This is the State Department’s fourth edition of the "Hidden Killers" Publication. It likely will be the last, since there now exist a number of other reference documents and databases that outline the landmine problem around the world. Most notable is the Landmine Monitor Report (LMR), published by the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. LMR possesses a global reporting capability and the means to assess the efforts of the international community to resolve the world’s landmine problem. We commend the LMR Core Group for assuming this significant responsibility.

This edition of "Hidden Killers" differs from its predecessors by its brevity and the inclusion of data beyond the number of landmines. Moreover, it does not provide profiles of individual mine-affected countries.

Although "Hidden Killers" has changed, its underlying message remains constant. The solution to the world’s landmine problem is to make mine-affected countries mine-safe through the execution of mine action programs that lead to raising awareness of the landmine danger, the removal of landmines themselves, and the provision of holistic assistance to landmine victims and their families. These programs can only continue with the strong support of the international community.

Our understanding of the landmine problem, indeed the international community’s, is much greater today than when the first "Hidden Killers" was issued in 1993. The landmine problem no longer is defined by the sheer number of landmines, but rather by the number of casualties inflicted, the amount of land rendered unusable or inaccessible, and the degree of economic infrastructure destroyed. Instead of having a large number of landmines, a "heavily mine-affected country" has a high incidence of landmine casualties and/or large areas of land unavailable for agricultural use, thus thwarting its economic potential. This new understanding allows mine-affected nations to prioritize their mine action efforts and craft humanitarian demining solutions that will eventually permit landmine victims to reclaim their roles as productive members of society.

"Hidden Killers 2001" quantifies, in tabular format, the landmine problem affecting the world today. The reported data has been acquired from U.S. Embassy posts, the United Nations, the International Red Cross, and other reputable sources. The impact of unexploded ordnance (UXO) is also taken into account. The reported data indicates that casualties caused by landmines and/or UXO amounted to less than 10,000 for the year 2000, suggesting a notable decrease from earlier estimates of as many as 26,000 casualties annually. Neither the reported figures for 2001 nor the earlier estimates, however, take into account casualties that have gone unreported because of lack of knowledge or procedures for doing so. The lower casualty figure likely is due to exceptional efforts of the international community to focus on mine awareness education, as well as on the clearance of mines and UXO. Some of the decrease also can be attributed to improved reporting capabilities. Clearly, the decade-long effort to rid the world of landmines is progressing in the right direction.

"Hidden Killers 2001" reports that the number of landmines still emplaced around the world is between 45 and 50 million, in nearly 60 countries. Millions more mines remain in stockpiles in additional countries. These stockpiles pose potential future threat. The overall reported figures for emplaced mines are lower than earlier estimates, and again much of this decrease can be attributed to more reliable reporting and the implementation of Level One Survey methodologies that have improved over the past three years. These improvements are due to a concerted effort by the United Nations, supported by the Survey Action Center of the Vietnam Veterans Foundation. Although the trends are positive, the number of casualties and the amount of unusable land still pose significant social and economic challenges.

"Hidden Killers 2001" conveys a trend from what was the world’s landmine crisis to what is now referred to as the landmine problem. While the landmine community acknowledges a reduction in the number of landmines and casualties, it remains ever mindful that landmines are still killing and injuring thousands of unsuspecting people, and that a great deal of effort lies ahead if this terrible humanitarian tragedy is to be overcome. With continued efforts towards mine-free status and sustained commitment and cooperation from the landmine community, the landmine problem is within our power to solve. The community of donors must redouble its determination to meet the challenge.

COUNTRY	LANDMINE VICTIMS IN 2000 (Estimated)	POPULATION	LAND AREA AFFECTED	NUMBER OF LANDMINES (Estimated)	NUMBER OF UXO(Estimated)	NOTES
Afghanistan	2400	25,900,000	723 km2	4,000,000	Large	1
Albania	31	3,500,000	1400 ha	Unknown	Unknown	2
Algeria	10	31,200,000	Unknown	3,000,000	Unknown	3
Andorra	0	69,000	0	0	0
Angola	840	10,150,000	245,000 mi2	200K-6 mil.	Large	4
Antigua and Barbuda	0	67,000	0	0	0
Argentina	0	37,000,000	0	0	0	5
Armenia	8	3,345,000	18-2500 ha	80-100,000	Unknown	6
Australia	0	19,200,000	0	0	0
Austria	0	8,150,000	0	0	0
Azerbaijan	Unknown	7,750,000	604 km2	50,000	Unknown	7
The Bahamas	0	295,000	0	0	0
Bahrain	Unknown	635,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Bangladesh	0	129,200,000	0	0	0
Barbados	0	275,000	0	0	0
Belarus	10	10,370,000	353 km2	Unknown	Large	8
Belgium	0	10,245,000	Unknown	Unknown	Large	9
Belize	0	249,200	0	0	0
Benin	0	6,400,000	0	0	0
Bhutan	0	2,006,000	0	0	0
Bolivia	0	8,153,000	0	0	0	10
Bosnia & Herzegovina	87	3,836,000	4,200 km2	1,000,00	Large	11
Botswana	0	1,577,000	0	0	0
Brazil	0	172,861,000	0	0	0
Brunei	0	337,000	0	0	0
Bulgaria	0	7,797,000	0	0	Unknown
Burkina Faso	0	11,947,000	0	0	0
Burma (Myanmar)	1,500	41,735,000	Unknown	Unknown	Large	12
Burundi	Unknown	6,055,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	13
Cambodia	811	12,213,000	2,000 km2	300,000-1 m.	2.5 m.+	14
Cameroon	0	15,422,000	0	0	0
Canada	0	31,279,000	0	0	0
Cape Verde	0	401,400	0	0	0
Central African Rep.	0	3,513,000	0	0	0
Chad	150	8,425,000	77,685 km2	500,000	Large	15
Chile	0	15,154,000	Unknown	250,000 +	0	16
China	Unknown	1,262,000,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	17
Colombia	Unknown	39,686,000	248,216 km2	70,000	Small	18
Comoros	0	579,000	0	0	0
Congo (Democratic Republic of)	Unknown	51,965,000	Unknown	Unknown	Small	19
Congo Republic	Unknown	2,831,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Costa Rica	0	3,711,000	170,000 m2	3,000-5,000	0	20
Cote D'Ivoire	0	15,981,000	0	0	0
Croatia	22	4,282,000	4,000 km2	1-1.2 mil.	0	21
Cuba	Unknown	11,142,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	22
Cyprus	0	759,000	42 km2	17,000	Unknown	23
Czech Republic	0	10,273,000	0	0	0
Denmark	0	5,337,000	100 km2	Unknown	Small	24
Djibouti	7	451,500	Unknown	Unknown	Small	25
Dominica	0	71,600	0	0	0
Dominican Republic	0	8,443,000	0	0	0
Ecuador	Unknown	12,921,000	10,000 km2	50,000-60,000	Small	26
Egypt	Unknown	68,360,000	2,800 km2	5-7.5 mil.	15-15.5 mil	27
El Salvador	Unknown	6,123,000	Unknown	Unknown	Small	28
Equatorial Guinea	0	475,000	0	0	0
Eritrea	200	4,136,000	Unknown	1.5-2 million	Large	29
Estonia	18	1,432,000	Unknown	Unknown	Large	30
Ethiopia	159	94,136,000	2,000 km2	1.5-2 million	Large	31
Fiji	0	833,000	0	0	0
Finland	0	5,168,000	0	0	0
France	0	59,330,000	50 km2	Unknown	Large	32
Gabon	0	1,208,000	0	0	0
The Gambia	0	1,367,000	0	0	0
Georgia	Unknown	5,020,000	220 km2	50,000	1,500	33
Germany	0	82,800,000	0	0	0
Ghana	0	19,534,000	0	0	0
Greece	Unknown	10,602,000	Unknown	Unknown	Small	34
Grenada	0	90,000	Several km2	0	Small	35
Guatemala	0	12,640,000	8 km2	1,500-2,000	Small	36
Guinea	0	7,467,000	0	0	0
Guinea-Bissau	16	1,286,000	30 km2	16,000-20,000	Small	37
Guyana	Unknown	698,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Haiti	Unknown	6,868,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Honduras	Unknown	6,250,000	Unknown	15-35,000	Unknown	38
Hungary	0	10,139,000	0	0	0
Iceland	0	277,000	100 km2	0	Small	39
India	835	1,014,000,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	40
Indonesia	0	224,785,000	0	0	0
Iran	Unknown	65,620,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Iraq	Unknown	22,676,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Ireland	0	3,798,000	0	0	0
Israel	0	5,843,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	41
Italy	0	57,635,000	Unknown	0	Small	42
Jamaica	0	2,653,000	0	0	0
Japan	Unknown	126,555,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Jordan	12	4,999,000	100 km2	222,637	Unknown	43
Kazakhstan	0	16,734,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	44
Kenya	Unknown	30,340,000	Unknown	Unknown	Small	45
Kirabati	Unknown	92,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Korea (Republic of)	Unknown	47,471,000	Unknown	1,125,000	Unknown	46
Korea (North)	Unknown	21,688,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Kosovo (Province of)	Unknown	2,100,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	47
Kuwait	Unknown	1,974,000	Unknown	Unknown	Large	48
Kyrgyzstan	2	4,686,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	49
Laos	Unknown	5,498,000	87,213 km2	Unknown	Large	50
Latvia	Unknown	2,405,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Lebanon	55	3,578,000	Unknown	165,000+	Medium	51
Lesotho	0	2,144,000	0	0	0
Liberia	0	3,165,000	0	0	0
Libya	Unknown	5,116,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Liechtenstein	0	32,000	0	0	0
Lithuania	Unknown	3,621,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Luxembourg	0	438,000	Unknown	0	Small	52
Macedonia	Unknown	2,042,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	53
Madagascar	0	15,507,000	0	0	0
Malawi	Unknown	10,386,000	Unknown	Unknown	0	54
Malaysia	0	21,800,000	0	0	0
Maldives	0	302,000	0	0	0
Mali	0	10,686,000	0	0	0
Malta	0	392,000	Unknown	0	Small	55
Marshall Islands	0	68,200	Unknown	0	Medium	56
Mauritania	Unknown	2,668,000	210,000 km2	Unknown	Unknown	57
Mauritius	0	1,180,000	0	100,000	0
Mexico	0	100,350,000	0	0	0
Micronesia	0	133,200	Unknown	0	Small	58
Moldova	0	4,431,000	0	0	0	59
Monaco	Unknown	32,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Mongolia	Unknown	2,617,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Morocco	10	30,123,000	Unknown	1-2 million	Unknown	60
Mozambique	29	19,105,000	Unknown	800,000-1m.	Unknown	61
Namibia	115	1,772,000	100,000 km2	Unknown	Large	62
Nauru	0	11,900	0	0
Nepal	0	24,703,000	0	0	0
Netherlands	Unknown	15,893,000	40,000 ha	Unknown	Small	63
New Zealand	0	3,820,000	0	0	0
Nicaragua	Unknown	4,813,000	Unknown	108,000	Small	64
Niger	0	10,076,000	Unknown	Unknown	0	65
Nigeria	0	123,338,000	0	0	0
Norway	0	4,482,000	0	0	0
Oman	Unknown	2,534,000	4,840 km2	1-5000	Small	66
Pakistan	Unknown	141,554,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Palau	Unknown	19,000	Unknown	Unknown	Small	67
Panama	0	2,809,000	7,675 acres	0	Small	68
Papua New Guinea	0	4,927,000	Unknown	0	Large	69
Paraguay	0	5,586,000	0	0
Peru	Unknown	27,013,000	Unknown	187,000	Small	70
Philippines	0	81,160,000	0	0	0
Poland	Unknown	38,647,000	96,560 m2	Unknown	Large	71
Portugal	0	10,049,000	0	0	0
Qatar	0	745,000	0	0	0
Romania	Unknown	22,412,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Russia	25	146,002,000	Unknown	Unknown	Large	72
Rwanda	15	7,230,000	1,320 km2	250,000	Unknown	73
St. Kitts & Nevis	0	39,000	0	0	0
St. Lucia	0	156,300	0	0	0
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	0	115,500	0	0	0
Samoa	0	180,000	0	0	0
San Marino	0	27,000	0	0	0
Sao Tome and Principe	0	160,000	0	0	0
Saudi Arabia	0	22,024,000	Unknown	0	Small	74
Senegal	Unknown	9,998,000	15,000 km2	Unknown	Unknown	75
Seychelles	0	79,400	0	0	0
Sierra Leone	Unknown	5,233,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	76
Singapore	0	4,152,000	0	0	0
Slovakia	Unknown	5,408,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Slovenia	0	1,928,000	0	0	0
Solomon Islands	0	467,000	Unknown	0	Medium	77
Somalia (Northwest)	Unknown	7,254,000	Unknown	Unknown	Large	78
South Africa	0	43,422	0	0	0
Spain	0	39,997,000	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	499	19,239,000	Unknown	300,000-mi.	Large	79
Sudan	Unknown	35,080,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Suriname	0	432,000	50 km2	30	0	80
Swaziland	0	1,084,000	3 km2	12	0	81
Sweden	0	8,874,000	0	0	0
Switzerland	0	7,263,000	0	0	0
Syria	Unknown	16,306,000	36,000 + km2	300,000 +	Unknown	82
Taiwan	Unknown	22,192,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Tajikistan	40	6,441,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	83
Tanzania	0	35,307,000	0	0	0
Thailand	Unknown	61,231,000	2,500 km2	1,000,000	Medium	84
Togo	0	5,019,000	0	0	0
Tonga	0	103,000	0	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	0	1,176,000	0	0	0
Tunisia	Unknown	9,594,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	85
Turkey	0	65,667,000	0	0	0
Turkmenistan	0	4,519,000	0	0	0
Tuvalu	0	11,000	0	0	0
Uganda	Unknown	23,314,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	86
Ukraine	Unknown	49,154,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	87
UAE	0	2,370,000	0	0	0
United Kingdom	0	59,509,000	20 km2	18,500	Small	88
Uruguay	0	3,335,000	0	0	0
Uzbekistan	16	24,756,000	14 km2	7,000	Unknown	89
Vanuatu	0	190,000	0	0	Small
Vatican City	0	870	0	0	0
Venezuela	0	23,543,000	0	0	0
Vietnam	2,000	78,774,000	Unknown	3.5 million	Large	90
Yemen	Unknown	17,480,000	923 km2	100,000	Medium	91
Yugoslavia	Unknown	10,663,000	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	92
Zambia	Unknown	9,583,000	2,500 km2	Unknown	Unknown	93
Zimbabwe	4	11,343,000	656 km2	2.5 million	Unknown	94

Notes

Countries in bold face are receiving U.S. humanitarian demining assistance.

1. Afghanistan: Although landmines cause an estimated 200 casualties a month, the casualty rate is down approximately 50 percent since 1998. Fifty-three percent of landmine/UXO casualties occur in the 18-40 age group. Ninety-six percent of these casualties are male. Amputations occurred in 40 percent of the reported landmine accidents, death in 31 percent, severe, non-permanent injuries in 11 percent, and blindness in 6 percent. Most of the mined areas in Afghanistan are in agricultural fields, irrigation canals, and grazing areas. The most heavily mined regions of Afghanistan are the southern provinces of Helmand, Ghanzi, and Kandahar. The provinces of Pakita, and Nangahar in the east and Herat in the west are also heavily mined. UXO contamination exists on or near the battlefield frontlines and is especially severe in Kabul. Since 1990, The Mine Action Program Afghanistan has cleared over 224 square kilometers of high-priority mine affected land and 321 square kilometers of former battlefield areas, while destroying approximately 210,000 landmines and 985,00 pieces of UXO.

2. Albania: There were 194 landmine casualties in 1999. Of the total 225 land mine casualties over the last two years, 211 were civilians ranging in age from 10 to 75. Twenty-one people have died as a result of their landmine injuries. To date, deminers have cleared 10.6 hectares of land, destroying more than 500 mines, as well as three of 13 areas containing concentrated amounts of UXO. The full extent of the UXO problem is not known.

3. Algeria: Landmine casualties have averaged less than 10 a year over the last decade. Most of the landmines are located in the remote, mountainous areas, which form the northern portion of Algeria's border with Morocco and Tunisia. However, landmines block traditional areas of transit or habitation, particularly in the east.

4. Angola: Half the landmine casualties occurred on Angola's roads, confirming that there is still no safe movement of people and goods in the country. The estimated amount of land affected includes that containing UXO. Most of the affected land is highly populated and rich in natural resources.

5. Argentina: The country is not landmine/UXO affected unless one considers the Malvinas/Falkland Islands as part of Argentina. The Government of Argentina and the Government of the United Kingdom are discussing terms of reference for a joint study on how to remove the landmines on the Malvinas/Falkland Islands.

6. Armenia: There have been an estimated 12 to twenty landmine/UXO incidents over the last six to seven years, resulting in approximately 40 to 50 civilians killed and wounded. Landmines prevent the cultivation of large areas of arable land, and kill livestock grazing on pastureland.

7. Azerbaijan: The UN believes landmines have killed or injured more than 7,000 Azeri soldiers and civilians since 1988. According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, there are some 50,000 landmines of various types in Nagorny-Karabakh alone.

8. Belarus: The landmine casualty figure is 10 for 1999. Between 1990 and 1999, there were 92 landmine casualties, 34 of whom subsequently died from their injuries. Landmines and UXO are found mainly in the regions of Brest, Gomel, Mogilev, Minsk, and Vitebsk.

9. Belgium: UXO killed one Belgian and injured two others in 2000. Also in 2000, the Belgian military's explosive ordnance disposal unit destroyed 380 tons of UXO.

10. Bolivia: Since 1985, Chilean landmines on the Bolivia-Chile border have killed at least five Bolivian civilians. The Ministry of Defenses of Bolivia estimates that there are 80,000 landmines on its border with Chile, all on Chilean territory.

11. Bosnia & Herzegovina: Since 1995, there have been 1263 landmine casualties, with 318 victims dying of their wounds. By 2000, the landmine casualty rate had decreased by more than 80 percent. Civilians constitute approximately 85 percent of the landmine casualties. To date, deminers have cleared 36,000 mines from 23 sq. km. of land.

12. Burma (Myanmar): Nongovernmental organizations are the source for the estimated number of landmine victims. No one has yet produced a credible estimate of the number of landmines emplaced and the area they affect.

13. Burundi: Between November 1996 and July 1998, individuals reported approximately 50 anti-tank and 10 anti-personnel landmine incidents, including 12 in Bujumbura. Most of the incidents occurred along the borders with the Congo and Tanzania.

14. Cambodia: The landmine casualty rate has dropped nearly 70 percent since 1996. The casualty rate among adult males is 64 percent; among adult females it is 7 percent; and, among children under 18 it is 29 percent. Civilians constitute 92 percent of the landmine victims. Since 1992, Cambodian deminers have cleared 145,600 sq. m. of land, and have destroyed 122,750 mines and 577,106 pieces of UXO.

15. Chad: Most landmine and UXO injuries result from tampering, herding, and travel. Approximately 50 % of the victims succumb to their injuries. Landmines and UXO affect 249 of the 347 localities in Chad, with the most severely affected areas in the north and east.

16. Chile: Between 1976 and 1999 there were 88 landmine casualties, 12 of whom subsequently died from their injuries. Fifty-five of the casualties, including five dead, have been military. Landmines are located in about 310 well-marked minefields along Chile's border with Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru, as well as on five islands in Tierra del Fuego. The Ministry of Defense of Bolivia estimates that the Chilean landmineson the border with Bolivia affects approximately 10,000 sq. km. of Chilean territory.

17. China: The area along the Sino-Vietnamese border is believed to be mine affected, The extent of the problem is not known.

18. Colombia: Between 1990 and 2000, there were 720 landmine/UXO casualties. Landmines and UXO affect approximately 22 percent of Colombia's territory. The estimated 70,000 landmine figure includes an unknown number of UXO.

19. Congo (Democratic republic of): There are a few UXO in well-defined and known areas, and there are some landmines along the border with Angola. Press reports also claim that Rwandan and Ugandan troops left 4,000 anti-personnel landmines and numerous UXO in Kisangani during fighting there in June, 2000.

20. Costa Rica: The Organization of American States has reported three landmine casualties to date. The landmines are located along the Nicaraguan Border and in Penas Blancas, near the Pan American Highway. Since 1996, Costa Rican deminers have cleared more than 100,000 sq. m. of land, destroying 331 landmines in the process.

21. Croatia: Between 1991 and 2000, there were 1646 landmine casualties, 365 of whom died as a result of their injuries. Nearly 8 percent of Croatia is contaminated by mines, or suspected of being so. There are 500 sq. km. of known minefields, and 3,5000 sq. km. of suspected minefields. The estimated figure of landmines includes an unknown number of UXO. Since 1999, Croatian deminers have cleared more than 2,600 mines from 1.6 million sq. m. of land, returning some 150,000 sq. m. of it to agricultural use.

22. Cuba: The United States has removed all the mines it laid to establish a defensive perimeter around its naval base at Guantanomo Bay. The status of the Cuban landmines near the base is not known.

23. Cyprus: Since 1974, landmines have killed three UNFICYP Peacekeepers and wounded several more. One hundred and twenty marked minefields render approximately 42 sq. km. of land unusable.

24. Denmark: The landmine affected area, a segment of the west coast of Jutland, is clearly marked. The UXO are in an impact area of a training site.

25. Djibouti: Since 1997, there have been 121 landmine casualties, (seven in 2000), including 31 fatalities. The majority of the victims have been military personnel. Mined areas in Djibouti are located principally in the Obock and Tadjoura districts north of Djibouti City. A Level I survey this year will determine the full extent of the landmine and UXO threat.

26. Ecuador: Between 1995 and 1999, there were approximately 120 landmine casualties in Ecuador, the majority of whom were civilians.

27. Egypt: Since the end of World War II, landmines and UXO have killed 696 people and injured another 7,617. Civilians accounted for 418 of the dead and 4,599 of the injured. The majority of the landmine and UXO affected areas, some 2539 sq. km., are in the northern portion of the Western Desert, along the Mediterranean Coast between the Nile delta and the Libyan border.

28. El Salvador: Although the Government of El Salvador has declared the country mine-free, some nongovernmental organizations claim there still exists a landmine and UXO problem in the countryside. In 1999, there were some UXO casualties.

29. Eritrea: The UN believes that landmines and UXO cause approximately 200 casualties annually. The National Demining Center in Asmara estimates there are 1.5 to 2 million mines and an equal number of UXO in the country. Recent conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia has added additional landmines and UXO, many in Eritrea's most fertile agricultural areas.

30. Estonia: Landmines and UXO accounted for two fatalities in 2000 and injuries to another 16 people. Since 1992 there has been a total of 133 such casualties, including 43 deaths. Since 1992, the Government of Estonia has found almost 27,500 pieces of UXO on its territory. The landmine and UXO hazard is confined largely to the Narva region in the northeastern part of the country, and the Tartu region where large battles occurred in World War II. A large quantity of UXO also remains on former Soviet target practice ranges, including all of Pakri Island.

31. Ethiopia: The casualty figure includes 54 fatalities and is only for civilians in the Regional State of Tigray on the border with Eritrea. In the last half of 1999, there were 127 civilian casualties, dead and injured combined, in Tigray. Overall, the Ethiopian Demining Headquarters estimates that since 1995, landmines have killed at least 172 civilians and injured another 113. During the same period, Ethiopian deminers have suffered four deaths and 16 wounded. The landmine affected areas are 7500 km. of trenches, with associated minefields between 250 and 700 meters deep, along the border with Eritrea.

32. France: Since 1945, landmines and UXO have killed 617 deminers and sappers, 500 between 1945 and 1947. Landmines and UXO have killed few civilians since 1947; the last military fatalities occurred in 1998. Although landmines and UXO lie scattered throughout France, only the mine and UXO affected areas in the region of Verdun remain closed to all use. By 1985, France had destroyed 13.5 million landmines, 650,000 bombs, and 23 million shells and missiles. Over the last fifteen years, French deminers and sappers have destroyed an average of 500 to 700 tons of landmines and UXO annually.

33. Georgia: According to the Government of Georgia (GoG), since 1994, landmines and UXO have killed four military personnel and wounded one civilian; another two military personnel and 115 civilians have been injured. There are landmines on the Georgia-Abkhazia border and possibly along Georgia's border with Turkey. Other mines are in minefields around former Soviet and present Russian military bases, as well as in minefields adjacent to or collocated with residential, agricultural and grazing areas. The latter pose a serious danger to people and livestock. The GoG estimates there are approximately 1,500 pieces of UXO on its soil.

34. Greece: The Government of Greece classifies as secret the amount of land affected by old or current minefields. Minefields exist along Greece's borders with Albania and Turkey. Aggressive clearing has contained the UXO problem.

35. Grenada: There is UXO on Calivigny Point. Royal Grenada Police Force personnel, trained by a U.S. Army Explosive Ordnance Disposal Unit, are destroying the UXO.

36. Guatemala: Landmines are located in the Playa Grande/ Ixcan region of Quiche and the vicinity of former guerilla base camps near the Atitlan and Tajumulco volcanoes. Since the signing of a Peace Accord in 1996, there have been no reported landmine related casualties.

37. Guinea-Bissau: The total number of land mine casualties is not available, since hospitals do not keep such statistics on a regular basis. Seven of the known landmine victims in the first three months of 2000 subsequently died from their injuries. Most of the landmines and UXO are in close to populous areas in Central Bissau and its environs.

38. Honduras: Since mined areas are not densely populated, there are few landmine casualties. Most of the estimated 15,000-35,000 landmines are on Honduras' borders with Nicaragua and El Salvador. To date, Honduran deminers have cleared nine major minefields, measuring approximately 333,000 sq. m. in area, of more than 2,200 mines and several hundred pieces of UXO.

39. Iceland: UXO is forty years old or older. The U.S.- Iceland Defense Force and the Government of Iceland work closely together on clearing UXO.

40. India: The casualty figure, which includes 92 fatalities, is for 1999 from the state of Jammu and Kashmir, the only state for which figures are available. From 1994 through 1999, landmines killed 128 military personnel, and injured 459 more. During the same period, police and paramilitary forces suffered 52 deaths and 264 injuries. There were 148 civilian fatalities and injuries to another 410. There is no reliable information of the total amount of mine-affected land.

41. Israel: The Government of Israel reports that there have been no landmine/UXO casualties within the Green Line or on the Golan Heights since at least January 1, 2000. Deminers have cleared minefields within the Green Line, and minefields on the Golan Heights are clearly marked.

42. Italy: There is no landmine problem in Italy. There are still some discoveries of unexploded ordnance from World War II and earlier.

43. Jordan: In 2000, landmines injured nine soldiers and three civilians. Since 1967, 636 Jordanians have become landmine casualties, 266 military and 370 civilians. The majority of civilian casualties have been children, farmers, shepherds and hunters. Ninety-two landmine victims subsequently died from their injuries. The majority of the landmines are located in two discrete areas in the northwest region of the Jordan Valley; one toward the northern end of the valley, near lake Tiberias, the other further south, near the northern end of the Dead Sea. Additional minefields are located in the southwest region of the Araba Valley. Unexploded ordnance is not a serious problem in Jordan.

44. Kazakhstan: Although there are some Soviet-era landmines on Kazakhstan's border with China, they are in known areas and so do not pose a threat to civilians.

45. Kenya: Since the late 1950s, there have been few landmine/UXO casualties in Kenya. Some UXO remain in the Aberdare mountains, west of Mount Kenya, and in areas outside of military target ranges. Landmines are a small, recurring problem in the Kenya-Ethiopia border area.

46. Korea (Republic of): There are landmines in the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Korea.

47. Kosovo (Province of): According to the UN, since June 1999, UXO have killed 856 people and injured another 351. The UN has also identified approximately 800 mine affected areas and over 300 UXO sites in the interior of the Province as well as along the borders with Albania and Macedonia. Nevertheless, Kosovo is approaching a mine-safe status. As of June 2001, deminers and Explosive Ordnance Disposal teams have destroyed 27,000 mines, 14,000 pieces of UXO, and 6,273 cluster bomb sub-munitions. They have also cleared 26.2 million square meters of land. Mine clearance operations in 2001 will focus primarily in the Western and Southern sectors, along the borders with Albania and Macedonia.

48. Kuwait: Landmines killed almost 100 deminers between 1991 and 1993 and injured nearly 200 more. From 1991 to 1995, landmines killed nearly 1,700 Kuwaiti civilians and injured another 2,300. Landmines have also taken a heavy toll of camels and sheep. Shifting sands cover landmines and UXO and make estimates of their numbers and the area they affect difficult to calculate.

49. Kyrgyzstan: Landmines have taken a heavy toll of livestock. Uzbek forces have mined disputed areas along the Kyrgyz-Uzbek border, and they have not placed warning signs indicating the mines' presence.

50. Laos: From 1973 to 1996, UXO caused 10,649 casualties. The frequency of UXO incidents dropped sharply from an average of 1100 annually (1973-1976) to an average of 360 annually (1977-1986). From 1987 to 1996, UXO casualties leveled off at an average of 240 a year. Fifty-nine percent of UXO casualties are adult men; 27 percent are young boys; 10 percent are women; and 4 percent are young girls. The presence of UXO is widespread in nine of the country's seventeen provinces, with the most contaminated areas being in the northern provinces of Houaphan and Xieng Khouang, and along the border with Vietnam. An October 1997 report by Handicap International estimates that 4 percent of the UXO in Laos are landmines. Since 1995, Laos has destroyed more than 292,000 pieces of UXO and cleared 1,880 hectares of its land.

51. Lebanon: From 1998 to 2000, landmines caused 299 casualties, 228 of whom were male. Minefields and suspected minefields exist along all demarcation lines, in the former occupied zone, and on former battlefields. UNIFIL claims that 50,644 anti-personnel landmines (APL) were located in 108 minefields along the Lebanon-Israel border; 7,730 APL and anti-tank mines in an additional 48 minefield clusters, 288 separate booby trapped sites containing an unknown number landmines, and 107,200 APL in an additional 15 sites.

52. Luxembourg: On rare occasions, someone finds UXO remaining from World Wars I and II. The Government of Luxembourg disposes of them without incurring casualties.

53. Macedonia: There is a small landmine problem in the country, stemming from the 1999 conflict in Yugoslavia between the Serbian police and military forces and Kosovar Albanians. Authorities believe there are approximately six unmarked minefields along the border with Kosovo and a few mines at a former Serb border crossing station just inside the border with Macedonia.

54. Malawi: The landmine problem in Malawi is small. Since 1982, landmines have injured only ten people.

55. Malta: Occasionally, construction workers uncover World War II UXO at excavation sites. The Government of Malta's Explosive Ordnance Disposal squad destroys them safely.

56. Marshall Islands: There has not been a landmine casualty for at least 57 years. However, there is a significant amount of World War II era UXO on all the islands, which the Japanese fortified and/or where fighting occurred.

57. Mauritania: Between 1989 and 2000, landmines killed 341 Mauritanians, and injured another 239. However, in 2000, only two casualties were reported. Civilians accounted for 562 of the casualties; 80 percent were male and 20 percent were female. Landmines also killed almost 600 animals during this period. The regions of Adrar, Tiris, Zemour and Dakhalt/Nouadhibou, as well as the areas around the military bases of F'Derik, Bir-Mogrein, and Tour Bleue are mine affected.

58. Micronesia: There is a problem with World War II era UXO, but no one has conducted a survey to determine its extent. To date, there have been no reports of UXO casualties.

59. Moldova: Moldova declared itself mine safe in March 2000, after deminers had cleared the single remaining minefield in the country, restoring 210 acres of agricultural land to use for orchards, pastureland and the gathering of firewood.

60. Morocco: The country's landmine and UXO problem is located in the disputed territory of Western Sahara. In 2000, landmines killed one Moroccan and injured nine others, three of whom, including the fatality, were civilians. Most mines are located immediately to the east and west of a Moroccan-built defensive berm, which is some 1200 kilometers long. However, since no one has yet conducted a Level I Survey, it is difficult to estimate the total amount of mine affected land.

61. Mozambique: There were 20 landmine accidents in 2000, causing 29 casualties, including 8 fatalities. From 1992 to 2000, there have been 385 landmine incidents, resulting in 623 casualties, of whom 249 died (146 men, 36 women, and 67 children.) Although landmines are found in all of Mozambique's provinces, there is no reliable estimate of the number of landmines or the amount of mine affected land.

62. Namibia: Since 1989, landmines and UXO have killed more than 130 Namibians and injured an additional 380. Landmine casualties have increased dramatically since 1999 as a result of the spillover effects of the Angolan civil war into the Caprivi and Kavango regions of the northeast. There were at least 12 deaths and more than 100 landmine casualties in 2000. Although these landmines affect a relatively small area, they endanger the lives of many rural people, damage the economy by frightening away tourists, and discourage farmers from planting crops. Altogether, landmines and UXO affect approximately 12 percent of Namibia's land area, containing some of the highest population densities in the country.

64. The Netherlands: In the immediate post-war era, landmines and UXO killed 2-3 civilians annually. The current death rate is 1-2 civilians a year. The 40,000 hectare high risk areas lie along all major rivers, in the Brabant and Limburg Provinces, along the North Sea coast, and in the vicinity of a World War II German ammunition depot at Hoog Soeren. The Government of the Netherlands receives about 2000 UXO reports annually, which require investigation, removal, or controlled detonation of the ordnance.

64. Nicaragua: According to the International Red Cross, landmines have caused 2,472 casualties, including 17 mine clearance troops. There is no reliable estimate of the amount of mine affected land. Most landmines are located in the north and the south of the country. They represent Nicaragua's attempt to deter the movement of "contra" forces across the country's borders with Honduras and Costa Rica. Other landmines are found in central Nicaragua in the departments of Esteli, Jinotega, and Matagalpa. To date, Nicaraguan deminers have destroyed approximately 26,240 landmines and cleared 1,856,540.5 sq. m. of land, including 168 kilometers of the country's borders.

65. Niger: There may still be a few French anti-personnel landmines near some former Foreign Legion posts in Niger's Saharan north. It is also possible that Taureg rebels sowed landmines in the north of the country.

66. Oman: To date, landmines have killed and injured 96 Omanis. Virtually all of the landmines and UXO are located in the south, particularly in the Dhofar region.

67. Palau: There are no recent reports of landmine/UXO victims, nor is there an estimate of the land area, which they affect. U.S. Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal teams provide assistance to remove UXO found in residential areas and at construction cites throughout Koror and other areas of Palau.

68. Panama: U.S. military records indicate that since 1984, UXO have killed seven Panamanians and one U.S. soldier. UXO have also caused a number of injuries. All UXO casualties resulted from trespassing into restricted range impact areas. After the United States completed its UXO clearance operations, it turned over 7,675 acres to Panama as "preserved land", meaning that it was impracticable for the United States to remove all UXO hazards from it.

69. Papua New Guinea: There are no reliable estimates of the number of UXO, the amount of affected area, or UXO casualties. Experts believe there is a considerable amount of UXO near Rabaul.

70. Peru: The Government of Peru (GOP) does not maintain a specific register to record all landmine and UXO casualties. However, the GOP has reported that anti-personnel landmines injured 62 army personnel, 67 policemen, and 50 civilians in the period 1995 to 1999. Some100,000 mines are located along the Peru-Ecuador border and another 87,000 around electrical towers and high-tension lines. The latter are generally clearly marked. There is no estimate available of the amount of land these mines affect. By March 2001, Peruvian and Ecuadoran deminers had destroyed more than 4,300 mines and UXO along their mutual border.

71. Poland: Between 1957 and 1999, landmines and UXO killed and wounded 13,161 Poles, including 3,997 civilian fatalities and another 8,481 injuries. Children and teenagers accounted for the majority of these deaths (3,186) and injuries (6,701). The estimated 40 percent of Polish land still containing landmines and UXO lies along the Vistula river, in and around Warsaw, the Mazury Lakes/Narew region, the Carpathian foothills, and the Wal Pomorskie.

72. Russia: Most of the landmines and UXO date from World War II and are located along the former German-Russian front in Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Briyansk, and Pskov oblasts. There are no reliable estimates of their numbers or the amount of land they affect.

73. Rwanda: Since 1990, landmines and UXO have killed 1,066 Rwandans. However, between 1994 and June 2001, mine and UXO deaths dropped from 108 to 3, while related injuries decreased from 128 to 4 over the same period. Some 50,00 to 60,000 landmines are concentrated in the Kilgali area and in four prefectures in the North and Northwest, the latter an area approximately 120 km. long and about 10 km. inside Rwanda along the border with Uganda. There is an additional 1,2000 sq. km. of suspected mine contaminated land south of this region..

74. Saudi Arabia: In 2000, UXO killed two people in the desert outside Jeddah. Other UXO contaminated areas may exist.

75. Senegal: There is no accurate information available for the number of landmines or landmine casualties. Landmines and UXO are located in the western Casamance region.

76. Sierra Leone: There have been reports of landmines in the country, stemming from internal conflict there in 1998 and from subsequent unrest.

77. Solomon Islands: There is no accurate estimate of the exact number of UXO or of UXO casualties. Most UXO is in buried stockpiles on Guadalcanal Island, including one containing an estimated several hundred thousand artillery shells.

78. Somalia (Northwest): Northwest Somalia has a severe landmine and UXO problem. The mines and UXO are along the border with Somalia, around military installations, on important transportation routes, and in urban areas. The Somalia Mine Action Center has confirmed the existence of 63 minefields and suspects the presence of another 17.

79. Sri Lanka: The majority of landmine casualties were military personnel, with 68 dead and 373 wounded. Since there is no central Government authority or non-governmental organization compiling countrywide landmine and UXO data, it is not possible to make an accurate estimate of their numbers and the areas they affect. Only Jaffna, the most heavily mined area in the country, has received a Level I Survey. There are additional minefields along forward defense lines, which lie across the width of the country, from Mannar to Trincomalee and down to Batticaloa. Estimates of landmines and UXO reflect extrapolations from those found in Jaffna and Wanni.

80. Suriname: There have been no landmine casualties in recent years. The only remaining mines from the Interior War of 1986-1991 are near the town of Stolkertsijver, 50 km. east of Paramaribo, in a clearly marked area.

81. Swaziland: The landmines are in a single minefield, approximately 10 kilometers long and 50 to 100 meters wide, along the northeastern border with Mozambique.

82. Syria: No figure for landmine casualties is available for 2000. Landmines have killed and injured civilians in past years. Other statistics are for the UN Disengagement Observer Force's Area of Responsibility. It is likely that there are additional landmines on Syria's borders with Turkey and Iraq.

83. Tajikistan: The Government of Tajikistan reported recently that landmines have killed more than 40 civilians and many domestic animals. The mines are located along the Tajikistan-Uzbekistan border, the Talividara District, Romit Gorge, and the Kofarnihon District. The lack of maps indicating where combatants have laid landmines prevents an accurate estimate of the number of mines and the amount of area they affect.

84. Thailand: According to a Level Landmine Impact Survey, completed in May 2001, landmines and UXO killed or injured 346 people in 1999 and 2000. There are mined areas on Thailand's border with Cambodia (532 sq. km.), Laos (124 sq. km.), Burma (53 sq. km.), and Malaysia (87 sq. km.). It appears that Burmese troops and ethnic groups are laying additional mines along the Burma-Thailand border. Landmines and UXO are present at 933 sites affecting 530 communities over an area of 2,500 sq. km., including 148 villages with a population of more than 400,000. The principal socio-economic impact of landmines and UXO contamination are reduced viability of land for cultivation and grazing, and decreased access to forest resources.

85. Tunisia: Over the last fifty years, landmines and UXO have killed 13 Tunisians and injured more than 6,000. Most casualties have been workers clearing farmland or engaged in other agricultural activities. Landmines and UXO affect the regions around Kasserine, Sbitla, Sidi Bouzid, and Marit in west central Tunisia, Majz El Baz and Bount de Fez in the northern Tunisia, and the border with Algeria.

86. Uganda: Between July 1998 and October 2000, landmines injured 234 Ugandans; no figure is available on the number of fatalities. Since no one has conducted a Level I Survey, the number of landmines and the amount of area they affect are unknown. Since 1986, various rebel groups and, to a lesser extent the Ugandan Peoples Defense Force, used landmines sparingly. These mines are located in the southwestern districts of the country, West Nile, and Northern Uganda.

87. Ukraine: Since 1945, landmines and UXO have killed an estimated 1,800 people, including Explosive Ordnance Disposal personnel. Although UXO is found throughout the country, most of it is in the Crimea, (perhaps 100,000 tons in Sevastapol and Kerch alone), Odessa, Dnepropetrovsk, Vinnitsa, Ternopol, Zhitomir, Kiev, and Kharkiv.

88. United Kingdom: Figures are for the Falkland Islands. There have been no APL/UXO victims for seven years. Fences identify and isolate the minefields, so that they do not pose a humanitarian threat.

89. Uzbekistan: All landmine casualties were civilians; only two were Uzbek citizens. The landmines are located along the country's border with Tajikistan.

90. Vietnam: According to a Government of Vietnam report, up to May 1998 landmines and UXO had killed 38,248 Vietnamese and injured another 64,064. Quang Tri Province, which adjoins the former border between North and South Vietnam, is one of the most affected regions, but landmines and UXO also pose a threat near the border with China and regions bordering Laos. There is also an estimated 300,00 tons of UXO throughout the country.

91. Yemen: Up to the end of 1998, landmines and UXO killed 3,503 Yemenis and injured 2,223. From 1999 to 2000, landmines killed 57 people and wounded 121 more; all but two were civilians. A large number of the victims (40) were young boys who had been tampering with mines and UXO, or males and females (66) herding livestock. Landmines affect 859 distinct sites throughout the country, measuring 799 square kilometers in area, and UXO infest some 200 sites, 267 sq. km. in size. Approximately 828,000 people live in these mine and UXO affected areas. By September 2001, deminers had cleared 28 minefields, representing an area of 1.92 million sq. m.

92. Yugoslavia: Landmines and UXO have injured several people over the last few years, including soldiers and police officers. Deminers have removed a majority of the mines that were on the border with Montenegro. UXO, while not limited to any one area, is most prevalent in Sector A of the Ground Security Zone near the Kosovo border.

93. Zambia: Since 1980, landmines have killed or injured more than 200 Zambians. However, hospitals do not separate landmine victims from their overall casualty counts, and so the number of victims may be higher. Since combatants laid mines in a "nuisance pattern", there is no accurate estimate of their number. The Government of Zambia believes about 2,500 sq. km. of land in five of its border provinces are mine affected.

94. Zimbabwe: Landmines killed two children and injured another child and a Zimbabwean deminer. Most of the landmines and the areas they affect are in minefields stretching 700 km. along the country's borders with Mozambique and Zambia.