 499 - 500, 502 - 504, 506, 510 - 513 Dobrynin, conversations with, 444 - 446, 647, 889 Gromyko exchanges, 381, 384 - 385, 405 - 406, 493 - 495, 573 inspection, 487 - 488, 550 - 551, 624, 644 - 647 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact,763, 765 - 766, 778n NSC meeting on, 411 - 414 outer space, weapons in, 896 - 897 test ban, 362, 364, 372, 373 - 374, 376 - 378, 383, 405 - 406, 657 - 658, 863 - 864 UK position, 492 - 493, 535 - 539 UN, 573, 896 - 897 US/UK talks, 492 - 493 US/UK/USSR exchange, 382 - 383 US/USSR talks, 493 - 495 White House staff meetings, 362, 364, 372, 521, 528, 530, 644 - 647 GCD, 422, 423, 428 - 433, 436 - 437, 499 - 507, 510 - 514, 541n, 603, 679 - 682, 904 - 905 Gromyko exchanges, 33, 83 - 85, 184 - 185, 381, 384 - 385, 405 - 406, 493 - 496, 502, 503n, 542 - 544, 557 - 559, 572 - 575, 602, 651, 660, 672, 887 - 889 Khrushchev, 80, 83 - 85, 86, 113 - 114, 486, 687
Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 744 - 746, 766, 779 - 784, 791 - 794, 801, 809n, 815 - 816, 821 - 823, 827, 829 - 830, 835, 845 - 850, 853 - 855 Kennedy/Macmillan joint letter to, 707 - 710 NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 781, 816, 835, 839 - 840, 841n speech, 763 low - yield tests, 736 - 738 military troop movements in Europe, monitoring, 869 NATO:
inspection issues, 888 multilateral nuclear force, 735, 780 - 781
NATO/Warsaw Pact non - aggression pact, 781, 816, 839 - 840, 841n, 869, 887 - 888 non - diffusion agreements, 602, 673n, 675, 869
Dobrynin exchanges, 541 - 547, 556 - 557, 620 - 621, 632, 640 - 641, 642 - 644, 647 - 648, 704 - 705, 781 French position, 651 Gromyko exchanges, 33, 496, 503n, 542 - 544, 557 - 559, 602, 651, 660, 672 Kennedy, memo to, 570 - 572, 618 - 619, 623 Limited Test Ban Treaty negotiations, 780 - 781 Kuznetsov conversation, 630 - 631 Nuclear Test Delegation, memo from Gullion, 20 - 21 outer space testing, 563, 887, 896 - 897 Plowshare program, 724 - 726, 878 secret testing, 9, 521 test ban proposals, 95, 199 - 200, 235 - 239, 311, 362, 589, 644, 898
Adenauer on, 872, 873 - 876 atmospheric and/or undersea, 93 - 94, 158 - 160, 238, 252, 510, 532, 710 - 714 Committee of Principals, 71 - 78, 197 - 204, 237n, 499 - 507, 510 - 514, 679 - 682, 719 - 725 Dobrynin conversations, 443 - 446, 485 - 487, 702 - 704 Kennedy/Macmillan talks, 447 - 448, 449, 752 - 758 outer space testing, 887, 896 - 897 Stevenson, 248 - 250, 450n, 454, 458n UN, 572 - 575 US/UK atmospheric testing ban proposal, 208n, 239 testing resumption, 58, 140, 152n, 153, 163, 164n, 165 - 166, 224, 272, 281, 287, 319 - 322, 898
atmospheric, 215n, 202, 208n, 239, 319 - 322, 323, 324n, 325 - 326, 328 - 329, 331 - 332, 334, 335 - 336, 440, 471 - 472, 476 Committee of Principals on, 141, 142, 145 - 146, 148, 197 - 204 fallout testing initiative, 170 - 171 Kennedy/Macmillan exchanges on, 140, 272, 276, 281, 447 - 448, 449 NSC on, 56, 217n, 328 - 329, 331 - 332, 334, 335 - 336, 440 UN position, 170 - 171, 202 UK relations (see also Kennedy/Macmillan and US/UK subheadings above and below), 170 - 171, 202, 362 - 362, 471 - 472, 476 - 484 UN actions:
outer space, weapons in, 896 - 897 testing resumption, 170 - 171, 202 US/UK atmospheric testing ban proposal, 208n, 239 visit to UK, 471 - 474 Russell (UK), 380 Russell, Richard, 92, 154, 220, 222, 356, 530, 532, 822, 881 - 885
Safety of nuclear weapons:
ballistic missile, test firing, 196 Fisk Report, JCS opinion, 15n Kennedy, research report, 178, 181 - 182 underground testing, 213 - 214 Sahara Desert, French testing in, 694, 698, 709, 842, 856 - 857 Salinger, Pierre, 164n, 447, 449, 528 Saltonstall, Leverett, 92, 356 Samuel, Ian, 380, 471, 472 Sands, Matthew L., 551 SANE, 150 Satellites (see also Earth orbit):
atmospheric/outer space testing, monitoring, 563, 884 UN concerns on decaying orbits, 452 weapons testing detection, 903 Schirra, Wally, 567 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 115, 362
atmospheric testing, 259, 282 - 285, 286n, 287, 288 - 290 Stevenson proposals, 458n, 475 Schroeder, Gerhard, 763, 764 - 765, 778n, 848, 863 Scoville, Herbert Jr., 58, 74, 159, 198, 201, 217 - 218, 237, 238, 241, 310, 599, 723n Scoville Committee, 600 - 601 Seaborg, Glenn T., 197n, 287 AEC secret testing, 8 - 10 Seaborg, Glenn T.--Continued
anti - ballistic missiles, 201, 336 - 337 atmospheric testing, 158 - 162, 193 199, 210 - 214, 218 - 219, 226, 241 - 248, 250 - 253, 272, 276 - 277, 278, 310, 328, 334, 439 - 441, 505, 549 - 550, 566 - 568, 599 - 601, 736 - 738 Committee of Principals, 77, 141, 143, 144n, 148, 198, 199, 200, 238, 240 - 241, 351n, 436 - 438, 468, 501, 511, 608, 681 - 683, 774 Eighteen - Nation Disarmament Committee, 468, 501, 511, 644 - 647 Geneva test discontinuance talks, 10 - 14, 199 inspection issues, 624 - 625, 644 - 647 Kennedy/Macmillan talks, 272, 276 - 277, 279 Kennedy national address, briefing on, 355 - 357 monitoring of tests, 363 outer space tests, 470 Panofsky Report, 135 Plowshare program, 680, 725 - 726 test ban proposals, 204, 240 - 241, 362, 393 - 395, 644 - 647, 680, 880 - 881 test yield, 161 underground testing, 218 - 219, 279, 512, 635, 644
radiation releases, 183n scheduling, 162, 192 - 193 seismic detection, 501 US/USSR capabilities compared, 599 - 601 USSR testing, 152 - 157 Second strike capability (see also Retaliatory capability), 302 Secret testing (see also Detection technology; Seismic sensing of nuclear explos
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