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Horn of Africa

-77. Telegram 45 From the Embassy in Ethiopia to the Department of State, January 2, 1973, 1533Z [ PDF version   ] 

Ambassador Ross Adair provided his views on the impact of the possible closing of the U.S. military facility at Kagnew Station in Asmara, Ethiopia.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, DEF 19-1 US-ETH. Secret; Immediate; Stadis; Exdis; Noforn. Repeated to Asmara.

Chargé d'Affaires Parker W. Wyman reported on the implications for U.S. policy of the Somali threat to Ethiopia. He recommended immediate U.S. assistance to Ethiopia.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, ETH-SOMALIA. Secret; Priority. Repeated to Bonn, London, Mogadiscio, Moscow, Nairobi, Paris, Rome, Tel Aviv, USCINCEUR, and Asmara. The Airgram was sent from the Embassy as A-13 on January 24. (Ibid., RG 84, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, POL-DCM, MAP Level 1973)

Three embassy political officers dissented from the analysis in Document 78 and recommended against additional U.S. military assistance for Ethiopia.

Source: National Archives, RG 84, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, POL-DCM, MAP Level 1973. Secret. Drafted by Bazil Brown, Daniel Waterman, and Edward Marcott on February 6. Cleared by DCM Parker W. Wyman.

An interagency response to Document 78 found general agreement with its analysis, but concluded that the Somali threat was not imminent and that the United States should not be the keeper of the peace in the Horn of Africa.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, POL ETH-US. Secret. Repeated to Bonn, London, Mogadiscio, Moscow, Nairobi, Paris, Rome, Tel Aviv, Asmara, and USCINCEUR. Drafted by Melone; cleared by AF/E, EUR/SOV, PM/ISO, DOD/ISA, AF/RA, and PM/MAS; approved by Newsom.

Ambassador Adair reported that Prime Minister Teshafi Aklilu Abte-Wold made an insistent plea for U.S. military support and a request for a meeting between Emperor Haile Selassie and President Nixon.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, POL ETH-US. Secret; Priority. Repeated to Asmara and Mogadiscio.

A preliminary interagency response to Embassy requests discouraged both an Ethiopian delegation visit to Washington and an official visit by the Emperor, but offered to pursue a business meeting for the Emperor with President Nixon.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, POL ETH-US. Secret. Repeated to Addis Ababa, Mogadiscio, Nairobi, Asmara, and USCINCEUR. Drafted by Melone on March 2; cleared by S/CPR, AF/RA, White House, PM/MAS, OSD/ISA, S/S, and AF/E; approved by Newsom.

Assistant Secretary Newsom and Ethiopian Ambassador Kifle Wodajo discussed the status of the Emperor's request for a meeting with President Nixon and limitations on U.S. military assistance for Ethiopia.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, POL 13 ETH. Confidential. Drafted by Melone; cleared by Newsom.

Rondon summarized recent developments in the Horn of Africa and recommended that Kissinger approve an attached NSSM to review U.S. interests and policy options. Kissinger approved the NSSM.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Institutional Files (H-Files), Box H-200, NSSM 184. Secret. Sent for action. Cleared by Kennedy, Saunders, and Hyland. Kissinger initialed his approval. On the first page, Kissinger wrote: "Brent-Send out the NSSM in usual way-Pres. is too preoccupied now. I would like to review Kagnew decision." An attached handwritten note from Scowcroft to Kennedy reads: "NSSM is approved for State/DOD coordination and issue. Note HAK wants to review the Kagnew decision. Why not crank that into the NSSM-if it could become an issue?" Tab I, Suggested memorandum for the President, with proposed NSSM request for approval, is not published.

Clement informed Rush that budgetary constraints compelled the Defense Department to phase out Kagnew Station earlier than previously projected.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, NSC Institutional Files (H-Files), Box H-200, NSSM 184. Secret.

Newsom expressed reservations about the early closing of Kagnew Station because of its negative impact on U.S.-Ethiopian relations, and suggested phasing out withdrawal over a longer period of time.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, DEF 15-10 ETH-US. Secret. Drafted by Melone and Newsom on April 27; cleared by AF/E and AF/RS. Copies were sent to P, T, and PM.

Nixon and Haile Selassie discussed the threat to Ethiopia and the prospect for U.S. assistance.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1027, Presidential/HAK Memcons, April-November 1973. Secret; Nodis. The meeting took place in the Oval Office of the White House. In a separate meeting later that day, Acting Secretary of State Kenneth Rush informed the Emperor that the future of Kagnew Station was under review, although this reflected no change in U.S. relations with Ethiopia. (Memorandum of Conversation, May 15; ibid., RG 59, Central Files, 1970-73, POL 7 ETH)

Kissinger notified the Departments of State and Defense and the CIA that President Nixon had directed a review of U.S. interests and policy options in the Horn of Africa. The directive was prompted by the continued U.S. presence at Kagnew Station and prospective problems over the succession to Haile Selassie.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, NSC Institutional Files (H-Files), Box H-200, NSSM 184. Secret. A Copy was sent to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. NSSM 115, issued January 25, 1971, also concerned the Horn of Africa, but did not result in a NSDM. NSSM 115 is published in Foreign Relations Documents on Africa, 1969-1972. (Document 309)

Assistant Secretary Newsom and Somali Ambassador Addou discussed the Somali-Ethiopian conflict and a desire for better U.S.-Somali relations.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970-73, POL 32-1 ETH-SOMALI. Confidential. Drafted in AF/E by Bruce Rogers; cleared by AF/E and Newsom.

Prepared in response to NSSM 184, the paper presented an in-depth analysis of the Horn of Africa with policy options for the U.S.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, NSC Institutional Files (H-Files), Box H-200, NSSM 184. Secret. NSSM 184 is published as Document 89. The Annexes are not published.

The Senior Review Group met to discuss the NSSM 184 study and to consider the future of Kagnew Station and military assistance to Ethiopia.

Source: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box CL 305, National Security Council, Committees and Panels, Senior Review Group, March-July 1973. Secret. The meeting took place in the White House Situation Room. Walters' briefing was not attached. The second draft of the follow-up study requested from the meeting is located in the National Archives, RG 59, AF/E Files: Lot 78 D 155, NSSM 184.

The NSDM directed the Departments of State and Defense to review U.S. military assistance to Ethiopia, ensuring that it was at or above the level requested for FY 1974, and directed the Department of State to inform Haile Selassie of U.S. intentions regarding Kagnew Station.

Source: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box CL 305, National Security Council, Committees and Panels, Senior Review Group, March-July 1973. Secret. Copies were sent to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Director of Central Intelligence.

The Department instructed Ambassador Adair to inform Haile Selassie of the U.S. intention to withdraw most activity from Kagnew Station by the end of FY 1974, and provided guidance regarding the decision.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 736, Country Files, Africa, Ethiopia, Vol. II. Secret; Exdis. Also sent to Asmara and London. Repeated to CINCEUR, NAVCOMMSTA Asmara, CINCUSNAVEUR, CINCPAC Honolulu, and CINCPACFLT. Drafted by LTC. William Step (DOD/ISA) and Coote; cleared by AF/E, EUR/NE, PM/ISO, PM/PA, AF/RA, PM/ISP, S/S, and Kissinger; approved by Ross (AF).

Chargé d'Affaires Wyman reported on the reaction of Haile Selassie to the news conveyed by Wyman as instructed in telegram 181336 (Document 94).

Source: National Archives, RG 84, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, Kagnew. Secret; Immediate; Limdis. Repeated Immediate to London and Asmara and to CINCEUR, NACCOMMSTA, CINCUSNAVEUR, CINCPAC Honolulu, and CINCPACFLT. Drafted and approved by Wyman.

Secretary of State Kissinger and his staff discussed the planned visit of Haile Selassie to Moscow and options for a U.S. response.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1973-1977, Entry 5177, Box 10, Secretary's Staff Meetings. Secret. Newsom's Briefing Memorandum to Kissinger, October 19, included INR's assessment of Ethiopia and Somalia. (Ibid., Central Files1970-73, POL ETH-US)

Ambassador Adair reported that Assistant Secretary of State Newsom did not inform Haile Selassie of Kissinger's recommendation to the President that the United States provide Sidewinders to Ethiopia. Adair, with Newsom's concurrence, urged that the recommendation go forward.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 736, Country Files, Africa, Ethiopia Vol. II. Secret. Also sent to USCINCEUR. Newsom sent Kissinger an Action Memorandum recommending a Presidential Determination to extend credits to Ethiopia for the purpose of providing Sidewinders on November 20. (Ibid., Central Files, 1970-73, POL ETH-US)

Assistant Secretary of State Newsom reported on meetings with the Ethiopian Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, who repeated concerns about security and inadequate U.S. assistance. Newsom proposed six possible U.S. actions in response.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 736, Country Files, Africa, Ethiopia, Vol. II. Secret. Repeated to Mogadiscio.

Assistant Secretary of State Newsom discussed the sale of Sidewinder missiles to Ethiopia and suggested providing other weapons systems that did not require Congressional notification.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1973-1977, Entry 5177, Box 5, Secretary's Staff Meetings. Secret.

The Intelligence Note analyzed Ethiopia's search for arms suppliers in a period of Soviet support to Somalia and uncertain prospects for U.S. military aid.

Source: Department of State, INR/IL Historical Files, Box 14, Ethiopia 1974-79. Secret; No Foreign Dissem. Drafted by Reid, cleared by Summ, and released by Mark.

Horan and Kennedy informed Kissinger of the need to make an urgent decision about Haile Selassie's May 1973 request for military assistance.

Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 736, Country Files, Africa, Ethiopia Vol. II. Secret. Sent for information. A handwritten notation next to the word "Information" reads: "Urgent." A handwritten note, dated February 23, on White House notepaper under the initials RCM was attached to the document and reads: "Mtg w/Sec for clrnc. Scowcroft has seen and been briefed as to Horan concurrence." Tab A, telegram 1859 from Addis Ababa, February 19, is not published.

INR provided initial intelligence on the mutinies within the Ethiopian armed forces and its implications both for the Government of Ethiopia and for U.S.-Ethiopian relations.

Source: Department of State, INR/IL Historical Files, Box 14, Ethiopia 1974-79. Secret; No Foreign Dissem; Controlled Dissem; No Dissem abroad. Drafted by Reid.

Assistant Secretary Easum and Secretary of State Kissinger discussed the change of Government in Ethiopia and options for U.S. military assistance.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1973-1977, Entry 5177, Box 2, Secretary's Staff Meetings. Secret.

The Departments of State and Defense concurred in instructing the Embassy to discuss the U.S. military assistance program with the new Ethiopian Government.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy Files, 1974. Confidential; Priority. Repeated Priority to USCINCEUR. Drafted by Keeley; cleared by DSAA, J5, ISA/SA, DOD/ISA, NSC, S/S, AF/RA, PM, and AF/E; and approved by Easum.

Chargé d'Affaires Wyman reviewed the relative merits of four options for U.S. military assistance, and recommended that the maximum assistance possible be provided.

Source: National Archives, RG 84, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, MAP Level 1974. Secret. Repeated to Mogadiscio, Asmara, and USCINCEUR. Drafted and approved by Wyman; cleared by MAAG, POL, DAO.

Chargé d'Affaires Wyman informed the Department of the Ethiopian Prime Minister's emergency request for military equipment far beyond current levels of assistance, and discussed how the U.S. response would affect bilateral relations.

Source: National Archives, RG 84, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, MAP Level 1974. Secret; Immediate; Exdis. Repeated to Mogadiscio, Moscow, Sanaa, and USCINCEUR. Drafted and approved by Wyman; cleared by MAAG, POL, and DAO.

Secretary of State Kissinger and Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Easum led a discussion of the evolving situation in Ethiopia, potential Ethiopian-Somali conflict, and U.S. options in the region.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Transcript of Secretary of State Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1973-1977, Entry 5177, Box 3, Secretary's Staff Meetings. Secret.

Members of the WSAG discussed the uncertain situation in Ethiopia and whether and how to provide additional military assistance to the current government.

Source: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box TS 81, National Security Council, Committees and Panels, Washington Special Actions Group. Top Secret; Sensitive. Colby's briefing is not published. (Ibid., CL 310, National Security Council, Committees and Panels, Washington Special Actions Group)

Kissinger advised that following the April 24 WSAG meeting, it was decided that the United States should be as responsive as possible to Ethiopian requests for assistance. Five specific actions were ordered.

Source: Washington National Records Center, OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330-77-0054, Box 15, Ethiopia, 1974. Secret. Copies were sent to the Director of Central Intelligence, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the AID Administrator.

The Department reported that Under Secretary of State Sisco informed Ethiopian Ambassador Kifle of U.S. approval of Ethiopia's request to purchase an additional $28 million of U.S. arms.

Source: Department of State, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, MAP Level 1974. Confidential; Priority. Repeated to Mogadiscio, Nairobi, and Jidda.

Springsteen transmitted an analysis of the internal situation in Ethiopia, Somalia-Ethiopia antagonism, and the U.S. military assistance program to Ethiopia in preparation for the President's briefing by Secretary of State Kissinger.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, NSC Institutional Files, Box 4, IF/NS File for the President, Horn of Africa Issues Paper. Confidential.

INR analyzed the political outcome of the Ethiopian revolution, future political prospects, and the apparent goals of the ruling Armed Forces Coordinating Committee.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy Files, 1974, P740131-2347. Secret; No Foreign Dissem. Prepared by Reid.

The Department reported that Finance Minister Desta left an aide-mémoire with Under Secretary of State Sisco requesting that the United States provide military equipment, originally slated for cash sales, on a grant or credit basis. Sisco indicated that the United States was sympathetic but would respond in light of overall bilateral interests and U.S. policy.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, MAP Level 1974. Confidential; Priority. Repeated to Asmara, USCINCEUR, and USEUCOM.

Kennedy summarized and transmitted a CIA assessment of the regime of the Armed Forces Coordinating Committee in Ethiopia.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Presidential Country Files for Africa, Box 2, Ethiopia. Secret; Noforn. Sent for urgent information.

Secretary of State Kissinger and his staff discussed how to respond to Ethiopia's arms request.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1973-1977, Entry 5177, Box 5, Secretary's Staff Meetings. Secret. Hyland and Easum transmitted the study paper to Kissinger later that day. (Briefing Memorandum, October 16; ibid., Ethiopia Desk Files: Lot 77 D 351, Box 1, POL 1 General Policy, Ethiopia 1974)

Ellsworth indicated that Ethiopia's request for additional grant or credit in lieu of cash sales could not be met because of Congressional limitations on military support to Africa.

Source: Washington National Records Center, OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330-77-0054, Ethiopia, 1974. Secret. The letter is a copy with an indication that Ellsworth signed the original.

Secretary of State Kissinger, traveling in Iran, transmitted a personal message to General Aman, informing him of a decision to make $8.3 million in direct foreign military sales credits available to Ethiopia.

Source: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box CL 137, Geopolitical Files, Ethiopia, 3 Nov. 1974-25 Sept. 1975. Confidential; Niact Immediate. Repeated Niact Immediate to the Department.

Chargé Wyman reported on the November 23 removal of General Aman and the execution of 60 political prisoners that represented a further radicalization of the Ethiopian Revolution.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy Files, 1974. Confidential; Immediate; Limdis. Repeated to Asmara and USCINCEUR. The Embassy copy indicated that Wyman drafted and approved the telegram, which was cleared by USIS, AID, MAAG, POL, POL/A, and DATT. (Ibid., RG 84, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, The Political Function)

The Department advised the Embassy that in the wake of the events of November 23, it had decided to suspend shipment of additional military equipment to Ethiopia and to conclude no new development agreements.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy Files, 1974. Confidential; Flash; Exdis. Repeated Immediate to DOD and to USCINCEUR. Drafted by Barrett and Blake; cleared by AID/AFR/ESA, PM, AF/E, and S/S; approved by Sisco.

[4 pages not declassified in time for publication.]

Source: Department of State, INR/IL Historical Files, Box 14, Ethiopia, 1974-79. Secret; No Foreign Dissem; Controlled Dissem; Limdis.

Secretary of State Kissinger and his staff conducted a post mortem discussion on the fall of the Aman government in Ethiopia.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1973-1977, Entry 5177, Box 5, Secretary's Staff Meetings. Secret.

The Department transmitted an Issues Paper describing the political upheaval in Ethiopia and presented options for U.S. action on military assistance.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Presidential Country Files for Africa, Box 2, Ethiopia. Confidential.

Secretary of State Kissinger, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Easum, and Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research Hyland briefly reviewed the current situation in Ethiopia and the implications of military assistance.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1973-1977, Entry 5177, Box 5, Secretary's Staff Meetings. Secret.

The Department summarized a discussion between Assistant Secretary of State Sisco and Ehtiopian Ambassador Kifle, in which both indicated they wished to continue friendly U.S.-Ethiopian relations.

Source: National Archives, RG 84, Addis Ababa Embassy Files, Lot 77 F 121, The Political Function. Secret; Immediate; Exdis. Repeated to Mogadiscio.

Secretary of State Kissinger and Deputy Secretary of State Mulcahy discussed the deteriorating situation in Eritrea and the possible connection between U.S. withdrawal from Kagnew and decreased military assistance to Ethiopia as a cause of Ethiopia's radical turn. Kissinger requested an analysis from the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Hyland.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1973-1977, Entry 5177, Box 5, Secretary's Staff Meetings. Secret.

Acting Consul General Robert Perry reported that increased agitation for Eritrean independence required a reevaluation of U.S. policy toward Ethiopia. He recommended that the United States help settle the Eritrean question and withhold further military aid to Ethiopia pending a settlement.

Source: National Archives, RG 84, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, The Political Function. Confidential; Priority; Noforn. Repeated Priority to Addis Ababa.

Chargé Wyman disputed the assessment of Acting Consul General Perry in telegram 27 (Document 127) about the Eritrean insurgency and advised against U.S. involvement in a settlement of the Eritrea question. He also called for a timely consideration of military assistance.

Source: Department of State, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, Box 9, The Political Function. Confidential; Exdis. Repeated to Asmara. Drafted by Peter Sebastian of the Political Section; cleared by DAO, MAAG, and POL/A; approved by Wyman.

Lord transmitted a conceptual paper on Ethiopia that placed it in a wider regional and strategic context. The paper recommended continuation of current policy until the future became clearer.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, AF/E Files: 78 D 130, Ethiopia 1975, POL - General Policy. Secret. Drafted by Herbert J. Spiro in S/P. Sisco transmitted the study to Kissinger under cover of a January 29 memorandum. (Ibid., Records of Joseph Sisco, 1951-1976, Entry 5405, Box 19, Sisco Memo Chrons 1975)

Secretary of State Kissinger, Foreign Minister Kifle, and U.S. Ambassador-designate to Ethiopia Arthur Hummel discussed U.S. military assistance for Ethiopia.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy Files, 1975, P820117-0544. Secret; Exdis. Drafted by Coote, cleared by Hummel.

Mulcahy summarized action taken on the Ethiopian request for military assistance since Kissinger's meeting with Ethiopian Foreign Minister Kifle on January 27.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, AF/E Files: Lot 78 D 130, Box 1, POL 1 General Policy, Ethiopia 1975. Confidential. Drafted by Barrett, cleared by PM and Hummel. Sisco wrote the following note on the first page: "No need for this to go to Sec. JJS." Tab A, "Possible Schedule of Military Deliveries to Ethiopia," is not published.

Secretary of State Kissinger and his staff discussed the insurgency in Eritrea, the future of Kagnew Station, and military assistance to Ethiopia.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1973-1977, Entry 5177, Box 6, Secretary's Staff Meetings. Secret.

The Department reported that all agencies concerned had decided to maintain a presence at Kagnew Station for the time being. It also provided immediate U.S. objectives.

Source: National Archives, RG 84, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, Subject Files, Kagnew Station. Secret; Niact Immediate; Exdis. Repeated Immediate to SecDef, CJCS, CNO, CINCUSNAVEUR, CINCEUR, DIRNSA, COMIDEASTFOR, COMNAVTEL, and NAVCOMMSTA.

The Department reported that Foreign Minister Kifle told Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Mulcahy that the Ethiopian Government inquired whether the United States could expedite shipment of ammunition.

Source: National Archives, RG 84, Addis Ababa Embassy Files: Lot 77 F 121, The Political Function. Secret; Immediate; Exdis. Repeated to SecDef, JCS, CSAF, USCINCEUR, and CSA.

Secretary of State Kissinger discussed with his staff the Ethiopian request for ammunition in conjunction with internal problems in Eritrea.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Transcripts of Secretary of State Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1973-77, Entry 5177, Box 6, Secretary's Staff Meetings. Secret.

Mulcahy provided background and recommendations in response to the Ethiopian ammunition replenishment request.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, NSC Institutional Files, IF/NS for the President, Box 15, WSAG Meeting on Ethiopia. Secret; Exdis. The memorandum is not initialed by Mulcahy and there is no indication of Kissinger's action. Drafted by Coote, cleared by Spiro (S/P) and Hummel. The attachment, an undated memorandum from Mulcahy to Kissinger, is not published.

The WSAG discussed options for responding to the Ethiopian arms replenishment request. Secretary of State Kissinger said he would ask the President whether or not to provide arms.

Source: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box TS 81, National Security Council, Meetings and Panels, Washington Special Actions Group, February-March 75. Top Secret; Sensitive. The meeting was held in the White House Situation Room. Colby's briefing, February 25, was attached, but is not published.

The WSAG discussed options for responding to the Ethiopian arms replenishment request. Secretary of State Kissinger said he would ask the President whether or not to provide arms.

Source: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box TS 81, National Security Council, Meetings and Panels, Washington Special Actions Group, February-March 75. Top Secret; Sensitive. The meeting was held in the White House Situation Room. Colby's briefing, February 25, was attached, but is not published.

The Department provided Ambassador Hummel with talking points for his discussions with Ethiopian officials, including U.S. approval to sell up to $7 million for arms re-supply.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Presidential Country Files for Africa, Ethiopia, State Telegrams from SECSTATE - NODIS. Secret; Priority; Nodis. Drafted by Coote and approved by Mulcahy.

Secretary of State Kissinger and his staff discussed the Soviet cruise missile facility in Berbera, Somalia.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1973-1977, Entry 5177, Box 7, Secretary's Staff Meetings. Secret.

Ingersoll requested that Ford sign a waiver of the $10 million ceiling on military assistance to Africa.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy Files, 1975, P750087-2075. Confidential. The attachments are not published. A typed notation at the top of the first page reads: "Pres. Determination No. 75-20 signed by President May 20."

The memorandum analyzed the current problems facing the region of East Africa and concluded that considerable potential for regional conflicted existed.

Source: Department of State, Khartoum Embassy Files: Lot 80 F 170, ORG-POL, Box 1, Africa 1976. Secret; No Foreign Dissem; Controlled Dissem. The Tables are not published.

Mulcahy provided a general status report on Ethiopia, including both internal developments and relations with the United States.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, AF/E Files: 78 D 130, Box 1, POL 1 General Policy, Ethiopia 1975. Confidential. Drafted by Barrett and Coote, cleared by S/P. The staff meeting minutes referred to are ibid., Transcripts of Secretary of State Kissinger's Staff Meetings, 1973-77, Entry 5177, Box 7, Secretary's Staff Meetings.

Senator Dewey Bartlett (R-OK) confirmed the presence of Soviet facilities in Berbera after his return from Somalia.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Memoranda of Conversations, Box 13, Ford Administration. Confidential. The meeting took place in the Oval Office of the White House. Congressman Samuel Stratton (D-N.Y.) accompanied Bartlett to Somalia. The text of his press conference, with a fuller description of Soviet facilities, was printed in telegram 162532 to Mogadiscio, July 10. (National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy Files, 1975)

Ambassador John L. Loughran analyzed U.S. and Soviet roles in the views and strategy of President Siad.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy Files, 1975. Secret; Limdis. Repeated to Addis Ababa, Jidda, Nairobi, Khartoum, Cairo, Moscow, Paris, London, Rome, Dar Es Salaam, Sana, and USUN.

President Ford and Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs Scowcroft met with Somali Ambassador Addou and briefly discussed their two countries relations.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Memoranda of Conversations, Box 15, Ford Administration. Confidential; Nodis. The meeting took place in the Oval Office of the White House. The incident in San Francisco was a failed assassination attempt on President Ford.

Davis reviewed the status of Kagnew Station and presented options regarding closure.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Brent Scowcroft Daily Work Files, Box 29, Chronological File B. Confidential. There is no indication of Kissinger's action. Drafted on September 24 by Barrett; cleared by PM, OSD/ISA, S/CCT, and AF/E.

Secretary of State Kissinger and his staff spoke with Foreign Minister Kifle about internal changes in Ethiopia, U.S. economic assistance, Somali-Ethiopian tensions, and the fate of Americans captured at Kagnew Station.

Source. National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy Files, 1975, P820117-0544. Confidential; Nodis. Kissinger was in New York for a meeting of the U.N. General Assembly. Drafted by Coote.

Granger reviewed the pros and cons of selling of 16 F-5E jets to Ethiopia, and recommended approval of the sale. Scowcroft approved the recommendation.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Presidential Country Files for Africa, Box 2, Ethiopia. Confidential. Sent for action. Scowcroft approved the recommendation. Cleared by Les Janka and Hal Horan of the NSC. Hummel's telegram 12392 from Addis Ababa, October 24, is ibid.

Secretary of State Kissinger tasked the Departments of State and Defense, and the CIA to review U.S. interests in a continued presence at Kagnew Station.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Brent Scowcroft Daily Work Files, Box 17, Chronological File B. Secret. A copy was sent to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The Department summarized Deputy Secretary Ingersoll's November 21 discussion with Somali Ambassador Addou regarding attempts to improve U.S.-Somali relations.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy Files, 1975. Confidential; Priority; Limdis. Repeated to Addis Ababa and Moscow. Drafted by Scott and Coote (AF/E); cleared by D and S/S; approved in AF/E.

The memorandum reviewed prospects for Ethiopia in 1976, including internal politics, and relations with the United States, the Soviet Union and the Arab states.

Source: Department of State, INR/IL Historical Files, Box 14, Ethiopia, 1974-79. Secret. State/INR drafted the memorandum with contributions from CIA and DIA; it was reviewed by representatives of those organizations.

The Senior Review Group met to consider the future of Kagnew Station, following up on the NSSM 233 study.

Source: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box TS 71, National Security Council Files, Committees and Panels, Senior Review Group. Top Secret. The meeting was held in the White House Situation Room. Lt. Gen. Walters' briefing is located in the Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Brent Scowcroft Daily Work Files, Box 31, Chronological File B.

The Estimate assessed trends in the establishment of Soviet facilities in Somalia and their significance for Soviet interests in the region.

Source: Department of State, Nairobi Embassy Files: Lot 79 F 186, Box 6, POL - Somalia, 1976. Secret; Not Releasable to Foreign Nationals. Cleared by the Intelligence Chiefs of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. Approved by Robert J. Bower, Acting Deputy Director for Estimates, Defense Intelligence Agency.

Davis reviewed the conclusions of the February 12 Senior Review Group meeting.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, NSC Institutional Files, Box 33, IF/NS Files for the President, Summary of SRG Meeting on NSSM 233. Top Secret.

Ambassador Loughran reported that Somali attitudes toward the United States had not improved since the announcement of resumption of economic assistance six months earlier. He recommended quietly suspending implementation of U.S. aid renewal.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy File, 1976. Secret; Immediate; Exdis.

Ambassador Hummell reported that Secretary of State Kissinger would receive a smooth reception in Ethiopia if he chose to visit during his upcoming trip to Africa.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy File. Confidential; Immediate; Exdis.

Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Scowcroft notified the Departments of State and Defense and the CIA that President Ford had directed a study of the independence process of the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (FTAI) and policy options for the United States. The directive was prompted by the impending independence of the FTAI and increased Ethiopian-Somali tension.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, NSC Institutional File, Box 39, IF/NS File for the President, Response to NSSM 239. Secret. A copy was sent to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. NSSM 184 is printed as Document 89.

Ambassador Hummel assessed the increasing radicalization of the Ethiopian revolution and warned of substantial dangers for the future.

Source: Department of State, Nairobi Embassy Files: Lot 79 F 186, Box 5, POL - Ethiopia, 1976. Confidential. Repeated to Asmara, Cairo, Khartoum, London, Mogadiscio, Moscow, Nairobi, Paris, and Peking.

The Study analyzed the forthcoming independence of the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (FTAI), its consequences for U.S. interests, and options available to the United States.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, NSC Institutional File, Box 39, IF/NS File for the President, Response to NSSM 239. Secret. Prepared and approved by the ad hoc Interdepartmental Group under the Chairmanship of Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Schaufele. Sections IV-VII and Tabs 1 and 2 are not published.

On the eve of his departure from Ethiopia, Ambassador Hummel offered a strategy to deal with the Government of Ethiopia that would limit damage to U.S. interests and maintain steadiness in U.S. policy and programs.

Source: Department of State, Nairobi Embassy Files: Lot 79 F 186, Box 6, POL - Ethiopia, 1976. Secret; Limdis. Repeated to Asmara, Khartoum, Mogadiscio, and Nairobi.

The memorandum forwarded a follow-up study on the response to NSSM 239 owing to recent changes in French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (FTAI), including election of a new government and advancing a referendum to January 1977.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, NSC Institutional File, Box 46, IF/NS File for the President, NSSM 239. Secret; Noforn.

The report analyzed recent challenges to the radical leaders of the Ethiopian Revolution, and implications for foreign policy.

Source: Department of State, Khartoum Embassy Files: Lot 80 F 170, Box 2, POL Ethiopia, January-June 1976. Secret; Not Releasable to Foreign Nationals. Drafted by Reid and approved by Thorne.

Secretary of State Kissinger and Somali Minister of Mineral and Water Resources Hussein Abdulkadir Kassim discussed bilateral relations.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Policy File, 1976, P820118-1722. Secret; Nodis. The meeting took place in the Secretary's apartment at the Waldorf-Astoria. Kissinger was in New York for a meeting of the UN General Assembly.

The Senior Review Group met to consider courses of action regarding the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (TFAI) and NSSM 239 (Document159). Four decisions were taken.

Source: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box TS 71, National Security Council Files, Committees and Panels, Senior Review Group. Top Secret. The meeting took place in the White House Situation Room. The attachment, the DCI Briefing for SRG, is not attached. A draft of the attachment is in the Central Intelligence Agency, Executive Registry, Job 84B00513R, Box 8, Folder 20, NSSM 239. A draft NSDM, The Future of the French Territory of the Afars and Issas (FTAI), was not issued. (Ford Library, National Security Adviser, NSC Institutional File, Box 46, IF/NS File for the President, Senior Review Group on NSSM 239)

Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Scowcroft tasked the Departments of State and Defense and the CIA with conducting a brief study of U.S. policy options, and underlying assumptions, regarding future relations with Ethiopia.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, Brent Scowcroft Daily Work Files, Box 70, Chronological File B. Secret. Hyland signed the memorandum for Scowcroft.

Kissinger and French Foreign Minister Louis de Guiringaud discussed the future of French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (FTAI), also known as Djibouti, as it approached independence.

Source: National Archives, RG 59, Records of Henry Kissinger, 1973-77, Entry 5403, Box 19, Nodis Memcons. Secret; Sensitive; Nodis. The meeting took place in the Ambassador's Residence.

The study pursuant to NSSM 248, U.S. Policy Toward Ethiopia, assessed U.S. interests in the Horn of Africa and presented issues on which policy decisions needed to be made.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, NSC Institutional Files, Box 49, IF/NS File for the President, U.S. Policy Toward Ethiopia. Secret. Sections IV-VI and the tabs are not published.

Smith summarized agency comments on the NSSM 248 Study and provided recommendations on a policy decision in preparation for a December 22 Senior Review Group meeting.

Source: Ford Library, National Security Adviser, NSC Institutional Files, Box 49, IF/NS File for the President, U.S. Policy Toward Ethiopia. Secret. Sent for action. Tab A, Talking Points for the Meeting, and Tab B, Major Judgments of the Study in Response to the NSSM, were not attached. Tab E, Agency Comments, is attached, but is not published. Tab C is Document 167. Tab D is Document 170. The Senior Review Group met on December 22 at 3:00 p.m., but no minutes were prepared. (Ford Library, NSC Institutional Files (H-Files), Box H-091, Senior Review Group, Ethiopia 12/22/76)