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Chapter 4. International Cooperation in Space, 1969-1972

-228. Memorandum from Secretary Rogers to President Nixon, Washington, March 14, 1969  [ PDF version   ] 

As requested, Rogers sent the President a staff study entitled, "New Initiatives in Space Cooperation."

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1967-69, SP 1-1. Limited Official
Use. No drafting information information appears on the memorandum. Cleared in draft by Hillenbrand, EA/J, and J/PM, and in information by DePalma. Copies were sent to DuBridge and Burns. Nixon's February 21 request asked Rogers to review recommendations proposed by the President's Task Force on Space, chaired by Dr. Charles H. Townes. (Ibid.)

Paine provided a status report on NASA's plans to increase international space cooperation in a post-Apollo program.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 392, Subject Files, Space Programs, Foreign Cooperation. No classification marking. Also printed as Document I-14 in John M. Logsdon with Dwayne A. Day and Roger D. Launius (eds.), Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program, Vol. II, External Relations (Washington, D.C.: NASA History Office, 1996). On February 12 Paine sent the President a letter summarizing European space programs in conjunction with Nixon's forthcoming trip to Europe and suggested positions the President might take during the trip on European and cooperative space activities, ibid., Document I-13.

President Nixon specified the creation of an ad hoc group on international space cooperation with friendly countries and the Soviet Union.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, NSC Institutional Files (H-Files), Box H-162, NSSM Files, NSSM 72. Confidential. Copies were sent to Laird and Flanigan.

Record of conversation among NASA officials and the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs Kissinger on NASA Administrator Paine's upcoming trip to Europe.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 249, Agency Files, NASA Vol. I. No classification marking. In an October 8 briefing memorandum to Kissinger, Behr informed him that NSC clearance of foreign travel by astronauts "is a sore spot. You could clear the air by a few kind words." (Ibid.)

Behr provided Kissinger with a report on U.S. Government activities on multinational participation in future space flights and discussed the activities of the interagency group.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 392, Subject Files, Space Programs. Sent for action. No classification marking. Attached but not published were Tabs A and B. On December 15 Kissinger wrote the following note on the first page: "Why can't I get a coherent report for everything over a 5-year period. There was a Borman report earlier. State will just turn it into a negotiating exercise."

Kissinger passed on a personal suggestion, received from an ambassador, that NASA should implement President Nixon's "all-mankind" theme by including representatives of various races in the space program.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 249, Agency Files, NASA Vol. I. No classification marking.

Kissinger summarized the highlights of NASA Administrator Paine's European trip to promote international space cooperation in post-Apollo programs.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 249, Agency Files, NASA Vol. I. No classification marking. A notation on the memorandum indicates the President saw it. Nixon wrote on the first page: "Good report." Kissinger wrote: "Tell Paine in a note from me." In a January 12, 1970, memorandum to Paine, Kissinger stated that the President had reviewed Paine's letter of November 7 and "he endorses your approach and is pleased with results you have reported so far. (Ibid.) Attached but not published was Tab A. It is printed as Document I-15 in Exploring the Unknown, Vol. II, External Relations. For a report of Paine's trip to Australia and Japan, see ibid., Document I-16.

Kissinger summarized NASA Administrator Paine's report on his trip to Canada and other developments in international space cooperation.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 249, and Agency Files, NASA Vol. I. Confidential. Sent for information. Nixon wrote on the end of the second page: "Particularly follow up on program we could announce soon for Germ, Japan, British, French astros to participate in '75 or whatever is earliest feasible year. This is a must." Attached but not published was Tab A.

Kissinger offered a summary of the NSC Under Secretaries' paper on international space cooperation with the Soviet Union.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 392, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1970. Confidential. Sent for action. Tabs A-D were attached but not published. Tab A is a draft of Document 238. Nixon initialed his approval of the draft NSDM.

President Nixon directed that cooperation with the Soviet Union in space should be pursued, but that a direct approach to Soviet Premier Kosygin should not be undertaken.

National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, NSC Institutional Files, (H-Files), Box H-217, NSDM Files, NSDM 70. Confidential. Copies were sent to Shultz and Flanigan.

President Nixon authorized the establishment of an ad hoc interagency group to create a program of exchange technical data between the United States and the international space community, with an initial concentration on Europe.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 392, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1970. Confidential. Copies were sent to David, Shultz, and Flanigan.

Paine suggested that Keldysh discuss common docking equipment for Soviet and U.S. spacecraft during Keldysh's planned trip to Washington in 1971.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Subject Files, Box 392, Space Programs, 1970. No classification marking. Paine's July 31 letter to Keldysh, is printed in Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Unknown, Vol. II, External Relations, Document I-44.

Behr reported on Chairman of the European Space Conference Lefevre's meeting with Department of State officials to discuss European participation in the U.S. post-Apollo space program.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 392, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1970. Limited Official Use. Sent for information. Tab A was attached but not published.

Pollack informed Rogers that President of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union Keldysh had invited U.S. specialists to visit Moscow to begin a dialogue on compatible docking equipment.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 1-1 US-USSR. Secret. Drafted by Webber. Copies were sent to J, EUR, and PM. Tabs A and B were attached but not published. Tab C is Document 237. On September 25 Low sent Keldysh a letter accepting an invitation to come to Moscow and suggesting topics for discussion (Text in telegram 158937 to Moscow, September 26; National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 1-1 US-USSR)

In response to a request from Lefevre, Johnson spelled out the U.S. position on specific space-related questions, including the availability of U.S. launch services, decision-making, post-Apollo cooperation, and access to information and facilities.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. No classification marking.

Behr explained that the United States could guarantee satellite launch services to the Europeans if European participation in the post-Apollo program was substantial, the launch was for peaceful purposes, and it was consistent with the terms of the Intelsat agreement.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 392, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1970. For Official Use Only. Sent for information. A copy was sent to Sonnenfeldt. Tab A is Document 240. Tab C is Document 242. Tab B was attached but not published.

Behr reported that a team of NASA experts was traveling to Moscow to discuss common docking possibilities. He suggested that the United States should keep scientific cooperation with the Soviet Union insulated from current political circumstances.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 392, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1970. Official Use Only. Sent for action. In Tab A, an attached October 22 memorandum to Flanigan, Kissinger stated: "While I, too, am sensitive to the character of our present relations with the Russians, I believe that international scientific cooperation is an area where we can operate effectively in furtherance of long-term objectives." Attached but not published was Tab B, an October 7 memorandum from Flanigan to Kissinger.. Tab C is Document 237. For Tab D, see Document 236.

Kissinger reported on the positive results of the U.S.-Soviet technical meeting on compatible docking equipment.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 392, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1970. No classification marking. Sent for information. Attached but not published at Tab A was an October 25 letter from Low to Kissinger. Nixon placed an exclamation point next to the second paragraph.

Intelligence note entitled, "European Space Conference Splits on Post-Apollo Cooperation."

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Limited Official Use; No Foreign Dissem. Drafted by Herbert Spielman (INR/Science Affairs).

Johnson argued that European participation in the post-Apollo program (if it were to happen) would reduce the U.S. budget requirements by $1 billion, generate U.S. cooperation in other scientific and technical projects, and strengthen NATO.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. No classification marking. Drafted by Robert Packard.

Guhin and Sonnenfeldt provided briefing materials for Kissinger in advance of a meeting with acting NASA Administrator Low, who had planned a trip to the Soviet Union.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 249, Agency Files, NASA Vol. II. Confidential. Sent for information. Kissinger met with Low from 3:20 to 4:05 p.m. on January 12. (Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box 438, Miscellany, 1968-1976, Record of Schedule) No other record of that conversation has been found. Tab A is Document 237. An account of the NASA mission to Moscow, October 26-28, 1970, is printed in, Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Universe, Vol. II, External Relations, Document I-45.

Embassy Brussels reported ESC Chairman Lefevre's concerns about the European response to potential participation in the post-Apollo program as evidenced by their recent discussions in Brussels. Ambassador Eisenhower asked that background on these concerns be passed to Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Johnson on a confidential basis.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Confidential; Exdis.

The Embassy transmitted the text of a letter from ESC Chairman Lefevre explaining the official European positions on participation in a post-Apollo space program.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Limited Official Use. Repeated to Rome, Bonn, Bern, Copenhagen, The Hague, London, Madrid, Oslo, Ottawa, Paris, Stockholm, Tokyo, Canberra, and the U.S. Mission Geneva. Pass to NASA.

Johnson responded to Charyk's concerns about the provision of launch facilities for the Europeans.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Limited Official Use. Johnson sent this letter to Charyk under cover of a January 23 memorandum in which he stated: "I have used the language which you passed to my office yesterday, although I have made slight revisions in the wording in the interests of continuity. I think, however, that this language preserves the substance of your suggestion, with which I am in full accord." Attached but not published was a copy of circular airgram CA-5237, October 9, 1970.

Summary of the results of a meeting between officials from NASA and the Soviet Academy of Sciences.

Source: National Archive, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 1-1 US-USSR. Confidential. Copies were sent to E, IO, P, H, J, EUR/SOV, EUR/SES, EUR, L/SCI, INR/DRF, S/PC, and E/TT. Attached but not published were Tabs A-C.

The telegram contains a copy of a letter from Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Johnson to ESC Chairman Lefevre asking the Europeans to prepare responses to specific U.S. questions about the Europeans proposed involvement in the post-Apollo program.

Source: National Archive, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Immediate; Limited Official Use. Drafted by Baker and Webber on February 3; cleared by S, Intelsat, EUR, E, OTP, L, in substance by Behr and EUR/FBX, and in information by Frutkin; and approved by U. Alexis Johnson.

Behr informed Kissinger of an upcoming meeting with a European Space Conference delegation under ESC Chairman LeFevre and reviewed the contentious issues that would be raised during the discussions.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 393, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1971. Limited Official Use. Sent for information. Initialed by Haig.

A transcript of an NSC senior staff meeting that includes a discussion of the upcoming discussions on the post-Apollo program with the Europeans.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1272, Saunders Chronology, NSC Operations Staff Meetings. Secret.

Behr informed Kissinger of the outcome of the talks with ESC Chairman Lefevre in Washington on cooperation in the post-Apollo program. Also included are a 12-page overview of the issues with policy discussion points and a 2-page summary of European reactions.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 393, Subject File, Space Programs, 1971. Limited Official Use. Sent for action. A copy was sent to Sonnenfeldt. An extensive report of the meeting with the Europeans is in telegram 30947 to Bern et. al., February 24. (Ibid., RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US)

Behr pointed out to Kissinger the difficulties of carrying on political negotiations on European participation in a post-Apollo program of space cooperation when that program had been neither defined nor fully approved within the U.S. Government.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 393, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1971. Limited Official Use. Sent for action. Kissinger wrote the following note on the first page: "OK-Put on agenda with David. Should see him soon." The note was dated March 18. Attached at Tab A but not published was a copy of telegram 774 from Brussels, March 6.

Prior to another round of talks, David communicated to Kissinger his concerns about negative factors of space cooperation with the Europeans.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 393, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1971. Sensitive; Eyes Only. A copy was sent to Flanigan.

Rogers highlighted the political issue of European insistence on assurances for launching of their regional telecommunications satellites if they gave up their own launcher program. Rogers asked Nixon if the basic Department of State position to engage the Europeans in the U.S. program was in accordance with his views.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Confidential. No drafting information appears on the letter. In a March 18 memorandum to Pollack, Rein objected to a draft of this memorandum on the grounds that it did not adequately frame the issues for the President. "The real question," Rein stated, "is the extent to which the President is willing to permit our negotiating position in any 'series negotiations' on launch guarantees to threaten conflict with out Intelsat obligations or endanger the economic viability of the Intelsat system." (Ibid.)

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 393, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1971. Confidential. Sent for information. Tab A is Document 259.

Extract of a memorandum of a discussion between the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs Kissinger and the President's Science Adviser David on post-Apollo program cooperation with the Europeans.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 270, Agency Files, OST, Vol. III. Secret. No drafting information appears on the memorandum.

Behr described Rogers' March 23 memorandum to the President and explained the nature of Secretary of State Rogers' nervousness over the on-going negotiations with the European Space Conference. Behr also suggested that Kissinger provide guidance to Rogers.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 393, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1971. Confidential. Sent for action. A copy was sent to Sonnefeldt. Tab B is Document 259. Tab C was attached but not published. For the guidance as sent to Rogers, see Document 270. There is no indication that Kissinger saw the memorandum. A notation on the front page of the memorandum reads: "OBE"

Minutes of Kissinger's meeting with officials from NASA, OST, NSC, and other White House staff on post-Apollo space cooperation with the Europeans.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 393, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1971. Confidential. Behr prepared talking points for Kissinger for this meeting. (Ibid.)

Pollack provided Johnson with talking points for an upcoming White House meeting on the post-Apollo program.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Limited Official Use. Drafted by Pollack and cleared with James D. Phillips (EUR/RPE). Attached but not published was a compilation of Presidential public views on European cooperation.

Assessing U.S.-USSR space cooperation in the historical context, the Embassy concluded that the Soviets were after specific technical information and were not interested in genuine cooperation.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Confidential. Drafted by William N. Harben, scientific officer at the Embassy on May 20, cleared by DCM Boris H. Klossen, and approved by Lewis W. Bowden of the Economic section.

Pollack's assessment of NASA memoranda, prepared at Kissinger's request, on Technology Transfers in the Post-Apollo Program and Alternatives to Post-Apollo European Participation.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Confidential. Tab A, "Introduction to NSA Presentation" and Tab C, "Alternatives to Post-Apollo Participation" were attached but not published. Pollack suggested that Johnson read the "Conclusions" printed on page 7 of Tab B. Page 7 of the attached Tab B is published. According to a handwritten notation on a subsequent June 5 briefing memorandum Pollack sent to Johnson (Document 267), the meeting scheduled for June 7 was postponed until August 9.

Pollack provided a report on the status of the post-Apollo program negotiations in advance of a Johnson meeting with Kissinger.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Confidential. Tab A is Document 259. Tab B is attached but not published. Tab C is Document 264. Tab D was attached but not published. The NASA report of June 2, dated June 1, Tab E, is summarized and extracted in Document 266.

David indicated that he was opposed to European participation in the development of a space transportation system and favored separating the issue of launch facilities from that of space cooperation.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 393, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1971. No classification marking. The summary of the NSA paper was attached but not published.

Guhin provided briefing materials for Kissinger on a meeting with key U.S. officials to agree on guidelines for further discussions with the Europeans on post-Apollo space cooperation.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 393, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1971. Confidential. Sent for action. A copy was sent to Sonnenfeldt. An informal account, prepared by Low, of the meeting that took place at 11:30 a.m. on August 9 is printed in Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Universe, Vol. II, External Relations, Document I-21. Also attached but not published were talking points for Kissinger.

Kissinger informed Rogers that the President confirmed his support for international space cooperation in general and especially with the Europeans, but concluded that there was an insufficient basis for a final decision on Europe's participation in the Space Transportation System.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Confidential.

Meeting participants discussed the European reactions to Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Johnson's September 1 letter to Chairman Lefevre concerning the post-Apollo program.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Limited Official Use. Drafted by Packard and cleared by Pollack and Edward L. Peck, Johnson's Special Assistant. Johnson's letter is Document 271.

Meeting participants discussed the European reactions to Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Johnson's September 1 letter to Chairman Lefevre concerning the post-Apollo program.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Limited Official Use. Drafted by Packard and cleared by Pollack and Edward L. Peck, Johnson's Special Assistant. Johnson's letter is Document 271.

The Department reminded Kissinger of the potential foreign policy benefits of a joint space docking agreement with the Soviet Union.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 1-1 US-USSR. Secret. Drafted by Curtis W. Kamman (EUR/SOV). James Carson signed for Eliot. A copy was sent to Fletcher. A report of the NASA Delegation to Moscow, November 5, is printed in Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Universe, Vol. II, External Relations, Document I-45.

Fletcher reported on his conversation with President Nixon concerning the space shuttle and the foreign policy benefits vs. the cost of international cooperation.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. No classification marking. Fletcher and Low met with the President and the President's Assistant for Domestic Affairs Ehrlichman at the Western White House in San Clemente, California on January 5, from 10:01 to 10:35 a.m. (Ibid., Nixon Presidential Materials, White House Central Files, President's Daily Diary) On November 29 Nixon sent Flanigan a memorandum asking: "Is there still no feasible way to get multi-national participation in some of our future space flights?" Nixon stated he knew there were technical problems, but it was "a pet idea of mine and I would like to press it." The full text of the conversation is in Document I-23, Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Universe, Vol. II, External Relations.

Rogers provided the President with an update on the status of negotiations with the Europeans on both the post-Apollo program and the proposed European communication satellite system.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 EUR. No classification marking. Drafted by Robert T. Webber (SCI/SAM), and Frank J. Haendler (EUR/RPE); concurred in by Abraham Katz (EUR/RPE) and Frutkin. Also printed as Document I-26 in Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Universe, Vol. II, External Relations. Johnson's September 1, 1971, letter to Lefevre is Document 269. Attached but not published were Lefevre's December 23, 1971, letter to Johnson and the January 11, 1972, NASA Report on Technical Discussions with the European Space Conference.

Pollack alerted Rogers that cooperation with the Europeans in the post-Apollo program was endangered because the White House staff was skeptical that European participation in the development of hardware for the space shuttle and other elements was desirable.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Confidential. Drafted by Pollack. Copies were sent to U. Alexis Johnson, Samuels, and Hillenbrand. In a separate March 17 memorandum to Flanigan, March 17, the Executive Secretary of NASA, outlined in detail the NASA position on European participation. Printed in Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Universe, Vol. II, External Relations, as Document I-25.

The Department informed Kissinger of its requirements for US-USSR technical discussions to ensure that a viable agreement on a joint space docking mission would be ready by the May 1972 summit.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 1-1, US-USSR. Secret. Drafted by O. E. Anderson (NASA); concurred in by Jack Matlock, Director of the Office of Soviet Union Affairs and Richard T.Davies; and cleared in draft by Webber (SCI/SAM). Parker Borg signed for Eliot. A typewritten notation on the memorandum reads: "Memo from Gen. Haig to Mr. Eliot received 4/3/72." A report of the NASA delegation to Moscow, April 4-6, is printed in Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Universe, Vol. II, External Relations, Document I-46. Attached but not published were the draft principles. On April 3 Haig sent a memorandum to Eliot, approving Low's statement in Moscow of draft principles for a possible U.S.-Soviet space docking mission, but with the understanding that it would not commit the United States to such a mission. (Ibid.)

Rogers called President Nixon's attention to the negative attitudes developing within the U.S. Government toward European participation in the post-Apollo program, and the need for prompt U.S. decisions.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Limited Official Use. Drafted by Pollard and Packard.

David commented on points made by Rogers in his April 29 memorandum to the President. He suggested that the U.S. Government could accept the Europeans if their role was limited to RAM and Sortie payload modules; eaving open the possibility of participation in the Space Tug would only create "false hopes."

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 393, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1972. No classification marking. Rogers' memorandum is Document 279.

The Embassy transmitted the agreed draft text of a US-USSR agreement on space, scheduled for signature on May 24.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 1-1 US-USSR. Confidential; Immediate, Exdis. The May 17 memorandum from Kissinger to Nixon, recommending that the President sign such a statement during the Moscow summit is printed in Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Universe, Vol. II, External Relations, Document I-47. The agreement is printed in Department of State Bulletin, June 26, 1972, pp. 924-925.

Kissinger transmitted President Nixon's decisions on the extent of European participation in the post-Apollo program.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Confidential; Noforn. The text of Fletcher's May 5 memorandum is printed in Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Universe, Vol. II, External Relations, Document I-27. Rogers' memorandum is Document 279. In transmitting these two memoranda to Kissinger, John B. Walsh of the NSC staff disagreed with David's recommendation that discussions concerning European participation in Shuttle tasks should be terminated on the basis of cost and management complications. Walsh thought the tasks were simple and represented minimal fulfillment of implied U.S. commitments. (Ibid., Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 393, Subject Files, Space Programs, 1972)

Pollack reported that President Nixon's response on European cooperation in the post-Apollo program met the Department's "essential" request and had provided guidance for a meeting with European Space Conference representatives in June.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Confidential. Drafted by Pollack and Packard and concurred in by Katz. Tab A is Document 282 and Tab B is Document 279.

Stoessel reported that the Europeans had been unable to reach a decision on cooperation in the post-Apollo program.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Limited Official Use. Drafted by Alexander T. Liebowitz (EUR/RPE), cleared with Webber and in EUR. The statement is published in the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, Vol. 8, p. 1508. Attached but not published is telegram 182573.

Pollack reported that the impasse between the Germans and the French had been broken, and an agreement within the European Space Conference on participation in the post-Apollo program was a real possibility.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. Unclassified. Drafted by Pollack. Copies were sent to U. Alexis Johnson and Stoessel.

Lefevre announced that the Europeans had agreed to develop the space shuttle's sortie within a common European framework.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, SP 10 US. No classification marking. A notation on the letter indicates that Lefevre signed the original.