2001 - 2002

Transcripts from Open Forum events will be posted here as they are made available.

Helping Our Children Cope With Terrorism
Speakers: John Campbell, Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Human Resources; Harlan D. Wadley, Director of Mental Health Services; Mary Livingston Azoy, Director of Training at Community Crisis Response Crisis Link; Pamela McCoy Ota, M.A., C.A.S, M.Ed., Certified School Psychologist, Benjamin Tasker Middle School
Date: November 13, 2002

Strengthening U.S. Relations with Latin America: The Role of America's Hispanic Businesses and Workforce
Speakers: Elizabeth Lisboa-Farrow, Chair, U.S. - Hispanic Chamber of Commerce; and the Honorable Albert C. Zapanta, President, U.S. - Mexico Chamber of Commerce
Date: October 11, 2002

The ICRC's Work in Afghanistan and in Conflict Situations Worldwide
Speaker: Christophe Girod, Head of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Regional Delegation for North America
Date: October 9, 2002

The War on Global Terrorism
Speaker: General Peter Pace, USMC; Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
Date: September 27, 2002
Cosponsors: The George Washington University - Elliott School of International Affairs and the World Affairs Council of Washington, DC

Open Forum Conference on Integrating Track One and Track Two Approaches to International Conflict Resolution: What's Working? What's Not? How Can We Do Better?
Speakers: Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Marc Grossman and Ambassador Donald K. Steinberg, Deputy Director, Policy Planning Staff
Date: September 23, 2002
* Presented in cooperation with the American Foreign Service Association, the George Washington University - Elliott School of International Affairs, and the Applied Conflict Resolution Organizations Network (ACRON).

An African-African American Dialogue on HIV/AIDS*
Speakers: Dr. Chinua Akukwe (Other speaker's presentations will be posted in the near future.)
Date: September 17, 2002
*Presented in cooperation with The Constituency for Africa (CFA) and other cosponsors

The World in 2005: Mr. Robert D. Kaplan, Atlantic Monthly
Date: September 17, 2002
Cosponsors: The Bureau of Intelligence and Research External Research Staff, U.S. Department of State, The George Washington University - Elliott School of International Affairs, and the World Affairs Council of Washington, DC

Food Safety and Global Security: Lester M. Crawford, Jr., D.V.M., Ph.D., Deputy Commissioner, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Date: September 6, 2002
Cosponsors: The Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges and The George Washington University - Elliott School of International Affairs

Geographic Information for Diplomacy, Development, and Homeland Security: Jack Dangermond, President and Founder, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI); Kass Green, President, Space Imaging Solutions, Inc.; and William B. Wood, The Geographer and Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Intelligence and Research
Date: July 26, 2002
* In cooperation with the Office of the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State and the Bureau of Intelligence and Research

The State of the World: Assessing Global Sustainability: Professor Jeffrey D. Sachs, Director, Center for International Development at Harvard University, Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade, Harvard University
* Cosponsor: Bureau of Intelligence and Research, External Research Staff, U.S. Department of State
Date: June 28, 2002

Jackson-Vanik Legislation: Assessing its Impact on Emigration from the Former Soviet Union: Harold P. Luks, Chairman, NCSJ: Advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States & Eurasia
Date: June 26, 2002

The Role of Public-Private Partnerships in the Global Fight Against HIV/AIDS: Secretary of State Colin L. Powell; Donald Evans, Secretary of Commerce; Under Secretary of State Paula Dobriansky; Jack C. Chow, US Department of State (Moderator); Video Presentation featuring Ambassador Richard C. Holbrooke; Drew E. Altman, The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; Morton Bahr, Communications Workers of America; Thomas J. Coates, University of California, San Francisco; Scott Evertz, White House Office on National AIDS Policy; Richard G.A. Feachem, Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; Helene Gayle, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Stephen Hayes, Corporate Council on Africa; Vincent E. Kerr, Ford Motor Company; Chris Kirubi, Kenya National AIDS Council and Global Business Coalition; G. Lynn Marks, GlaxoSmithKline; E. Anne Peterson, US Agency for International Development; Eve E. Slater, US Department of Health and Human Services
Date: June 24, 2002

America and the Middle East
Speaker: Mark N. Katz, Ph.D., Professor of Government and Politics, Department of Public and International Affairs, George Mason University
Date: May 22, 2002

Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise
Speaker: Martha Brill Olcott, Central Asia Expert, Senior Associate, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Date: May 13, 2002

Geopolitics of Energy into the 21st Century
Speaker: Robert Ebel, Director, Energy and National Security, Center for Strategic and International Studies
Date: April 30, 2002

The 10-Nation "lmpressions of America" Poll
Speakers: John Zogby, President and CEO of Zogby International, and James J. Zogby, President, Arab American Institute
Date:  April 17, 2002

Niger - Daunting Development Challenges in the World's Poorest Muslim Country
Speaker: Barbro Owens-Kirkpatrick, United States Ambassador to the Republic of Niger.
*  Presented in cooperation with the Society for International Development-Washington Chapter, the Bureau of African Affairs - Department of State, the United Nations Association of the United States of America (UN-USA), Better World Campaign, Africare, and InterAction
Date: April 24, 2002

China and the International Order
Speaker: Dr. Harry Harding, Dean, Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University
Date: April 3, 2002

State and Local Perspectives on U.S. Counterterrorism Policy: Strategies for Improving Intergovernmental Coordination
Speaker: James K. Kallstrom; Director, New York State Office of Public Security, State of New York
Date: March 28, 2002

Arab-American Perceptions of U.S. Policy Toward the Middle East
Speaker: Dr. Ziad J. Asali, President, American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee
Date: March 26, 2002

Perspectives on Globalization: Women, Families and Social Change
Speakers: Paula Dobriansky, Undersecretary of State for Global Affairs, A. Lawrence Chickering, President, Educate Girls Globally (EGG), Nancy Powell, U.S. Ambassador to Ghana (in Accra, Ghana), Maureen Quinn, U.S. Ambassador to Qatar (in Doha, Ghana), April Palmerlee, Senior Coordinator for International Women's Issues
Date: March 25, 2002

Israel and the Palestinians: Is Peace Possible?
Speaker: Morton A. Klein, President, Zionist Organization of America
Date: March 15, 2002

Preventing Crime, Corruption, and Terrorism
Speaker: Dr. Roy Godson, President, National Strategy Information Center
Date: March 11, 2002

DC Independent Film Festival Event: (hosted by the Open Forum)
*  100 Years of Latinos in Hollywood, Director Nancy de los Santos, 20 minutes, DC Festival Premiere
*  Vertigogo, Director Matais Quinn (Argentina), 8 minutes, World Premier
*  Children of the Sun/Discovery Latin America (Brazil), documentary, 52 minutes, DC Premiere
*  15 minute Question and Answer Session 
Date: February 25, 2002

Economic Sanctions and U.S. Foreign Policy
Speaker: Mr. Victor Comras (Mr. Comras, recently retired from the Foreign Service, coordinated the international enforcement of sanctions against Serbia.)  This event is presented in cooperation with the American Foreign Service Association.  Introductory remarks by Ambassador Bill Farrand, AFSA's Vice President for Retirees. 
Date: February 25, 2002

A Strategy for Stable Peace: Toward a Euroatlantic Security Community
Speaker: Ambassador James E. Goodby.  Cosponsors: Diplomatic and Consular Officers, Retired (DACOR), The American University School of International Service, The George Washington University - Elliott School of International Affairs, and the University of Maryland School of Public Affairs
Date: February 13, 2002

Rising Voices of Moderate Muslims
Speaker: Salam Al-Marayati, Executive Director, Muslim Public Affairs Council, Los Angeles, California (First in a series on America's Image and Interests in the Muslim World)
Date: January 28, 2002

Advancing U.S. National Interests Through Effective Counterterrorism
Speaker: Dr. Daniel Pipes, Director, Middle East Forum
Date: January 30, 2002

U.S. - Europe: Estranged Partners
Speaker: Jessica Tuchman Mathews, President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Date: January 11, 2002

Advancing U.S. National Interests Through Effective Counterterrorism
Speaker: Dr. James S. Robbins, Professor of International Relations, National Defense University
Date: December 12, 2001

Arab American Perspectives on the International War Against Terrorism
Speaker: Dr. James Zogby, President, Arab American Institute
Date: December 5, 2001

U.S. Counterterrorism Policy: bin Laden, the Taliban, and Afghanistan
Speaker: James Phillips, Research Fellow, The Heritage Foundation
Date: November 7, 2001

Advancing U.S. National Interests Through Effective Counterterrorism 
Speaker: Frank J. Gaffney, Jr., Director, Center for Security Policy
Date: November 5, 2001

A Conference on Global Infectious Disease and U.S. Foreign Policy
Speakers: Dr. Norman P. Neureiter, Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State; John R. La Montagne, Ph.D., Deputy Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health (NIH);  Kenneth Shine, M.D.,President of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, and Professor of Medicine Emeritus at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine; Claude Allen, Deputy Secretary for Health and Human Services; Barry Bloom, Ph.D., Dean of the Faculty and Professor of Immunology and Infectious Disease at the Harvard School of Public Health;  Bill Frist, M.D., United States Senator representing the state of Tennessee; Member of the Budget; Foreign Relations; and Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committees; and ranking member on both the Subcommittee on Public Health and Safety and the Subcommittee on African Affairs;  David Satcher, M.D., Ph.D., 16th Surgeon General of the United States; Margaret Hamburg, M.D., Vice President for Biological Programs at the Nuclear Threat Initiative; Malegapuru William Makgoba, M.D., Ph.D., President of the Medical Research Council of South Africa, leader of the South Afreican AIDS Vaccine Initiative; E. Anne Peterson, M.D., Ph.D., Commisioner of Health for the Commonwealth of Virginia; Dr. Stephen B. Blount, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Director for Global Health and Director of the Office of Global Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Jack Chow, M.D., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Health and Science in the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Department of State
Date: November 2, 2001

Self-Determination, Civil Rights and the Future of Puerto Rico
Speaker: The Honorable Pedro Rossello, Former Governor of Puerto Rico, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Date: October 23, 2001

Advancing U.S. National Interests Through Effective Counterterrorism
Speaker: Dr. Christopher C. Harmon, Professor of International Relations, Marine Corps Command and Staff College
Date: October 22, 2001

Russian Organized Crime: Implications for the U.S. and the International Community
Speakers: Dr. James O. Finckenauer, National Institute of Justice-International Center, U.S. Department of Justice; Dr. Janine Wedel, Associate Professor, University of Pittsburgh and Fellow, National Institute of Justice
Date: October 15, 2001

Promoting U.S.-Mexican Cooperation on Border Issues
Speaker: The Honorable Henry Cuellar, Secretary of State, State of Texas
Date: October 1, 2001.

Advancing U.S. National Interests Through Foreign Assistance
Speaker: The Honorable Andrew S. Natsios, Administrator, U.S. Agency for International Development
Date: September 28, 2001

Promoting Democracy While Fighting Terror
Speaker: Dr. Larry Diamond, Senior Research Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University
Date: September 21, 2001

Toward Balance: Elements of a Truly Even-Handed U.S. Israeli-Palestinian Policy
Speakers: Mohammud Abu-Nimer, Peace and Conflict Resolution Program at American University; Charles Lenchner, Jewish Unity for a Just Peace; Ambassador Edward S. Walker; and Alan Lang, Chairman of the Open Forum
Date: September 6, 2001

Civil-Military Affairs and U.S. Diplomacy
Speaker: General Richard Myers, USAF, Vice-Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
Date: June 25, 2001

A Conversation on Agrobiotechnology and Food Security
Speakers: Dr. Calestous Juma, Director, Science, Technology and Innovation Program
Harvard University Center for International Development; Dr. Emmy Simmons, U.S. Agency for International Development
Date: June 22, 2001

The Genome Revolution and International Affairs
Speaker: J. Craig Venter, President and Chief Scientific Officer, Celera Genomics Corporation
Date: June 15, 2001

A Conversation on Oceans: Economics, Environment, and National Security
Speakers: Admiral James K. Watkins, U.S. Navy (Retired) President Emeritus, Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education (CORE); U.S. Representative Curt Weldon (7th-PA), Co-Chairperson, House of Representatives Oceans Caucus
Date: June 13, 2001

A Conversation on Civil Military Affairs and U.S. Diplomacy *
Speakers: General Wesley K. Clark, U.S. Army, Retired; Ms. Dana Priest, The Washington Post
Date: May 30, 2001
* Third in a four-part series on the influence of the military on U.S. foreign policy with Ms. Priest as moderator.

Science Education, Technology, and International Affairs in the 21st Century: Celebrating Global Science and Technology Week 2001
Speaker: Dr. Paula J. Dobriansky, Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs
Date: May 8, 2001
Location: Gwynn Park High School, Brandywine, Maryland
Sponsors: Open Forum Distinguished Lecture Series, The Office of the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State, The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Prince George's County Public Schools

Formulating and Implementing U.S. Foreign Policy: Perspectives on the Role of Congress *
Speakers: Mr. Richard J. Douglas, Chief Republican Counsel, Senate Foreign Relations Committee; Mr. Brian P. McKeon, Chief Democratic Counsel, Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Date: May 4, 2001
* Please note: This session will be off-the-record, with a synopsis provided after the event.

Civil-Military Affairs and U.S. Diplomacy: The Changing Roles of the Regional Commanders-In-Chief *
Speakers: Dr. William J. Perry, Stanford University and former Secretary of Defense; Ms. Dana Priest, The Washington Post and Guest Scholar, U.S. Institute of Peace
Date: May 1, 2001
* Second in a four-part series on the influence of the military on U.S. foreign policy with Ms. Priest as moderator.

Civil-Military Affairs and U.S. Diplomacy: The Changing Roles of the Regional Commanders-In-Chief *
Speakers: Ambassador Robert B. Oakley, National Defense University; Ms. Dana Priest, The Washington Post
Date: March 23, 2001
Transcript of Ms. Priest's remarks; Transcript of Ambassador Oakley's remarks; Question and Answer session
* First event in a four-part series on the influence of the military on U.S. foreign policy with Ms. Priest as moderator.

Vital Voices: Women's Global Leadership *
Speakers: Ambassador Shaun Donnelly, Acting Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, U.S. Department of State; Ambassador L. Craig Johnstone, Senior Vice President for International, Economic and National Security Affairs, U.S. Chamber of Commerce; Ambassador Nancy Powell, Acting Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of African Affairs; Judith McHale, President and COO, Discovery Communications
Moderator: Ambassador Donna Hrinak, U.S. Ambassador to Venezuela
Date: March 16, 2001
Synopsis of remarks
* Presented in cooperation with the Vital Voices Global Partnership in commemoration of International Women's Day.

Science, Technology, Health and International Affairs *
Speakers: Senator Jeff Bingaman (D-NM); Dr. Norman P. Neureiter, Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State
Date: March 14, 2001
* First event in a series on Science, Technology, Health and Globalization: Business, Society and National Security Affairs.
Presented in cooperation with the Office of the Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary of State and the World Affairs Council of Washington, DC

The Independent Task Force Report on State Department Reform
Speakers: Frank C. Carlucci, Chairman, The Carlyle Group; U.S. Secretary of Defense, 1987-1989; and National Security Advisor, 1987; Alan Lang, Open Forum Chairperson
Date: February 23, 2001

Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran
Speakers: Elaine Sciolino, Senior Writer, The New York Times; Alan Lang, Open Forum Chairperson
Date: January 31, 2001

Visit our Proceedings archive.
2000 Proceedings        1999 Proceedings

--11/13/02  Helping Our Children Cope with Terrorism; John Campbell, Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Human Resources; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--10/11/02  Strengthening U.S. Relations with Latin America; Elizabeth Lisboa-Farrow, Chair, U.S. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, President and Chief Executive Officer, LISBOA, Inc.; Remarks to The Secretarys Open Forum Distinguished Lecture Series; Washington, DC
--09/27/02  The War On Global Terrorism; General Peter Pace, United States Marine Corps; Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs Of Staff; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--09/23/02  Integrating Track One and Track Two Approaches to International Conflict Resolution: What's Working? What's Not? How Can We Do Better?; Ambassador Marc Grossman , Under Secretary for Political Affairs; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--09/18/02  The Ideas that Conquered the World: Peace, Democracy, and Free Markets in the Twenty-first Century ; Michael Mandelbaum, Ph.D.; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--09/17/02  African-African American Cooperation in the Global Fight Against HIV/AIDS; Dr. Chinua Akukwe ; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--09/17/02  The World in 2005; Robert D. Kaplan; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--09/06/02  A Conversation on Food Safety and Global Security ; Lester M. Crawford, Jr., D.V.M., Ph.D., Deputy Commissioner, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--06/28/02  The State of the World: Assessing Global Sustainability; Jeffrey D. Sachs, Director of the Center for International Development at Harvard University; Remarks to Open Forum; Washington, DC
--06/24/02  The Role of Public-Private Partnerships in the Global Fight Against HIV/AIDS; Colin L. Powell, Secretary of State; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--06/19/02  Women in Conflict and Peace: Ensuring a Seat at the Table; Donald K. Steinberg, Deputy Director, Policy Planning Staff; Remarks to Secretarys Open Forum Distinguished Lecture Series; Washington, DC
--05/22/02  America and the Middle East; Mark N. Katz, Ph.D, Professor of Government and Politics, George Mason University; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--05/13/02  Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise; Martha Brill Olcott, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--04/30/02  Geopolitics of Energy Into the 21st Century; Robert E. Ebel, Director, Energy Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--04/24/02  Niger -- Daunting Development Challenges in the World's Poorest Muslim Country; Barbro Owens-Kirkpatrick, Ambassador to Niger; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--04/03/02  China and the International Order; Harry Harding, Dean, Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--03/26/02  Arab-American Perceptions of U.S. Policy Toward the Middle East.; Dr. Ziad J. Asali, President of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC); Remarks to Open Forum; Washington, DC
--03/25/02  Perspectives on Globalization: Women, Families and Social Change -- A Discussion on Girls' Literacy and Sustainable Development; Paula Dobriansky, Undersecretary of State for Global Affairs; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--02/25/02  Economic Sanctions and U.S. Foreign Policy; Victor Comras, Foreign Service Officer, Retired; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--02/13/02  A Strategy for Stable Peace: Toward a Euroatlantic Security Community; Ambassador James E. Goodby, Senior Research Fellow: Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Brookings Institution ; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--01/30/02  Advancing U.S. National Interests Through Effective Counterterrorism; Daniel Pipes, Director, Middle East Forum ; Remarks to the Open Forum ; Washington, DC
--01/28/02  Rising Voices of Moderate Muslims; Salam Al-Marayati, Executive Director, Muslim Public Affairs Council of Los Angeles; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--01/11/02  U.S. - Europe: Estranged Partners; Jessica Tuchman Mathews, President, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Remarks to the Open Forum (Including Question and Answer Session); Washington, DC
--12/05/01  Arab American Perspectives on the International War Against Terrorism; Dr. James J. Zogby, President, Arab American Institute; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--11/05/01  Advancing U.S. National Interests Through Effective Counterterrorism (Second in a Series); Frank J. Gaffney, President, Center of Security Policy; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--11/02/01  A Conference on Global Infectious Disease and U.S. Foreign Policy; Dr. Norman P. Neureiter, Science and Technology Advisor to the Secretary of State; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--10/23/01  Self-Determination, Civil Rights and the Future of Puerto Rico; Dr. Pedro Rossello, Former Governor of Puerto Rico; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--10/22/01  Advancing U.S. National Interests Through Effective Counterterrorism (First in a Series); Dr. Christopher C. Harmon, Professor of International Relations at the Command and Staff College, Marine Corps University ; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--09/28/01  Advancing U.S. National Interests Through Foreign Assistance; Andrew S. Natsios, Administrator, United States Agency for International Development (USAID); Washington, DC
--09/21/01  Promoting Democracy while Fighting Terror; Dr. Larry Diamond, Hoover Institution, Stanford University; Washington, DC
--06/25/01  Civil-Military Affairs and U.S. Diplomacy ; General Richard Myers, USAF, Vice-Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--06/22/01  A Conversation on Agrobiotechnology and Food Security; Dr. Calestous Juma, Director, Science, Technology and Innovation Program, Harvard University ; Washington, DC
--05/30/01  Civil Military Affairs and U.S. Diplomacy: The Changing Roles of the Regional Commanders-In-Chief (CINCs); Includes Question and Answer Session; General Wesley K. Clark, United States Army - Retired; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--05/01/01  Civil-Military Affairs and U.S. Diplomacy: The Changing Roles of the Regional Commanders-In-Chief; William J. Perry , Stanford University and former Secretary of Defense; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--03/23/01  Question and Answer Session: The Changing Roles of the Regional Commanders In Chief; Ambassador Robert B. Oakley and Dana Priest; Remarks to the Open Forum; Washington, DC
--03/23/01  The Changing Roles of the Regional Commanders In Chief - Dana Priest; Dana Priest, Military Affairs Correspondent, The Washington Post; and Guest Scholar, U.S. Institutefor Peace; Washington, DC
--03/23/01  The Changing Roles of the Regional Commanders In Chief - Robert B. Oakley ; Ambassador Robert B. Oakley, Distinguished Visiting Fellow; Washington, DC
--03/16/01  Vital Voices - Women's Global Leadership: Synopsis; Washington, DC
--03/14/01  Science, Technology, Health and International Affairs; Jeff Bingaman, Senator, State of New Mexico; Washington, DC
--02/23/01  The Independent Task Force Report on State Department Reform; Frank C. Carlucci, Chairman, The Carlyle Group; U.S. Secretary of Defense, 1987-1989; National Security Advisor, 1987; Washington, DC
--01/31/01  Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran; Elaine Sciolino, Senior Writer, The New York Times' Washington Bureau; Washington, DC