Updated Foreign Assistance Standardized Program Structure and Definitions

Office of U.S. Foreign Assistance Resources
April 19, 2016


CATEGORIES

PEACE AND SECURITY

DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS AND GOVERNANCE

HEALTH

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SERVICES

ECONOMIC GROWTH

HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND OVERSIGHT

 

OVERVIEW

PEACE AND SECURITY

PROGRAM AREA PS.1: Counter-Terrorism

Program Element PS.1.1: Disrupt Terrorist Networks

Program Element PS.1.2: Counter Violent Extremism

Program Element PS.1.3: Build Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Counterterrorism Capacity

Program Element PS.1.4: Strengthen Multilateral and Regional Counterterrorism Mechanisms

PROGRAM AREA PS.2: Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

Program Element PS.2.1: Counter WMD Proliferation and Combat WMD Terrorism

PROGRAM AREA PS.3: Counter-Narcotics

Program Element PS.3.1: Eradication

Program Element PS.3.2: Alternative Development and Alternative Livelihoods

Program Element PS.3.3: Interdiction

Program Element PS.3.4: Drug Demand, Prevention and Treatment

Program Element PS.3.5: Narcotics-Related Corruption

PROGRAM AREA PS.4: Transnational Threats and Crime

Program Element PS.4.1: Financial Crimes and Money Laundering

Program Element PS.4.2: Deter Cybercrime, Intellectual Property Theft, and Corporate Espionage

Program Element PS.4.3: Organized and Gang-related Crime

Program Element PS.4.4: Cybersecurity

PROGRAM AREA PS.5: Trafficking in Persons

Program Element PS.5.1: Protection

Program Element PS.5.2: Prosecution

Program Element PS.5.3: Prevention

PROGRAM AREA PS.6: Conflict Mitigation and Stabilization

Program Element PS.6.1: Conflict Early Warning, Mitigation and Peace Building

Program Element PS.6.2: Peace and Reconciliation Processes

Program Element PS.6.3: Preventive Diplomacy

Program Element PS.6.4: Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)

PROGRAM AREA PS.7: Conventional Weapons Security and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)

Program Element PS.7.1: Small Arms/Light Weapons (SA/LW) Destruction and Security

Program Element PS.7.2: Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) and Humanitarian Mine Action (HMA)

PROGRAM AREA PS.8: Strengthening Military Partnerships and Capabilities

Program Element PS.8.1: Defense and Security Operational Capacity- Building

Program Element PS.8.2: Military Professionalization and Institutional Reform

Program Element PS.8.3: Logistical and Operational Support

PROGRAM AREA PS.9: Citizen Security and Law Enforcement

Program Element PS.9.1: Civilian Policing and Peacekeeping

Program Element PS.9.2: Civilian Police Reform/Community-Oriented Policing

Program Element PS.9.3: Community Security Initiatives

Program Element PS.9.4: Corrections Assistance

Program Element PS.9.5: Border Security

Program Element PS.9.6: Specialized Law Enforcement and Intermediate Security Forces

DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS AND GOVERNANCE

PROGRAM AREA DR.1: Rule of Law (ROL)

Program Element DR.1.1: Constitutions, Laws, and Legal Systems

Program Element DR.1.2: Culture of Lawfulness

Program Element DR.1.3: Checks and Balances with Judicial Independence and Supremacy of Law

Program Element DR.1.4: Justice Systems and Institutions

Program Element DR.1.5: Fairness and Access to Justice

PROGRAM AREA DR.2: Good Governance

Program Element DR.2.1: Legislative Authority - Function and Processes

Program Element DR.2.2: Non-security Executive Authority - Function and Processes

Program Element DR.2.3: Local Government and Decentralization

Program Element DR.2.4: Anti-Corruption Reforms

Program Element DR.2.5: Executive Authority - Security Sector (Civilian)

PROGRAM AREA DR.3: Political Competition and Consensus-Building

Program Element DR.3.1: Consensus-Building Processes

Program Element DR.3.2: Elections and Political Processes

Program Element DR.3.3: Political Parties

PROGRAM AREA DR.4: Civil Society

Program Element DR.4.1: Enabling Environment for Civil Society

Program Element DR.4.2: Civil Society Organizational Capacity Development

Program Element DR.4.3: Civic Education, Citizen Participation and Public Accountability

Program Element DR.4.4: Civic Education and Democratic Culture

Program Element DR.4.5: Democratic Labor and Trade Unions

PROGRAM AREA DR.5: Independent Media and Free Flow of Information

Program Element DR.5.1: Enabling Environment for Media and Free Flow of Information

Program Element DR.5.2: Professional and Institutional Capacities of Media

Program Element DR.5.3: Outlets and Infrastructure

PROGRAM AREA DR.6: Human Rights

Program Element DR.6.1: Human Rights Systems, Policies and Protection

Program Element DR.6.2: Transitional Justice

Program Element DR.6.3: Equal Rights for Marginalized Communities

HEALTH

PROGRAM AREA HL.1: HIV/AIDS

Program Element HL.1.1: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT)

Program Element HL.1.2: Sexual Prevention - Abstinence/Be Faithful

Program Element HL.1.3: Biomedical Prevention - Blood Safety

Program Element HL.1.4: Biomedical Prevention - Injection Safety

Program Element HL.1.5: Sexual Prevention - Other Sexual Prevention

Program Element HL.1.6: Adult Care and Support

Program Element HL.1.7: TB/HIV

Program Element HL.1.8: Orphans and Vulnerable Children

Program Element HL.1.9: Counseling and Testing

Program Element HL.1.10: Treatment/ARV Drugs

Program Element HL.1.11: Treatment/Adult Treatment

Program Element HL.1.12: Laboratory Infrastructure

Program Element HL.1.13: Health System Strengthening

Program Element HL.1.14: Strategic Information

Program Element HL.1.15: Biomedical Prevention - Medical Male Circumcision

Program Element HL.1.16: Biomedical Prevention - Prevention Among Injecting and Non-Injecting Drug Users

Program Element HL.1.17: Pediatric Care and Support

Program Element HL.1.18: Treatment/Pediatric Treatment

PROGRAM AREA HL.2: Tuberculosis

Program Element HL.2.1: Universal Access to TB Diagnosis and Treatment

Program Element HL.2.2: Improved TB Drug Management

Program Element HL.2.3: Improved Management of TB/HIV Co-infection

Program Element HL.2.4: Programmatic Management of Multi Drug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB)

Program Element HL.2.5: Treatment and Support Services

Program Element HL.2.6: Development of New Tools and Improved Approaches

Program Element HL.2.7: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (TB)

Program Element HL.2.8: Host Country Strategic Information Systems

Program Element HL.2.9: TB Laboratory Strengthening

Program Element HL.2.10: Improved Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric TB

Program Element HL.2.11: Improved TB Infection Prevention and Control

PROGRAM AREA HL.3: Malaria

Program Element HL.3.1: Diagnosis and Treatment with Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies

Program Element HL.3.2: Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) to Prevent Malaria

Program Element HL.3.3: Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) to Prevent Malaria

Program Element HL.3.4: Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Pregnant Women

Program Element HL.3.5: Epidemic Preparedness and Response

Program Element HL.3.6: Malaria Research

Program Element HL.3.7: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (Malaria)

Program Element HL.3.8: Anti-microbial Resistance (Malaria)

Program Element HL.3.9: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (Malaria)

PROGRAM AREA HL.4: Global Health Security in Development (GHSD)

Program Element HL.4.1: Planning and Preparedness for Outbreak Response

Program Element HL.4.2: Animal and Human Disease Surveillance

Program Element HL.4.3: Commodity Stockpile

Program Element HL.4.4: Behavior Change Communications

Program Element HL.4.5: Response to Disease Outbreak

Program Element HL.4.6: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (GHSD)

Program Element HL.4.7: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (GHSD)

PROGRAM AREA HL.5: Other Public Health Threats

Program Element HL.5.1: Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Infectious Diseases

Program Element HL.5.2: Non-Communicable Public Health Threats Including Injuries

Program Element HL.5.3: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (Other Health)

Program Element HL.5.4: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (Other Health)

PROGRAM AREA HL.6: Maternal and Child Health

Program Element HL.6.1: Birth Preparedness and Maternity Services

Program Element HL.6.2: Treatment of Obstetric Complications and Disabilities

Program Element HL.6.3: Newborn Care and Treatment

Program Element HL.6.4: Immunization

Program Element HL.6.5: Polio

Program Element HL.6.6: Treatment of Child Illness

Program Element HL.6.7: Household Level Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Environment

Program Element HL.6.8: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening

Program Element HL.6.9: Anti-microbial Resistance (MCH)

Program Element HL.6.10: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (MCH)

PROGRAM AREA HL.7: Family Planning and Reproductive Health

Program Element HL.7.1: Service Delivery

Program Element HL.7.2: Communication and Knowledge Management (FP/RH)

Program Element HL.7.3: Policy Analysis and Capacity Building

Program Element HL.7.4: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (FP/RH)

Program Element HL.7.5: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (FP/RH)

Program Element HL.7.6: Procurement and Supply Chain (FP/RH)

Program Element HL.7.7: Research (FP/RH)

PROGRAM AREA HL.8: Water Supply and Sanitation

Program Element HL.8.1: Safe Water Access

Program Element HL.8.2: Basic Sanitation

Program Element HL.8.3: Water and Sanitation Policy and Governance

Program Element HL.8.4: Sustainable Financing for Water and Sanitation Services

Program Element HL.8.5: Water Resources Productivity

Program Element HL.8.6: Science and Technology Cooperation

Program Element HL.8.7: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (Water)

Program Element HL.8.8: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (Water)

PROGRAM AREA HL.9: Nutrition

Program Element HL.9.1: Promotion of Improved Nutrition Practices

Program Element HL.9.2: Population-based Nutrition Service Delivery

Program Element HL.9.3: Nutrition Enabling Environment and Capacity

Program Element HL.9.4: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (Nutrition)

Program Element HL.9.5: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (Nutrition)

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SERVICES

PROGRAM AREA ES.1: Basic Education

Program Element ES.1.1: Pre-Primary Education

Program Element ES.1.2: Primary Education

Program Element ES.1.3: Lower Secondary Education

Program Element ES.1.4: Learning for Out-of-School Youth

Program Element ES.1.5: Literacy and Numeracy for Youth and Adults

Program Element ES.1.6: Upper Secondary Education

Program Element ES.1.7: Education Systems

Program Element ES.1.8: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity (Basic Ed)

PROGRAM AREA ES.2: Higher Education

Program Element ES.2.1: Engaging Higher Education Institutions in Research and Development

Program Element ES.2.2: Access to Tertiary Education and Professional Development to Strengthen Higher Education

Program Element ES.2.3: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity (Higher Ed)

Program Element ES.2.4: Engaging Tertiary Institutions in Workforce Development

Program Element ES.2.5: Systemic Reform of Tertiary Institutions

Program Element ES.2.6: Access to Higher Education Opportunities

PROGRAM AREA ES.3: Social Policies, Regulations, and Systems

Program Element ES.3.1: Social Policy Governance

Program Element ES.3.2: Research Capacity

Program Element ES.3.3: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity for Social Services Policy

PROGRAM AREA ES.4: Social Services

Program Element ES.4.1: Vulnerable Children

Program Element ES.4.2: Victims of War

Program Element ES.4.3: Victims of Torture

Program Element ES.4.4: Other Targeted Vulnerable Groups

Program Element ES.4.5: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity for Social Services Programs

PROGRAM AREA ES.5: Social Assistance

Program Element ES.5.1: Targeted Financial Assistance to Meet Basic Needs for the Poorest

Program Element ES.5.2: Conditional Cash Transfers

Program Element ES.5.3: Targeted Subsidies for Low-Income Households

Program Element ES.5.4: Self-Help Programs

Program Element ES.5.5: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity for Targeted Cash or In-Kind Social Assistance

ECONOMIC GROWTH

PROGRAM AREA EG.1: Macroeconomic Foundation for Growth

Program Element EG.1.1: Fiscal policy

Program Element EG.1.2: Monetary policy

PROGRAM AREA EG.2: Trade and Investment

Program Element EG.2.1: Trade and Investment Enabling Environment

Program Element EG.2.2: Trade and Investment Capacity

PROGRAM AREA EG.3: Agriculture

Program Element EG.3.1: Agricultural Enabling Environment

Program Element EG.3.2: Agricultural Sector Capacity

Program Element EG.3.3: Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture

PROGRAM AREA EG.4: Financial Sector

Program Element EG.4.1: Financial Sector Enabling Environment

Program Element EG.4.2: Financial Sector Capacity

PROGRAM AREA EG.5: Private Sector Productivity

Program Element EG.5.1: Business Enabling Environment

Program Element EG.5.2: Private Sector Opportunity

PROGRAM AREA EG.6: Workforce Development

Program Element EG.6.1: Systemic and Institutional Reform

Program Element EG.6.2: Partnership Development

Program Element EG.6.3: Workforce Readiness

Program Element EG.6.4: Technical/Vocational Training for Employment

PROGRAM AREA EG.7: Modern Energy Services

Program Element EG.7.1: Expanded Access to Modern Energy Services

Program Element EG.7.2: Energy Infrastructure Development

Program Element EG.7.3: Energy Policy and Institutions

PROGRAM AREA EG.8: Information and Communications Technology Services

Program Element EG.8.1: Expanded Access to Information and Telecommunications Services

Program Element EG.8.2: Improved Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy and Institutions

PROGRAM AREA EG.9: Transport Services

Program Element EG.9.1: Expanded Access to Transportation Services in Rural and Low Income Areas

Program Element EG.9.2: Transportation Infrastructure Development

Program Element EG.9.3: Transport Planning, Policy, and Institutions

PROGRAM AREA EG.10: Environment

Program Element EG.10.1: Clean Productive Environment

Program Element EG.10.2: Biodiversity

Program Element EG.10.3: Natural Resource Management

Program Element EG.10.4: Land Tenure & Sustainable Land Management

PROGRAM AREA EG.11: Climate Change – Adaptation

Program Element EG.11.1: Climate Science and Analysis

Program Element EG.11.2: Climate Governance

Program Element EG.11.3: Climate-resilient Practices

PROGRAM AREA EG.12: Climate Change - Clean Energy

Program Element EG.12.1: Low Emissions Development Planning for Energy

Program Element EG.12.2: Clean Energy Investment, Implementation, and Use

PROGRAM AREA EG.13: Climate Change - Sustainable Landscapes

Program Element EG.13.1: Low Emission Planning Development in Land Use and/or REDD+

Program Element EG.13.2: Implementation of Low Emission Development Strategies, including Sustainable Landscapes and REDD+

HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

PROGRAM AREA HA.1: Protection, Assistance and Solutions

Program Element HA.1.1: Protection and Solutions

Program Element HA.1.2: Assistance and Recovery

PROGRAM AREA HA.2: Disaster Readiness

Program Element HA.2.1: Capacity Building, Preparedness, and Planning

PROGRAM AREA HA.3: Migration Management

Program Element HA.3.1: Protection and Assistance

Program Element HA.3.2: Institutional Support and Capacity-building

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND OVERSIGHT

PROGRAM AREA PO.1: Program Design and Learning

Program Element PO.1.1: Program Design and Learning

PROGRAM AREA PO.2: Administration and Oversight

Program Element PO.2.1: Administration and Oversight

PROGRAM AREA PO.3: Evaluation

Program Element PO.3.1: Evaluation

 

PEACE AND SECURITY: To help nations effectively establish the conditions and capacity for achieving peace, security, and stability; and for responding effectively against arising threats to national or international security and stability.

 

SUMMARY

PROGRAM AREA PS.1: Counter-Terrorism

Program Element PS.1.1: Disrupt Terrorist Networks

Program Element PS.1.2: Counter Violent Extremism

Program Element PS.1.3: Build Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Counterterrorism Capacity

Program Element PS.1.4: Strengthen Multilateral and Regional Counterterrorism Mechanisms

PROGRAM AREA PS.2: Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

Program Element PS.2.1: Counter WMD Proliferation and Combat WMD Terrorism

PROGRAM AREA PS.3: Counter-Narcotics

Program Element PS.3.1: Eradication

Program Element PS.3.2: Alternative Development and Alternative Livelihoods

Program Element PS.3.3: Interdiction

Program Element PS.3.4: Drug Demand, Prevention and Treatment

Program Element PS.3.5: Narcotics-Related Corruption

PROGRAM AREA PS.4: Transnational Threats and Crime

Program Element PS.4.1: Financial Crimes and Money Laundering

Program Element PS.4.2: Deter Cybercrime, Intellectual Property Theft, and Corporate Espionage

Program Element PS.4.3: Organized and Gang-related Crime

Program Element PS.4.4: Cybersecurity

PROGRAM AREA PS.5: Trafficking in Persons

Program Element PS.5.1: Protection

Program Element PS.5.2: Prosecution

Program Element PS.5.3: Prevention

PROGRAM AREA PS.6: Conflict Mitigation and Stabilization

Program Element PS.6.1: Conflict Early Warning, Mitigation and Peace Building

Program Element PS.6.2: Peace and Reconciliation Processes

Program Element PS.6.3: Preventive Diplomacy

Program Element PS.6.4: Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)

PROGRAM AREA PS.7: Conventional Weapons Security and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)

Program Element PS.7.1: Small Arms/Light Weapons (SA/LW) Destruction and Security

Program Element PS.7.2: Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) and Humanitarian Mine Action (HMA)

PROGRAM AREA PS.8: Strengthening Military Partnerships and Capabilities

Program Element PS.8.1: Defense and Security Operational Capacity- Building

Program Element PS.8.2: Military Professionalization and Institutional Reform

Program Element PS.8.3: Logistical and Operational Support

PROGRAM AREA PS.9: Citizen Security and Law Enforcement

Program Element PS.9.1: Civilian Policing and Peacekeeping

Program Element PS.9.2: Civilian Police Reform/Community-Oriented Policing

Program Element PS.9.3: Community Security Initiatives

Program Element PS.9.4: Corrections Assistance

Program Element PS.9.5: Border Security

Program Element PS.9.6: Specialized Law Enforcement and Intermediate Security Forces

Return to Peace and Security Summary

DEFINITIONS

PROGRAM AREA PS.1: Counter-Terrorism

Definition: Combat transnational terrorism, especially from al-Qa’ida, its affiliates, and adherents using a strategic counterterrorism approach that focuses on 1) countering violent extremism; 2) building the capacity of civilian law enforcement and criminal justice institutions to address threats within their own borders; and 3) building stronger relationships with our partners around the world – in order to engage in a broader, more comprehensive counterterrorism effort that treats civilian institutions, to include the justice sector and law enforcement, as a critical part of building effective partner capacity to counter terrorism. Rule of law activities with counterterrorism objectives or working with specific CT actors in partner nations should be captured here - all other rule of law activities should be captured under DR.1.

Program Element PS.1.1: Disrupt Terrorist Networks

Definition: Provide partner nation immigration, law enforcement, and security officials with the biometrically-enhanced Personal Identification and Secure Comparison and Evaluation System (PISCES) computer database system, enabling them to identify, monitor, investigate, and detain suspected terrorists attempting to transit their ports of entry; and build the capacity of countries to detect, disrupt and dismantle terrorist financing networks which provide the financial resources to terrorist groups by establishing effective anti-money laundering and counterterrorism finance legal frameworks, sound financial regulatory systems, and financial investigative units to analyze financial data to uncover illicit transactions and share information with the U.S. and other partner nations.

Program Element PS.1.2: Counter Violent Extremism

Definition: Deny terrorist organizations, particularly al-Qa’ida (AQ) and its affiliates, potential new recruits by: providing positive alternatives to those most at-risk of recruitment into violent extremism; countering the AQ ideology, which glorifies violence; and increasing partner capacity, both civil society and government, to stem terrorist recruitment.

Program Element PS.1.3: Build Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Counterterrorism Capacity

Definition: Assist partner country law enforcement and criminal justice officials, including the police, prosecutors, judges, and prison officials, to deal effectively with security challenges within their borders, defend against threats to national and regional stability, and deter terrorist operations across borders and regions within a rule of law framework over a wide spectrum of counterterrorism skills including: investigations, border security (see PS.9.5), protection of critical targets, leadership and management (see PS.9.2), regional coordination and cooperation, critical incident management, and cyber security.

Program Element PS.1.4: Strengthen Multilateral and Regional Counterterrorism Mechanisms

Definition: Promote mutually beneficial cooperation with our historic allies, emerging powers, and new partners around the world by shaping the environment in which we and our partners confront the terrorist threat by: promoting the implementation of the UN normative CT framework; developing new norms where necessary; improving coordination; sharing best practices; increasing regional cooperation in areas where non-state actors are active to redoubling pressure on nations to stop supporting terrorist groups; ensuring that an international architecture is in place to address 21st century terrorist threats; and leveraging existing institutions – the UN and regional organizations – to broaden and deepen CT cooperation and capabilities.

PROGRAM AREA PS.2: Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

Definition: Strengthen the global community’s ability to safely destroy, store, apply safeguards to, and transport weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and secure related facilities and materials; control borders and territory to prevent illicit movement of WMD and related materials and technology and to prosecute and punish violators; prevent the proliferation of WMD and related materials, technology, and expertise to states or non-state actors of concern or to potential terrorists; comply fully with international obligations concerning arms control, nonproliferation, and WMD terrorism; deter and prevent WMD terrorism; and respond to a WMD terrorism event.

Program Element PS.2.1: Counter WMD Proliferation and Combat WMD Terrorism

Definition: Provide assistance to governments for their strategic trade control systems and related border security measures meet international standards by building partner countries' capabilities to detect, interdict, investigate, and prosecute illicit transfers of WMD, WMD-related items, and conventional arms: enhancing international nuclear safety, nuclear security, and international nuclear safeguards; destroying storing or transporting WMD and related materials; engaging with scientists and others with WMD-applicable expertise and strengthening security for WMD materials to reduce risks of terrorist or state acquisition of WMD materials and expertise; improving national and international capacities to deal with a terrorist attack involving WMD; and improving capacities to deter, detect, and respond to nuclear smuggling. This also covers assistance for detecting nuclear explosions to assist in the monitoring of nuclear testing moratoria.

PROGRAM AREA PS.3: Counter-Narcotics

Definition: Combat international narcotics production and trafficking; reduce the cultivation and production of drugs; prevent the resurgence of drug production; and limit the public health effects of the drug trade through international drug control and demand reduction, prevention and treatment projects.

Program Element PS.3.1: Eradication

Definition: Provide logistical and technical assistance aimed at the reduction of illicit crop cultivation, either through manual crop destruction, or through the use of aerially delivered herbicide, including training for pilots, mechanics, and other technical and support personnel for each program aspect; procure vehicles, equipment, fuel and related equipment/materials; and support activities focusing on guaranteeing the safety and security of assets and personnel involved in these activities.

Program Element PS.3.2: Alternative Development and Alternative Livelihoods

Definition: Encourage the adoption of alternative livelihoods by providing technical, legal, and policy assistance as required; procuring vehicles, fuel and related equipment/materials; training professional, technical and support personnel; providing security experts and personnel; supporting promoters to form and work with groups that are eradicating drug crops; carrying out scientific studies and market research; developing the private sector, entrepreneurs or small enterprises; and providing support to financial markets and credit assistance.

Program Element PS.3.3: Interdiction

Definition: Assist host nations to prevent, interrupt, capture, or eliminate illegal drug production, movement or trafficking activities. These actions include, but are not limited to, the interception of drug trafficking aircraft, destruction of laboratories, destruction of precursor chemicals needed for production of illegal drugs, seizing drugs or the ingredients used to produce them in transit or storage, and arresting traffickers. It also includes technical, legal, and policy assistance as required; procurement of aircrafts, vessels, vehicles, equipment, personnel support, fuel, and related equipment/materials; provisions of transportation for law enforcement or military personnel, training for pilots, professional, technical, and support personnel for each program aspect.

Program Element PS.3.4: Drug Demand, Prevention and Treatment

Definition: Reduce the public health effects of the drug trade, including worldwide use and abuse of, and demand for narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, by implementing drug prevention, drug treatment, and drug-related research programs.

Program Element PS.3.5: Narcotics-Related Corruption

Definition: Address narco corruption within the justice and security sectors and within political and economic elites. Develop comprehensive legal and policy frameworks for combating drug production and trafficking and the frameworks governing international cooperation. Support awareness raising and advocacy efforts to effectively address narco corruption.

PROGRAM AREA PS.4: Transnational Threats and Crime

Definition: Minimize the adverse effects of transnational threats and criminal activities on the United States and its citizens, particularly when these activities involve cross-border connections or have cross-border effects. Promote international cooperation and coordination, and provide training and other technical assistance to help build institutional capacity for combating transnational threats including those to cybersecurity and international criminal activities such as corruption, alien smuggling, financial crimes (including money laundering), violations of intellectual property law, and cybercrime. Activities to combat trafficking in persons should be reflected under PS.5 Trafficking in Persons.

Program Element PS.4.1: Financial Crimes and Money Laundering

Definition: Assist in drafting comprehensive legislation and regulations and training bank regulators and examiners, financial investigators, prosecutors, and judges. Establish a Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) that receives, analyzes and disseminates suspicious transaction reports with domestic law enforcement and foreign analogs is a necessary activity that enables the jurisdiction to share vital financial information with other countries. Build the capacity to combat criminal financing or to engage the country in countering criminal financing efforts (either domestic or transnational) by means of training, investigative technical assistance, or building the hard and soft infrastructures for this purpose. This includes narcotraffickers. This does not include specific programs targeting terrorists or terrorist organizations which should be included under CT Program Element 1, but these can be included if part of a larger finance program.

Program Element PS.4.2: Deter Cybercrime, Intellectual Property Theft, and Corporate Espionage

Definition: Assist foreign governments in the creation of cybercrime legislation, consistent with international human rights, and build their capacity to identify, investigate, prosecute, judge, and prevent crimes committed through the criminal misuse of information technology. Build the capacity of foreign governments to detect, investigate, prosecute, and prevent violations of laws designed to protect intellectual property, including the unlawful use and appropriation of such property.

Program Element PS.4.3: Organized and Gang-related Crime

Definition: Supports activities that link domestic and international partners, and their associated investigative and enforcement actions in tackling organized and gang-related crime, to include the disruption and dismantling of organized and gang criminal networks, and support the extradition of members of organized and/or gang-related networks who break international laws.

Program Element PS.4.4: Cybersecurity

Definition: Strengthen the global community’s collective cybersecurity: strengthen national and regional network defense; assist in drafting national cyber strategies; help develop cyber incident management, response, and recovery capability; facilitate government-industry cybersecurity collaboration, including for critical infrastructure cybersecurity; promote a culture of cybersecurity; enhance participation in existing regional and global cybersecurity structures; and build cooperation in efforts to address cybersecurity threats of mutual concern.

PROGRAM AREA PS.5: Trafficking in Persons

Definition: Captures programs to combat Trafficking in Persons (TIP). TIP is defined by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, (TVPA) as amended, 22 U.S.C. § 7101, et seq. and covers the act of recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining persons for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. Force, fraud or coercion are not necessary elements in cases involving sex trafficking if the person has not attained 18 years of age. The TVPA as amended uses a number of different terms, including exploitation in conditions such as forced labor, commercial sexual exploitation, involuntary servitude, slavery or practices similar to slavery, debt bondage, forced labor, and/or involuntary conscription into armed conflict. TIP involves men, women, and children and occurs both within/ or across national borders. U.S. policy stresses investigation and prosecution of traffickers, victim protection and assistance, and prevention and public awareness. USG anti-trafficking work is also informed by the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime’s Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children (also known as the Palermo Protocol), and the International Labor Organization Convention 29 (Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labor) and Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention 182. Activities captured under other SPSD categories (e.g., Economic Growth; Education and Social Services; Democracy, Human Rights and Governance) because their primary focus is other than TIP, but which contribute to anti-TIP efforts, should be also reported under the TIP Key Issue.

Program Element PS.5.1: Protection

Definition: Support protection for trafficking victims; including but not limited to: victim identification; victim-centered services; hotlines; safe housing; medical, psychological and legal assistance services; safe and voluntary repatriation; reintegration and financial assistance; development of victim referral mechanisms; and training and technical assistance for social workers, psychologists, medical personnel, non-governmental organization personnel, other first responders, as appropriate, and legal advocates.

Program Element PS.5.2: Prosecution

Definition: Assist with the development and/or refinement of comprehensive anti-trafficking laws to include strong criminal penalties against traffickers and protections for trafficking victims; provide victim-centered training and technical assistance to law enforcement officers, prosecutors, labor inspectors, public defenders, judges, child welfare and juvenile justice officials, and immigration and border officials; and provide equipment (such as vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, radios, computers and software, flashlights, and forensic kits) to assist in investigation, arrest, prosecution and conviction of traffickers.

Program Element PS.5.3: Prevention

Definition: Increase public awareness of human trafficking and its dangers by supporting public information and education campaigns and programs that promote behavior change and positively inform cultural and social norms related to TIP in source, transit and destination countries. This may include programs that educate the private sector about all forms of human trafficking, including child trafficking; offer educational messages and outreach to communities that are particularly vulnerable to trafficking, provide vulnerable populations with educational or employment opportunities to decrease vulnerability; and support local and regional NGO networks and organizations, including labor rights, faith-based, and women’s rights organizations, as well as international organizations that are working to eradicate all forms of human trafficking.

PROGRAM AREA PS.6: Conflict Mitigation and Stabilization

Definition: Reduce the threat or impact of violent conflict and promote the peaceful resolution of differences, mitigate violence if it has already broken out, establish a framework for peace and reconciliation, and provide for the transition from conflict to post-conflict environments. This is done by identifying the causes of conflict and state failure; supporting early responses that address the causes and consequences of instability and conflict; developing short-, medium, and long-term strategies for response to the problems that drive conflict. This includes support for processes and mechanisms for transition, reconciliation, and conflict mitigation no matter what the source of the conflict may be, though this may require integration with other elements.

Program Element PS.6.1: Conflict Early Warning, Mitigation and Peace Building

Definition: Reduce the threat or impact of violent conflict and promote peaceful resolution of differences, ensure conflict sensitivity so as not to exacerbate sources of violence and/or establish an inclusive framework for peace and reconciliation which addresses all key drivers and mitigators of conflict. This includes activities aimed specifically at atrocities prevention, as well as activities intended to transform relationships to decrease the likelihood of future violent conflict. Develop and support early warning and response mechanisms such as early warning models and response protocols; conflict analysis; monitoring mechanisms and peace structures at different levels; peace building communication systems; confidence-building measures; crisis-response planning and management skills at the local and national levels; and means for rapid and effective response in the event of crisis. Support quick-impact, outcome-based activities required to demonstrate the positive impact of a peace process, operation or other event, such as mobilizing small grants for communities and local/national governments; ensuring delivery of services (e.g., "ministry in a box"); bringing local and national government authorities closer to their constituencies (e.g., town hall meetings, consultations, production and dissemination of information); generating employment for potential spoilers; and managing expectations.

Program Element PS.6.2: Peace and Reconciliation Processes

Definition: Support and strengthen negotiation processes and implement peace and reconciliation processes, accords and ceasefire agreements at track levels 1, 2 and 3, including support to indigenous peacebuilding efforts. Illustrative activities include negotiation training; platform development; public opinion polling; facilitation activities; elder statesperson engagement; provision of international expert advice and knowledge; financial support to parties; multi-stakeholder dialogues; assistance with the design of peacebuilding training programs; support and maintenance of agreed verification mechanisms; support to complaint tracking mechanisms; and work with local and national government representatives to connect to their constituencies. This includes support to locally-driven peace processes and conflict mitigation strategies in order to address grievances, build community cohesion, strengthen the relationship between the community, local, and national government stakeholders and support local conflict resolution mechanisms, including mediation and community dialogues. Reconciliation processes may involve: dialogue processes with trained facilitators, engagement of religious and/or community leaders, the utilization of local cultural practices, reconciliation commissions, media/ expressive and/or performing arts such as theater and TV/ radio shows with culturally specific and targeted story lines and/or other educational activities. Support the media, both traditional and social media, during conflict to peace transitions in order to ensure balance, transparency, and accountability and amplify positive peace messages. Includes: supporting innovative media programs that inform and prepare people to accept the outcome of credible negotiations and encourage them to engage in peace efforts; creating better understanding between parties or identity groups and their followers – including providing forums for dialogue; educating the public about negotiation or democratic processes; and facilitating important attitude and behavioral changes towards a more just and peaceable society. Please see DR.6.2 Transitional Justice for support for truth and reconciliation commissions.

Program Element PS.6.3: Preventive Diplomacy

Definition: Establish and/or support official negotiations and agreements between parties to prevent escalation of conflicts between or within other nations. Support initiatives, including confidence-building measures, related to direct negotiation between the parties in conflict that support and strengthen the negotiation process and stakeholders’ ability to negotiate lasting and acceptable agreements. Provide technical and logistical support to the negotiators and facilitators. Secure negotiations and peace process through establishing and maintaining a ceasefire or peace accord and establishing monitoring mechanisms and peace structures at different levels. This includes support for local and multi-lateral organizations that conduct preventive diplomacy.

Program Element PS.6.4: Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)

Definition: DDR programs generally constitute integral components of conflict-to-peace transitions in post-conflict environments. DDR activities are designed to reduce or eliminate armed actors and the supply of armed weapons. In particular, USG interventions seek to facilitate the return of ex-combatants, including women and children associated with armed forces, to sustainable civilian livelihoods and ease their transition to civilian communities to secure sustainable peace.

PROGRAM AREA PS.7: Conventional Weapons Security and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)

Definition: Reduce the harmful worldwide effects of at-risk, illicitly-proliferated, and indiscriminately-used conventional arms and ammunition. This program area includes a range of activities that enhance U.S. national security, protect civilian populations from the dangers posed by conventional arms and ammunition, and assist victims of conflict. It encompasses destruction and stockpile management programs for small arms/light weapons (SA/LW), ammunition, and ordnance; as well as humanitarian mine action (HMA) assistance.

Program Element PS.7.1: Small Arms/Light Weapons (SA/LW) Destruction and Security

Definition: Destroy stockpiles of excess, unstable, or otherwise at-risk SA/LW and ammunition; improve physical security at storage sites for SA/LW and ammunition; and bring stockpile management practices into line with international best practices. Stockpiles of excess, unstable, or otherwise at-risk SA/LW and ammunition pose a range of security-related and humanitarian threats. Terrorists, insurgents, and criminals exploit poorly-secured munitions to fuel instability and violence that threaten U.S. security interests. Where poorly-secured stockpiles include advanced light weapons such as man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS) and anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs), the consequences of illicit proliferation could have wide-ranging, catastrophic outcomes. Further, poorly-maintained ordnance stockpiles may explode accidentally due to mishandling or munitions deterioration, devastating nearby civilian populations. This program element includes programs that address these real and urgent issues by assisting countries with destroying excess, unstable, or otherwise at-risk weapons and munitions (including MANPADS and ATGMs); improving physical security at munitions storage facilities; and improving stockpile management practices.

Program Element PS.7.2: Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) and Humanitarian Mine Action (HMA)

Definition: Mitigate landmine and ERW-related threats. The dangers posed by landmines and other ERW can linger for years, even decades, in post-conflict environments. Civilian populations near minefields and ERW-contaminated land face permanent injury or death by performing everyday activities such as accessing clean water, playing, or walking to work. Further, landmines and ERW impede economic development, as they often result in the closure of vast tracts of land to human activity such as farming and transportation. This program element includes a range of assistance activities that alleviate these problems, including: hazard area surveys, landmine and unexploded ordnance clearance, risk education for vulnerable populations, and victims’ assistance.

PROGRAM AREA PS.8: Strengthening Military Partnerships and Capabilities

Definition: Through security sector assistance, enable our partners to deter aggression, restore international peace and security in the wake of conflict or disaster, reduce the illicit proliferation of arms, secure borders against illegal trafficking and transit, and ensure that security forces operate in accordance with international human rights laws and norms. Accordingly, security assistance activities aim to build legitimate, sustainable, and enduring partner capabilities that improve the ability of friendly nations to address crises and conflicts associated with state weakness, instability, and disasters, and to support stabilization following conflict — which in turn will increase the security of the United States. Program activities aim to ultimately affect intra- and interstate conflict and stability, reduce levels of civil disorder and violent crime, reduce security sector corruption, increase the stability of military institutions, increase democratic governance, support civilian control, build societal trust in the security sector, and reduce state fragility. Of equal importance, security assistance programs serve to build key relationships and maintain U.S. access and influence.

Program Element PS.8.1: Defense and Security Operational Capacity- Building

Definition: Assist foreign partners, through the provision of equipment, refurbishment of facilities, operational and technical advisory support, and operational and technical training, in developing and maintaining requisite operational capacity for national territorial defense; border security, maritime security and response to transnational threats; interoperability with U.S. and coalition forces; counterinsurgency operations; response to humanitarian and natural disasters; peacekeeping; demining and explosive ordnance disposal; cyber security and defense; and reinforcing the strategic relationship with the United States, providing access and demonstrating support in areas of U.S. security interest.

Program Element PS.8.2: Military Professionalization and Institutional Reform

Definition: Through educational programs and technical support, help foreign partners professionalize their military forces, ensuring that their force can develop and maintain the requisite capacity to effectively carry out its military mission through reliance on discipline, accountability, effective professional standards, and technical expertise. In addition, activities assist foreign partners so that their military forces reliably demonstrate consistent support for adherence to norms of human rights; support the concept of civilian executive authority/control of the military; and have the capacity for institutional and security sector reform. This is the military side of strengthening a government’s executive authority, correlating to civilian efforts under DR.2.2 and DR.2.5.

Program Element PS.8.3: Logistical and Operational Support

Definition: Provide direct operational, logistical or financial support for international peacekeeping operations and other operations. Such assistance is not considered capacity building as the USG is generally undertaking these activities in lieu of the foreign government/organization. This could include direct support for protection of civilians.

PROGRAM AREA PS.9: Citizen Security and Law Enforcement

Definition: Minimize the adverse effects of criminal activities and improve citizen safety. Support justice and security sector reform through training, basic equipment, and capacity enhancements of institutions and personnel, including but not limited to judges, prosecutors, public defenders, court personnel, attorneys and legal advocates, police forces, corrections officials, customs and border officials, anti-gang and transnational crime task forces, and provision of technical assistance on financial crimes and asset forfeiture. Combat impunity and corruption, assist with the crafting of legislation or regulations that seek to improve judicial procedures, law enforcement operational procedures, and facilitate access to the justice system.

Program Element PS.9.1: Civilian Policing and Peacekeeping

Definition: Support to international civilian police and rule of law operations in the area of post conflict, complex, and multilateral and multinational stabilization or peacekeeping operations. Support includes deployment of U.S. and foreign personnel, initiatives to improve their capacities, as well as to improve the policies, programs and initiatives of regional, international organizations to effectively establish, conduct and manage such operations. Provide interim law enforcement support, public order management and strengthen local law enforcement and justice sector actors in conflict or post-conflict environments.

Program Element PS.9.2: Civilian Police Reform/Community-Oriented Policing

Definition: Develop modern police forces through capacity-building (training and education both in the classroom and in the field) with focus on creating police institutions that can effectively fight crime and serve the public. Activities include, but are not limited to police academy reform, organizational restructuring, professionalization, developing internal affairs, civil service reform (pay and rank reform), management and leadership, equipment and infrastructure support, aviation support, gender sensitivity, community oriented policing, and public affairs. Assistance can also support the establishment and sustainment of effective, professional and accountable law enforcement services (civilian police, stability/formed police units, and specialized units trained and equipped for specific issues such as port and maritime security, border security, gangs or kidnapping). As the foundation for such a service is fundamentally rooted in the rule of law and respect for human rights, activities conducted in support of this element should be coordinated with programs under the Rule of Law elements in the Democracy, Human Rights and Governance (DR) category.

Program Element PS.9.3: Community Security Initiatives

Definition: Improve citizen safety and security efforts in areas facing or at risk of facing high rates of crime and violence. Assist civil society, including community groups, individuals, and/or the private sector to work with government officials, including police, to ensure good governance and service provision in ungoverned or poorly-governed spaces, including strongholds of militias, gangs, or other violent armed groups, in urban, peri-urban, and rural environments.

Program Element PS.9.4: Corrections Assistance

Definition: Provide consultation on facilities, system, and process design; increase the capabilities and professionalization of corrections personnel at all levels through training, with the goal of developing sustainable operations and infrastructure in compliance with international guidelines, especially in respect to human rights. Implement an objective classification system to separate inmates by risk and status (felony/misdemeanor/pretrial); reduce pretrial detentions and other causes of overcrowding; eliminate factors that lead to violent uprisings and inter-gang violence; provide specialized equipment and vehicles to ensure secure operations; develop a path toward independent international accreditation of facilities and operations to ensure effective, transparent, and accountable corrections systems. Activities conducted herein are in support of long-term development of effective, transparent and accountable penal systems (described under the Democracy, Human Rights and Governance (DR) Category).

Program Element PS.9.5: Border Security

Definition: Detect, interdict, and deter the movement of narcotics, illegal migrants, bulk cash, weapons and other forms of contraband. Provide a regional capability to mitigate border security threats and coordinate the flow of information among border security agencies. Provide regional police training and basic equipment and assist in addressing the porous borders through which transnational criminal organizations traffic firearms, bulk cash, narcotics, and other illicit contraband. Does not include combating WMD or counter-terrorism-related border security activities.

Program Element PS.9.6: Specialized Law Enforcement and Intermediate Security Forces

Definition: Improve state capacity to protect persons, property, and democratic institutions against criminal and other extralegal elements. Build and support special law enforcement units such as police reaction groups (SWAT), special investigation units, riot/crowd control, special operation detachments, and intelligence units. Support to international policing initiatives, including the deployment of U.S. and foreign personnel in support of security forces, namely military, paramilitary, gendarme, police, special police units and other forces required to (re-)establish citizen safety and strengthen the rule of law. Law enforcement programs should be conceived as part of the criminal justice system, described in detail in the DR Category.

Return to Peace and Security Definitions


DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS AND GOVERNANCE: To advance freedom and dignity by assisting governments and citizens to establish, consolidate and protect democratic institutions, processes, and values, including participatory and accountable governance, rule of law, authentic political competition, civil society, human rights, and the free flow of information.

 

SUMMARY

PROGRAM AREA DR.1: Rule of Law (ROL)

Program Element DR.1.1: Constitutions, Laws, and Legal Systems

Program Element DR.1.2: Culture of Lawfulness

Program Element DR.1.3: Checks and Balances with Judicial Independence and Supremacy of Law

Program Element DR.1.4: Justice Systems and Institutions

Program Element DR.1.5: Fairness and Access to Justice

PROGRAM AREA DR.2: Good Governance

Program Element DR.2.1: Legislative Authority - Function and Processes

Program Element DR.2.2: Non-security Executive Authority - Function and Processes

Program Element DR.2.3: Local Government and Decentralization

Program Element DR.2.4: Anti-Corruption Reforms

Program Element DR.2.5: Executive Authority - Security Sector (Civilian)

PROGRAM AREA DR.3: Political Competition and Consensus-Building

Program Element DR.3.1: Consensus-Building Processes

Program Element DR.3.2: Elections and Political Processes

Program Element DR.3.3: Political Parties

PROGRAM AREA DR.4: Civil Society

Program Element DR.4.1: Enabling Environment for Civil Society

Program Element DR.4.2: Civil Society Organizational Capacity Development

Program Element DR.4.3: Civic Education, Citizen Participation and Public Accountability

Program Element DR.4.4: Civic Education and Democratic Culture

Program Element DR.4.5: Democratic Labor and Trade Unions

PROGRAM AREA DR.5: Independent Media and Free Flow of Information

Program Element DR.5.1: Enabling Environment for Media and Free Flow of Information

Program Element DR.5.2: Professional and Institutional Capacities of Media

Program Element DR.5.3: Outlets and Infrastructure

PROGRAM AREA DR.6: Human Rights

Program Element DR.6.1: Human Rights Systems, Policies and Protection

Program Element DR.6.2: Transitional Justice

Program Element DR.6.3: Equal Rights for Marginalized Communities

Return to Democracy, Human Rights and Governance Summary

DEFINITIONS

PROGRAM AREA DR.1: Rule of Law (ROL)

Definition: Rule of law is a principle under which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the State itself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, independently adjudicated, equally applied and enforced, and consistent with international treaties and customary law. Rule of law is demonstrated by: adherence to the principles of publicly accepted legitimacy of the law, institutions and process; checks and balances on structures of power; supremacy of law; equality before the law; accountability to the law; fairness; effective application of the law; equitable access to justice; participation in decision-making; legal certainty; avoidance of arbitrariness; and, procedural and legal transparency. Activities include support for strengthening of judicial systems including court administration, management, and operations, judicial proceedings, constitutional and legal reform efforts, judicial independence, access to justice, and legal education and associations.

Program Element DR.1.1: Constitutions, Laws, and Legal Systems

Definition: Support the development of constitutions, laws, and legal systems that are procedurally and substantively fair, derived through participatory democratic processes, and consistent with international human rights standards. Both the substance of the law and the process by which it is developed must be legitimate and should be transparent. Includes analysis and dissemination of jurisprudence, innovations, and best practices in constitutional and law-making processes. Includes programs that assist in strengthening systems and processes for developing and enacting laws. Supports efforts to end impunity and enable peaceful transitions to democracy. Customary or religious dispute resolution mechanisms are included as laws and legal systems do not have to be written or formal to be legitimate.

Program Element DR.1.2: Culture of Lawfulness

Definition: Foster and maintain a culture that is generally law-abiding, including through legal literacy, public awareness, constituency building, and citizen engagement in legal processes. Ensure that the public is educated about laws and regulations, perceives laws as legitimate and worthy of adherence, and respects the authority of law and legal institutions. Develop citizen demand for an effective and accountable justice system, and develop associations to advocate for all citizens. This includes programs that spur a culture of lawfulness by changing beliefs and attitudes by socializing people into a rule of law culture and changing norms so that people abide by the law. This includes ROL programs or civil society programs with a very specific focus on rule of law related citizen awareness and education, i.e., supporting civil society organizations to participate in public hearings as part of a larger effort to strengthen the parliament or working with a civil society organization to provide legal representation of indigent populations as part of an overall judicial strengthening strategy.

Program Element DR.1.3: Checks and Balances with Judicial Independence and Supremacy of Law

Definition: Strengthen judicial independence as a means to maintain separation of powers and check excessive power in any branch or level of government. Strengthening judicial independence includes reducing improper influences on the judiciary through: open and participatory processes for judicial selection and appointment; security of tenure; satisfactory budget allocations to ensure adequate infrastructure, training, and working conditions; judicial self-governance including management of administrative, budgetary, ethics, and disciplinary processes and reform; and transparent court operations and judicial processes. Enhance the judiciary’s ability to check abuses of power by any branch or level of government through creating and strengthening constitutional or judicial review. This element also helps ensure that government is bound by law, and government decision-making is in accordance with the law. Work to create an independent and impartial justice system through institutional and behavioral change, and also to promote public respect for the justice system and judicial decision-making.

Program Element DR.1.4: Justice Systems and Institutions

Definition: Improve the systems, capacity, and sustainability of civil and criminal justice sector and institutions, improve the ability and skills of justice sector actors, enhance coordination amongst them where appropriate (includes harmonization of policies, procedures, and systems, and public/private partnerships relating to both criminal and civil law). Justice sector actors and institutions include: police, border security, prosecutors, forensics experts, judges, court personnel, public defenders, mediators, arbitrators, conciliators, corrections personnel, private bar, law schools, legal professional associations, and training institutions for each of them. Support educational and training programs for all justice system actors, to include reform of pedagogy and curricula, continuing and in-service training, support of accreditation and legal professional associations to promote professionalism, and encourage public service. Improve administrative and operational systems, including strategic planning, budget, procurement, and personnel.

Program Element DR.1.5: Fairness and Access to Justice

Definition: Work towards an equitable justice system by ensuring fairness in law and process. Fairness programs include non-discrimination law fair trial standards, effective administrative law systems to guard against arbitrary government action, and observance by all justice system actors and institutions of international treaties and customary law. Support monitoring and advocacy by justice sector NGOs, including strategic lawyering, trial monitoring, and policy dialogue. Improve equitable access to justice through increasing the quality and quantity of state and non-state justice services, with a particular focus on women, youth, the poor, LGBT persons, and other marginalized or vulnerable groups. This includes access to state and non-state dispute-resolution fora; court re-distribution; mobile courts; the removal of language, gender, cultural, sexual orientation, gender identity and physical barriers; circulation of laws and legal decisions; alternative dispute resolution systems; and expanding access to legal services (e.g., public defenders’ offices, legal aid and legal services, labor law services, justice or legal resources centers). This also includes programs to educate the citizenry about their rights, how to access services, and how to encourage change. Programs primarily focused on trafficking in persons should be captured under PS.5 and programs focused on alien smuggling under PS.4.

PROGRAM AREA DR.2: Good Governance

Definition: Governance refers to the exercise of political, economic, and administrative authority to manage a country's affairs at all levels, including the capacity to formulate, implement, and enforce public policies and deliver services. Good governance includes modes of administrative authority that are inclusive, participatory, transparent, responsive, effective, and accountable. This includes support for strengthening legislatures and local governments; capacity-building; security sector reform; separation of powers through institutional checks and balances, between the executive and legislative branches, in particular; and avenues within government structures for accountability, oversight and meaningful public participation. In conflict or post-conflict environments, this includes support for reconstruction of state institutions and systems. Activities the primary focus of which is combating corruption should be recorded under DR.2.4 Anti-Corruption Reforms.

Program Element DR.2.1: Legislative Authority - Function and Processes

Definition: Improve the way the legislature and legislative processes and procedures work to uphold democratic practices. Focus on the quality and effectiveness of legislation, including the constitution, codes, laws, and regulations applying to various development sectors. Increase the legislature’s capacity to be responsive to the people it serves, enhance public participation, engage in policy-making, hold itself and the executive accountable, and oversee the implementation of government programs, budgets, and laws.

Program Element DR.2.2: Non-security Executive Authority - Function and Processes

Definition: Assist institutions at all levels of the executive authority, including offices, ministries, and independent governmental bodies, but excluding security agencies of government which are covered by DR.2.5 (civilian agencies) and PS.8.2 (military), to operate more accountably, efficiently, and effectively. Assist with policies, procedures, and skill sets (including leadership and strategic management) to guide operations; implementation and enforcement of laws, regulations and policies; building linkages among executive institutions and between the executive and other branches of government. This element captures activities that may cover a wide range of governmental/public administration functions including supporting financial management systems; civil service reforms; public-private partnerships; and working with citizens as customers of the government.

Program Element DR.2.3: Local Government and Decentralization

Definition: Provide technical assistance and training to strengthen sub-national government functions, including development of budgets, local revenue raising, provision of local public services, community planning, participation, and implementation of laws, regulations, policies, and programs. Develop and/or strengthen associations of local governments and/or local government officials.

Program Element DR.2.4: Anti-Corruption Reforms

Definition: Promote governance institutions, processes, and policies that are transparent and accountable across all levels of governance and all development sectors. Support non-governmental as well as governmental institutions at the national and subnational level (including enforcement and investigation entities, independent audit agencies, anti-corruption commissions, procurement agencies, legislatures, line ministries, independent agencies, political parties, judicial actors, as well as civil society organizations, academia, press and the private sector). Support civic education and advocacy for reform of laws and practices or directly improving accountability and transparency of governance processes covering various development sectors. This element is intended to record funding for programs whose primary focus is combating corruption. Assistance activities that do not primarily focus on combating corruption but that include combating corruption as a secondary or other focus should be recorded in the category of primary focus. OUs should use the “Anti-corruption” Key Issue to record the full range of anti-corruption efforts.

Program Element DR.2.5: Executive Authority - Security Sector (Civilian)

Definition: Support the development of effective, legitimate, and democratically accountable civilian security institutions, to include those governing law enforcement. Illustrative activities include the following: ministerial reform; national security planning, policy, and budget formulation; training, advising and educating security sector personnel; support for formal (legislative, judicial) and informal (civil society, media) oversight of the security sector. Support for non-civilian activities to strengthen military capabilities should be captured under PS.8.2.

PROGRAM AREA DR.3: Political Competition and Consensus-Building

Definition: Promote legitimate contestation for ideas and political power through democratic political processes that reflect the will of the people. Support free and fair political competition, the constitutional, peaceful transfer of political power, and the resolution of disputes through a democratic and representative process. Create and support vehicles for people to debate public priorities, air alternative solutions, win support for proposed remedies and provide input to decisions that affect their lives.

Program Element DR.3.1: Consensus-Building Processes

Definition: In a context of political or other non-conflict related transition or other process requiring broad social consensus, promote societal discourse and agreement on democratic reform, rules, and institutional frameworks. Promote broad-based participation in determining, defining, and negotiating changes to governing structures and processes. Illustrative examples include promoting inclusive consensus-building processes related to national dialogues, and referenda on key issues. Programs are designed to incorporate and support mechanisms that advance the mediation, negotiation, and resolution of political disputes in the context of these processes. Funding in support of post-conflict work should be captured under PS.6 or PS.9, as appropriate.

Program Element DR.3.2: Elections and Political Processes

Definition: Provide assistance that enables citizens to select and replace their leaders through periodic, inclusive, accountable and free and fair elections. This includes support for legal and regulatory frameworks, open and effective election administration, broad public participation and civic awareness, societal oversight of electoral processes, and accountable procedures for election-related grievances and appeals.

Program Element DR.3.3: Political Parties

Definition: Facilitate the development of competitive multiparty systems by improving the legal and regulatory framework under which political parties and political entities operate and by supporting the development of viable political parties and political entities that are effective, accountable, internally democratic and responsive to citizens’ interests. Strengthen the ability of political parties and political entities to compete effectively in elections and political processes, including providing technical assistance and training related to political party and candidate campaigning, fund-raising and financial management, mobilizing voter turn-out, and election monitoring.

PROGRAM AREA DR.4: Civil Society

Definition: Support civil society as an effective arena that empowers citizens to advance democratic values of citizen participation and governmental accountability. This includes supporting an enabling legal environment that protects and promotes civil society and civic action; providing capacity development assistance to CSOs; supporting civic participation; bolstering government oversight and accountability activities; strengthening a democratic political culture that values civic engagement, tolerance, and respect for human rights; and strengthening independent and democratic trade/labor unions. Civil society organizations includes, but is not limited to, human rights organizations, youth movements, informal groups, religious organizations, labor and trade unions, professional associations, indigenous organizations, women organizations, LGBT organizations, and think tanks.

Program Element DR.4.1: Enabling Environment for Civil Society

Definition: Establish legal and regulatory frameworks that protect the freedom of association and assembly and that promote an enabling environment that protects and promotes civil society and citizen participation. This includes but is not limited to ensuring that legal frameworks enable CSOs to form and operate freely, promoting the sustainability of the CSO sector (e.g., philanthropy and tax concessions for CSOs, access to resources, volunteering), and supporting public participation around changes to legal frameworks and their implementation (e.g., public hearings, instructional seminars, and conferences). This aspect also includes strengthening advocacy, networks, grassroots coalitions, and public support for reforms related to the enabling environment for civil society. This does not include funding for activities carried out by civil society related to Rule of Law, Human Rights, or Political Competition, which are captured by areas DR.1.2 Culture of Lawfulness, DR.1.5 Fairness and Access to Justice, and DR.3.3 Political Parties.

Program Element DR.4.2: Civil Society Organizational Capacity Development

Definition: Strengthen the organizational capacity of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) for policy analysis and oversight, advocacy, coalition-building, internal governance, membership representation and services, and providing sustainable services that consistently meet the needs, priorities, and expectations of their constituents and communities. Areas of capacity development may include, but are not limited to, technical expertise (e.g., democracy, legal reform, standards of care); CSO self-regulation (e.g., establishing CSO Codes of Conduct); organizational capacity (e.g., strategic planning, financial management and accountability, public relations and outreach, revenue generation, accountable fundraising, constituency relations, member services, relationship management, learning and adaptation); and advocacy training.

Program Element DR.4.3: Civic Education, Citizen Participation and Public Accountability

Definition: Support activities that advance citizen engagement to hold governments accountable and to participate actively in economic, political, governing and other critical processes aimed at creating more peaceful, democratic, and pluralistic societies. Promote citizen engagement in local decision-making processes, such as through participatory budgeting processes and public-private dialog for economic development priorities. Examples of other activities include, supporting CSO and citizen advocacy efforts; backing citizen monitoring and oversight initiatives; and strengthening citizen engagement in service delivery. Activities in this element relate to the role of civil society in holding public institutions accountable (the watchdog role) whereas DR.2.2 is focused on assistance to public institutions to increase their accountability.

Program Element DR.4.4: Civic Education and Democratic Culture

Definition: Support civic education (information on the role of citizens, government officials, and institutions in a democratic society) in its role in building a democratic culture and developing an informed citizenry. Strengthen a political and civic culture which is supportive of democratic institutions and processes; active citizen participation; collective action on issues of common concern; civic virtues, such as tolerance and equality for all; and other civic skills, attitudes, and behaviors. This includes, but is not limited to, informal and formal civic education initiatives, service learning and volunteering, and community-based civic actions.

Program Element DR.4.5: Democratic Labor and Trade Unions

Definition: Develop and strengthen independent and democratic trade/labor unions and federations to promote international core labor standards through organizing and advocacy efforts, promote democratic culture, and contribute to workforce development, health, and other development initiatives. This includes, but is not limited to, protecting and promoting laws and legal environments which guarantee the rights of freedom of association and collective bargaining; building unions’ capacities as incubators of democratic processes and values; supporting, training, and mentoring leaders of democratic trade unions and labor movements; promoting the understanding and use of tripartite mechanisms for worker participation in the policy processes of public institutions; and strengthening collective bargaining mechanisms at all levels.

PROGRAM AREA DR.5: Independent Media and Free Flow of Information

Definition: Strengthen information- and media-related legal and regulatory frameworks and associated freedom of expression protections, including self-regulatory mechanisms and access to and freedom of information legislation. Advocate for, support and protect professional and citizen-generated media from harassment, restriction, intimidation, imprisonment and/or closure for reporting on sensitive issues; support reforms of state-owned media into private or public service systems.

Program Element DR.5.1: Enabling Environment for Media and Free Flow of Information

Definition: Strengthen normative-legal-regulatory frameworks that enable free media, open information access and freedoms of expression. Advocate for, support, and protect professional and citizen-generated media subject to harassment, restriction, intimidation, imprisonment and/or closure for reporting on sensitive issues; support self-regulatory mechanisms as well as reforms of state-owned media into private or public service systems. Strengthen advocacy capacity, digital and physical security awareness and response capabilities, and networking for information, media and related organizations to promote, protect and defend Internet freedom, media independence and freedoms of expression; including but not limited to online, national, and regional initiatives.

Program Element DR.5.2: Professional and Institutional Capacities of Media

Definition: Boost the capacity and sustainability of professional journalism and citizen-generated media through a mix of training, education, mentoring, networking and exchange activities, including but not limited to: content production support as a training mechanism; developing and distributing training materials; and building and/or reforming media-related host country training and higher educational institutions. Support the development of a financially sustainable media sector through organizational and financial management training, advertising sector development, audience research and/or circulation audit capacities, market research, business planning, capital infusion and loans, media industry information exchanges, sponsorships/partnerships and other methods to improve the economic viability of the sector.

Program Element DR.5.3: Outlets and Infrastructure

Definition: Establish, develop and/or support radio, newspaper, broadcasting and digital media outlets and/or digital- and multi-media centers. Support broadband access, digital and physical safety and security, and media outlet infrastructure improvements, including equipment and tool provision and maintenance; support restoration/cataloging of archival media materials as appropriate.

PROGRAM AREA DR.6: Human Rights

Definition: Human rights derive from the inherent dignity of the individual and are to be enjoyed by all without distinction as to race, color, sex, language, religion, national or social origin, property, birth, sexual orientation, gender identity, or other status. They include fundamental freedoms of expression, association, peaceful assembly and religion set out in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They also include rights in labor conventions and provisions of national civil rights legislation. They reflect a common sense of decency, fairness and justice; and states have a duty to respect and ensure these rights and incorporate them into the processes of government and law.

Program Element DR.6.1: Human Rights Systems, Policies and Protection

Definition: Support systems to prevent and address human rights violations through early warning, monitoring, investigating, and reporting. Promote respect for human rights and support human rights defenders through utilization of national, regional, and international legal systems for human rights protection and enforcement. Harmonize domestic laws and policies with international human rights standards; and promote the adoption and implementation of human rights and labor standards; and sponsor legal aid. Harmonize domestic laws and policies with international human rights standards; promote the adoption and implementation of human rights and labor standards; and sponsor legal aid and other assistance for victims of human rights violations. Support the work of National Human Rights Commission. Integrate human rights into training for security sector actors, teachers, civil society leaders, journalists, religious leaders, and government officials.

Program Element DR.6.2: Transitional Justice

Definition: Address legacies of past war crimes, systemic human rights violations, and mass atrocities through transitional justice mechanisms that provide accountability, truth and reconciliation, and redress to enable societies to move forward nonviolently and restore trust in public institutions. This may include support for investigation; vetting; memorialization; truth and reconciliation commissions; international, local or hybrid tribunals; community-based approaches; and customary/traditional practices. Promote the investigation of past systemic human rights violations and mass atrocities, and other initiatives and platforms to prevent future atrocities. Protection and support for victims of systemic human rights violations or mass atrocities.

Program Element DR.6.3: Equal Rights for Marginalized Communities

Definition: Empower marginalized communities, which include groups that have been traditionally discriminated against because of their race, nationality, gender, gender identity, religious affiliation, disability status, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sexual orientation, to secure their human rights on the basis of equality and with dignity. Raise awareness on issues affecting marginalized populations, including programs that teach tolerance and acceptance, and build capacity to advocate for the rights of marginalized populations both in and out of the government arena. End discrimination, hostility, or violence against marginalized communities, including promoting robust legal protections against discrimination and hate crimes and seeking redress against discrimination.

Return to Democracy, Human Rights and Governance Definitions

 

HEALTH: To contribute to improvements in the health of people, especially women, children, and other vulnerable populations in countries of the developing world, through expansion of basic health services, including family planning; strengthening national health systems, and addressing global issues and special concerns such as HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases.

 

SUMMARY

PROGRAM AREA HL.1: HIV/AIDS

Program Element HL.1.1: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT)

Program Element HL.1.2: Sexual Prevention - Abstinence/Be Faithful

Program Element HL.1.3: Biomedical Prevention - Blood Safety

Program Element HL.1.4: Biomedical Prevention - Injection Safety

Program Element HL.1.5: Sexual Prevention - Other Sexual Prevention

Program Element HL.1.6: Adult Care and Support

Program Element HL.1.7: TB/HIV

Program Element HL.1.8: Orphans and Vulnerable Children

Program Element HL.1.9: Counseling and Testing

Program Element HL.1.10: Treatment/ARV Drugs

Program Element HL.1.11: Treatment/Adult Treatment

Program Element HL.1.12: Laboratory Infrastructure

Program Element HL.1.13: Health System Strengthening

Program Element HL.1.14: Strategic Information

Program Element HL.1.15: Biomedical Prevention - Medical Male Circumcision

Program Element HL.1.16: Biomedical Prevention - Prevention Among Injecting and Non-Injecting Drug Users

Program Element HL.1.17: Pediatric Care and Support

Program Element HL.1.18: Treatment/Pediatric Treatment

PROGRAM AREA HL.2: Tuberculosis

Program Element HL.2.1: Universal Access to TB Diagnosis and Treatment

Program Element HL.2.2: Improved TB Drug Management

Program Element HL.2.3: Improved Management of TB/HIV Co-infection

Program Element HL.2.4: Programmatic Management of Multi Drug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB)

Program Element HL.2.5: Treatment and Support Services

Program Element HL.2.6: Development of New Tools and Improved Approaches

Program Element HL.2.7: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (TB)

Program Element HL.2.8: Host Country Strategic Information Systems

Program Element HL.2.9: TB Laboratory Strengthening

Program Element HL.2.10: Improved Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric TB

Program Element HL.2.11: Improved TB Infection Prevention and Control

PROGRAM AREA HL.3: Malaria

Program Element HL.3.1: Diagnosis and Treatment with Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies

Program Element HL.3.2: Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) to Prevent Malaria

Program Element HL.3.3: Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) to Prevent Malaria

Program Element HL.3.4: Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Pregnant Women

Program Element HL.3.5: Epidemic Preparedness and Response

Program Element HL.3.6: Malaria Research

Program Element HL.3.7: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (Malaria)

Program Element HL.3.8: Anti-microbial Resistance (Malaria)

Program Element HL.3.9: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (Malaria)

PROGRAM AREA HL.4: Pandemic Influenza and Other Emerging Threats (PIOET)

Program Element HL.4.1: Planning and Preparedness for Outbreak Response

Program Element HL.4.2: Animal and Human Disease Surveillance

Program Element HL.4.3: Commodity Stockpile

Program Element HL.4.4: Behavior Change Communications

Program Element HL.4.5: Response to Disease Outbreak

Program Element HL.4.6: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (PIOET)

Program Element HL.4.7: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (PIOET)

PROGRAM AREA HL.5: Other Public Health Threats

Program Element HL.5.1: Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Infectious Diseases

Program Element HL.5.2: Non-Communicable Public Health Threats Including Injuries

Program Element HL.5.3: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (Other Health)

Program Element HL.5.4: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (Other Health)

PROGRAM AREA HL.6: Maternal and Child Health

Program Element HL.6.1: Birth Preparedness and Maternity Services

Program Element HL.6.2: Treatment of Obstetric Complications and Disabilities

Program Element HL.6.3: Newborn Care and Treatment

Program Element HL.6.4: Immunization

Program Element HL.6.5: Polio

Program Element HL.6.6: Treatment of Child Illness

Program Element HL.6.7: Household Level Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Environment

Program Element HL.6.8: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening

Program Element HL.6.9: Anti-microbial Resistance (MCH)

Program Element HL.6.10: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (MCH)

PROGRAM AREA HL.7: Family Planning and Reproductive Health

Program Element HL.7.1: Service Delivery

Program Element HL.7.2: Communication and Knowledge Management (FP/RH)

Program Element HL.7.3: Policy Analysis and Capacity Building

Program Element HL.7.4: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (FP/RH)

Program Element HL.7.5: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (FP/RH)

Program Element HL.7.6: Procurement and Supply Chain (FP/RH)

Program Element HL.7.7: Research (FP/RH)

PROGRAM AREA HL.8: Water Supply and Sanitation

Program Element HL.8.1: Safe Water Access

Program Element HL.8.2: Basic Sanitation

Program Element HL.8.3: Water and Sanitation Policy and Governance

Program Element HL.8.4: Sustainable Financing for Water and Sanitation Services

Program Element HL.8.5: Water Resources Productivity

Program Element HL.8.6: Science and Technology Cooperation

Program Element HL.8.7: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (Water)

Program Element HL.8.8: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (Water)

PROGRAM AREA HL.9: Nutrition

Program Element HL.9.1: Promotion of Improved Nutrition Practices

Program Element HL.9.2: Population-based Nutrition Service Delivery

Program Element HL.9.3: Nutrition Enabling Environment and Capacity

Program Element HL.9.4: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (Nutrition)

Program Element HL.9.5: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (Nutrition)

Return to Health Summary

DEFINITIONS

PROGRAM AREA HL.1: HIV/AIDS

Definition: Reduce the transmission and impact of HIV/AIDS through support for prevention, care and treatment programs.

Program Element HL.1.1: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT)

Definition: Activities (including training) aimed at preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission, including ARV prophylaxis for HIV-infected pregnant women and newborns and counseling and support for maternal nutrition. PMTCT-plus ART activities should be described under ARV Drugs and Adult Treatment. Funding for HIV counseling and testing in the context of preventing mother-to-child transmission can be coded under PMTCT or Counseling and Testing; targets should be included in PMTCT. Early infant diagnosis should be included under Pediatric Care.

Program Element HL.1.2: Sexual Prevention - Abstinence/Be Faithful

Definition: Activities (including training) to promote abstinence, fidelity, reducing multiple and concurrent partners, and related social and community norms that impact these behaviors. Activities should address programming for both adolescents and adults. For sexually active individuals, it is anticipated that programs will include funding from both AIDS/Abstinence/Be Faithful (HVAB) and AIDS/Other Prevention (HVOP).

Program Element HL.1.3: Biomedical Prevention - Blood Safety

Definition: Activities supporting a nationally-coordinated blood program to ensure a safe and adequate blood supply including: infrastructure and policies; donor recruitment activities, blood collection, testing for transfusion-transmissible infections, component preparation, storage and distribution; appropriate clinical use of blood, transfusion procedures and hemovigilance; training and human resource development; monitoring and evaluation; and development of sustainable systems.

Program Element HL.1.4: Biomedical Prevention - Injection Safety

Definition: Policies, training, waste-management systems, advocacy and other activities to promote medical injection safety, including distribution/supply chain, cost and appropriate disposal of injection equipment and other related equipment and supplies.

Program Element HL.1.5: Sexual Prevention - Other Sexual Prevention

Definition: Other activities (including training) aimed at preventing HIV transmission including purchase and promotion of condoms, STI management (if not in palliative care settings/context), messages/programs to reduce other risks of persons engaged in high-risk behaviors. Prevention services should be focused on target populations such as alcohol users; at-risk youth; men who have sex with men (MSM); mobile populations, including migrant workers, truck drivers, and members of military and other uniformed services (e.g., police); and persons who exchange sex for money and/or transactional sexual partnerships.

Program Element HL.1.6: Adult Care and Support

Definition: All facility-based and home/community-based activities for HIV-infected adults and their families aimed at extending and optimizing quality of life for HIV-infected clients and their families throughout the continuum of illness through provision of clinical, psychological, spiritual, social and prevention services. Clinical care should include prevention and treatment of OIs (excluding TB) and other HIV/AIDS-related complications including malaria and diarrhea (providing access to commodities such as pharmaceuticals, insecticide-treated nets, safe water interventions and related laboratory services), pain and symptom relief, and nutritional assessment and support including food. Psychological and spiritual support may include group and individual counseling and culturally-appropriate end-of-life care and bereavement services. Social support may include vocational training, income-generating activities, social and legal protection, and training and support of caregivers. Prevention services may include “prevention for positives” behavioral counseling, and counseling and testing of family members. The purchase of OI drugs (excluding TB drugs) should be included under Adult Care and Treatment. ARV treatment should be coded under Adult Treatment and ARV Drugs.

Program Element HL.1.7: TB/HIV

Definition: Includes exams, clinical monitoring, related laboratory services, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (including medication), as well as screening and referral of TB clinic clients for HIV testing and clinical care. The location of HIV/TB activities can include general medical settings, HIV/AIDS clinics, home-based care and traditional TB clinics and hospitals. Pediatric TB/HIV services should be included in this budget.

Program Element HL.1.8: Orphans and Vulnerable Children

Definition: Activities are aimed at improving the lives of orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC) affected by HIV/AIDS, and doing so in a measurable way. Services to children (0-17 years) should be based on the actual needs of the child and could include ensuring access to basic education (from early childhood development through secondary level); broader health care services; targeted food and nutrition support, including support for safe infant feeding and weaning practices; protection and legal aid; economic strengthening; training of caregivers in HIV prevention and home-based care; etc. Household-centered approaches that link OVC services with HIV-affected families (linkages with PMTCT, palliative care, treatment, etc.) and strengthen the capacity of the family unit (caregiver) are included along with strengthening community structures (schools, churches, clinics, child protection committees, etc.) that protect and promote healthy child development and investments in local and national government capacity to identify, monitor and track children’s well-being. Programs may be included which strengthen the transition from residential OVC care to more family-centered models. (See the OVC Technical Considerations and OVC Guidance for further details). It is important that funding for OVC is not double-counted in pediatric care activities.

Program Element HL.1.9: Counseling and Testing

Definition: Includes activities in which both HIV counseling and testing are provided for those who seek to know their HIV status (as in traditional VCT) or provider initiated counseling and testing. Funding for counseling and testing in the context of preventing mother-to-child transmission can be included under PMTCT or Counseling and Testing; targets should be included in PMTCT.

Program Element HL.1.10: Treatment/ARV Drugs

Definition: This includes procurement, delivery and in-freight of ARV drugs. All antiretroviral Post-Exposure Prophylaxis procurement for rape victims should be included within this program element. Distribution/supply chain/logistics, pharmaceutical management and related systems strengthening inputs are to be included in the Health System Strengthening section.

Program Element HL.1.11: Treatment/Adult Treatment

Definition: Including infrastructure, training clinicians and other providers, exams, clinical monitoring, related laboratory services, and community-adherence activities. Clinical monitoring and management of opportunistic infections is classified under Adult Care and Support.

Program Element HL.1.12: Laboratory Infrastructure

Definition: Development and strengthening of laboratory systems and facilities to support HIV/AIDS-related activities including purchase of equipment and commodities and provision of quality assurance, staff training and other technical assistance. Specific laboratory services supporting TB testing goes under TB/HIV. Laboratory services supporting counseling and testing should go under Counseling and Testing or PMTCT. Laboratory services supporting care should go under Adult or Pediatric care and support. Laboratory services supporting treatment should be included under Pediatric or Adult Treatment Services.

Program Element HL.1.13: Health System Strengthening

Definition: Include activities that contribute to national, regional or district level systems by supporting finance, leadership and governance (include broad policy reform efforts including stigma, gender, etc.), institutional capacity building, supply chain or procurement systems, Global Fund programs and donor coordination. (Please note, as stated in the introduction, other activities will also contribute ultimately to reporting budget attributions to HSS. These calculations will be handled at HQ).

Program Element HL.1.14: Strategic Information

Definition: HIV/AIDS behavioral and biological surveillance, facility surveys, monitoring partner results, reporting results, supporting health information systems, assisting countries to establish and/or strengthen such systems, and related analysis and data dissemination activities fall under strategic information. Program area-specific monitoring and routine evaluation should be incorporated under the specific program area.

Program Element HL.1.15: Biomedical Prevention - Medical Male Circumcision

Definition: Policy, training, outreach, message development, service delivery, quality assurance, and equipment and commodities related to male circumcision (MC). All MC services should include the minimum package; HIV testing and counseling provided on site; age-appropriate pre- and post-operative sexual risk reduction counseling; active exclusion of symptomatic STIs and syndromic treatment when indicated; provision and promotion of correct and consistent use of condoms; circumcision surgery in accordance with national standards and international guidance; counseling on the need for abstinence from sexual activity during wound healing; wound care instructions; and post-operative clinical assessments and care. HIV counseling and testing associated with male circumcision can be included in either counseling and testing or male circumcision.

Program Element HL.1.16: Biomedical Prevention - Prevention Among Injecting and Non-Injecting Drug Users

Definition: Activities including policy reform, training, message development, community mobilization and comprehensive approaches including medication assistance therapy to reduce injecting drug use. Procurement of methadone and other medical-assisted therapy drugs should be included under this program area budget code. Programs for prevention of sexual transmission within IDUs should be included in this category.

Program Element HL.1.17: Pediatric Care and Support

Definition: All health facility-based care for HIV-exposed children and their families aimed at extending and optimizing quality of life for HIV-infected clients and their families throughout the continuum of illness through provision of clinical, psychological, spiritual, social and prevention services. Clinical care should include early infant diagnosis, prevention and treatment of OIs (excluding TB) and other HIV/AIDS-related complications including malaria and diarrhea (providing access to commodities such as pharmaceuticals, insecticide-treated nets, safe water interventions and related laboratory services), pain and symptom relief, and nutritional assessment and support including food. Other services – psychological, social, spiritual and prevention services – should be provided as appropriate. Pediatric care and support services should be counted if they are provided at a facility; community services should be included within programs for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC). It is important that funding for pediatric care activities is not double-counted in OVC.

Program Element HL.1.18: Treatment/Pediatric Treatment

Definition: Including infrastructure, training clinicians and other providers, exams, clinical monitoring, related laboratory services, and community-adherence activities. Clinical monitoring and management of opportunistic infections is classified under Pediatric Care and Support.

PROGRAM AREA HL.2: Tuberculosis

Definition: Contribute to a 50% reduction in TB mortality and prevalence (compared to 1990 levels) by accelerating detection of TB cases and by successfully treating detected cases, as well as scaling up programmatic management of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), expanding coverage of TB/HIV interventions in coordination with PEPFAR and strengthening health systems.

Program Element HL.2.1: Universal Access to TB Diagnosis and Treatment

Definition: Support political commitment and sustained financing for TB diagnosis and treatment with supervision and patient support, implementation of patient-centered approaches, engagement of all providers in TB prevention, and diagnosis and treatment (including public, private, prison-based programs, etc.); empower TB patients and communities; encourage community civil society participation in TB care, with special attention to decreasing stigma and discrimination through the introduction of international standards of care and TB charters; and support operational or programmatic research related to improvement of Directly Observed Therapy, Short-Course (DOTS) implementation.

Program Element HL.2.2: Improved TB Drug Management

Definition: Support procurement of first and/or second line drugs to treat TB, including cost of goods, freight, insurance to port, clearance costs (temporary storage, required quality assurance testing) and transport to district regional warehouses; provide technical assistance to improve host government drug management systems, including training and implementation of drug management software such as e-TB manager; support operational or programmatic research related to drug management.

Program Element HL.2.3: Improved Management of TB/HIV Co-infection

Definition: Build capacity for joint TB/HIV planning, monitoring and evaluation; provision of routine HIV testing for all TB cases and those with suspected TB, cotrimoxazole preventive therapy, referral of HIV positive TB patients to ARV treatment facilities, intensified TB case finding among PLHA, isoniazid preventive treatment among PLHA, support operational or programmatic research related to TB/HIV collaborative activities. Note: See element HL.2.9 for guidance on infection control, which is often included in TB/HIV activities.

Program Element HL.2.4: Programmatic Management of Multi Drug- Resistant TB (MDR-TB)

Definition: Support scale up of diagnosis and treatment of MDR-TB, including measures to diagnose and treat extensively drug resistant TB and provide enhanced support for MDR-TB patients under treatment, improve clinical skills of providers to diagnose and treat MDR-TB, drug resistance surveillance, support clinical, operational and/or programmatic research related to MDR-TB, including late stage clinical trials to identify optimal MDR-TB treatment regimens. Note: See element HL.2.9 for guidance on infection control, which is often included in MDR-TB activities.

Program Element HL.2.5: Treatment and Support Services

Definition: Support for men and women affected by TB to improve their treatment outcome and prevent transmission of TB, especially among the poor; and support for general DOTS implementation not covered in other elements.

Program Element HL.2.6: Development of New Tools and Improved Approaches

Definition: Support Phase IIB clinical trials and beyond in the areas of new drugs, diagnostics, vaccines; development of clinical trial capacity; operations research to improve approaches to treatment and care.

Program Element HL.2.7: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (TB)

Definition: Promote sustainable improvements in health outcomes by reducing key health systems constraints to achieve the goals and objectives of multiple health elements and the health area overall. Activities coded here aim to promote financial protection, efficiency, and affordability of health services in general; ensure the quality or availability of an essential package of prevention, promotion, treatment and care services; enhance equitable access to priority services by under-served, marginalized and other high priority groups; and ensure responsiveness to people's expectations. Such activities strengthen the core health systems functions/building blocks (leadership and governance; finance; human resources for health; medicines, vaccines and technology; and service delivery). Note 1: Operating Units should report activities that address specific element goals under other elements, reserving the use of this cross-cutting health systems strengthening element for overarching activities that are supported with multiple health element funding. Note 2: Operating units should report activities that strengthen the information function of the health system under the Host Country Strategic Information Systems element.

Program Element HL.2.8: Host Country Strategic Information Systems

Definition: Establish and strengthen host country health information systems, and build host country capacity to collect, analyze, disseminate, and use data for decision making. Includes support to routine health information systems (RHIS) and processes such as facility-based health management information systems (HMIS), surveillance, vital statistics and civil registration, and program monitoring. Includes censuses and surveys, needs assessments, baseline studies, and targeted evaluations. Includes data quality assessments, and data analysis, dissemination, and use activities supporting the host country systems, including civil society engagement for accountability. Includes support for mapping and for geographic and electronic information systems. Covers programs across the spectrum from population-based health services to personalized medical care. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included. Does not include activities in support of meeting USG reporting requirements.

Program Element HL.2.9: TB Laboratory Strengthening

Definition: Support activities to improve the national laboratory network for TB diagnosis, including capacity building for improving quality assurance processes, supervision, uptake of new TB diagnosis methods (including Xpert MTB/RIF®), and training for laboratory personnel, support operational or programmatic research related to laboratory strengthening, including late stage research to support introduction of new technologies.

Program Element HL.2.10: Improved Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric TB

Definition: Improve capacity to diagnose and treat TB among children ages 0-14, including development of clinical algorithms, programmatic guidelines, training for providers to improve clinical skills, procurement of pediatric formulations of first and second line TB drugs, support operational or programmatic research related to pediatric TB.

Program Element HL.2.11: Improved TB Infection Prevention and Control

Definition: Support a range of infection control measures, including development of infection control strategies, policies, plans and guidelines at all levels of the health care system; implementation of environmental controls to improve infection control, such as renovation of health care facilities to improve air flow and purchase of ventilation systems; and procurement/distribution of personal protective gear, such as N-95 masks, for health care personnel in high risk settings. Support operational or programmatic research related to infection prevention and control. Infection control activities programmed as part of elements HL.2.3 (TB/HIV) and HL.2.4 (Programmatic Management of MDR-TB) should be included here.

PROGRAM AREA HL.3: Malaria

Definition: Support the implementation of the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), related malaria control programs, and malaria research activities to reduce malaria-related mortality. Develop effective malaria vaccines, new malaria treatment drugs, and targeted operations research.

Program Element HL.3.1: Diagnosis and Treatment with Artemisinin- Based Combination Therapies

Definition: Improve equitable access to and appropriate use of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) to treat malaria, including provision of drugs; logistic support for the delivery of drugs; informing and educating communities and health providers about using and prescribing ACTs; improved diagnostic capacity; training of health providers; and monitoring of adverse effects.

Program Element HL.3.2: Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) to Prevent Malaria

Definition: Improve access to and use of ITNs to prevent malaria, including provision of nets and re-treatment kits; logistic support for the delivery of ITNs; behavior change about use of ITNs; improved access to long-lasting nets and net treatment technology; and private sector marketing of ITNs.

Program Element HL.3.3: Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) to Prevent Malaria

Definition: Expand the use of indoor residual spraying to prevent malaria, including purchase of insecticide and spraying equipment; logistic support; information/education for communities on upcoming spray campaigns; environmental assessments; and capacity to conduct entomological and epidemiologic monitoring.

Program Element HL.3.4: Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Pregnant Women

Definition: Expand access to and use of IPT with sulfadoxine pyrimethanine (SP) via antenatal services in order to address malaria in pregnancy. Activities will include provision of SP; training of service providers; information, education, and communication (IEC) for women and their partners and for providers of IPT; and logistic support for the delivery of SP.

Program Element HL.3.5: Epidemic Preparedness and Response

Definition: Help countries forecast, prepare for, detect, and respond to epidemics of malaria including entomologic and epidemiologic surveillance; procurement and equitable distribution of insecticide sprayers, and ITNs; and training of service providers.

Program Element HL.3.6: Malaria Research

Definition: Further the research and development of improved or new malaria interventions, including new malaria vaccine candidates and new malaria drugs. Also, targeted operations research will be supported.

Program Element HL.3.7: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (Malaria)

Definition: Promote sustainable improvements in health outcomes by reducing key health systems constraints to achieve the goals and objectives of multiple health elements and the health area overall. Activities coded here aim to promote financial protection, efficiency, and affordability of health services in general; ensure the quality or availability of an essential package of prevention, promotion, treatment and care services; enhance equitable access to priority services by under-served, marginalized and other high priority groups; and ensure responsiveness to people's expectations. Such activities strengthen the core health systems functions/building blocks (leadership and governance; finance; human resources for health; medicines, vaccines and technology; and service delivery). Note 1: Operating Units should report activities that address specific element goals under other elements, reserving the use of this cross-cutting health systems strengthening element for overarching activities that are supported with multiple health element funding. Note 2: Operating units should report activities that strengthen the information function of the health system under the Host Country Strategic Information Systems element.

Program Element HL.3.8: Anti-microbial Resistance (Malaria)

Definition: Address anti-malarial drug resistance, especially related to artemisinin-based combination therapies and other WHO-approved anti-malarial drugs. Multi-drug resistance is a particular threat in the Mekong Region and the Amazon Basis. Activities include, helping countries to update and implement new malaria treatment policies, ongoing monitoring of malaria drug efficacy, addressing sub-standard and counterfeit drugs, and information and education for both consumers and health workers.

Program Element HL.3.9: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (Malaria)

Definition: Establish and strengthen host country health information systems, and build host country capacity to collect, analyze, disseminate, and use data for decision making. Includes support to routine health information systems (RHIS) and processes such as facility-based health management information systems (HMIS), surveillance, vital statistics and civil registration, and program monitoring. Includes censuses and surveys, needs assessments, baseline studies, and targeted evaluations. Includes data quality assessments, and data analysis, dissemination, and use activities supporting the host country systems, including civil society engagement for accountability. Includes support for mapping and for geographic and electronic information systems. Covers programs across the spectrum from population-based health services to personalized medical care. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included. Does not include activities in support of meeting USG reporting requirements.

PROGRAM AREA HL.4: Global Health Security in Development (GHSD)

Definition: Limit the risk of a human pandemic from influenza or other emergent infectious diseases, and support appropriate humanitarian response.

Program Element HL.4.1: Planning and Preparedness for Outbreak Response

Definition: Design national multi-sectoral health security plans and coordination mechanisms. Support will also be provided to ensure adequate response to contain animal outbreaks and plan for the possibility of future human cases.

Program Element HL.4.2: Animal and Human Disease Surveillance

Definition: Support passive and active surveillance for emerging outbreaks in animals, including enhancing in-country laboratory capacity, updating national surveillance strategies, linking animal and human surveillance efforts, and monitoring the health of wild bird and domestic poultry populations. Human surveillance also includes reporting incidence of human infections, researching primary modes of viral transmission, and strengthening communication and reporting pathways.

Program Element HL.4.3: Commodity Stockpile

Definition: Determine essential commodities, establish release triggers for mobilizing the stockpile, procure commodities, develop commodity deployment strategies, deploy commodities appropriately, and replenish stockpiles.

Program Element HL.4.4: Behavior Change Communications

Definition: Mobilize communication networks to prioritize GHSD efforts, design and implement communication strategies, broadcast health security awareness and behavior change messages, train trainers in the appropriate use of commodities, and provide accurate material to communicators.

Program Element HL.4.5: Response to Disease Outbreak

Definition: Respond to animal outbreaks, including: facilitating the deployment of rapid response teams; designing incentive schemes to report outbreaks, and implementing bio-security measures. This element also includes collecting and transporting samples, and implementing containment measures (e.g., culling, vaccination, quarantine). Human response also includes training health workers about appropriate care models, implementing social distancing policies, facilitating humanitarian response to a pandemic, and promoting infection control.

Program Element HL.4.6: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (GHSD)

Definition: Promote sustainable improvements in health outcomes by reducing key health systems constraints to achieve the goals and objectives of multiple health elements and the health area overall. Activities coded here aim to promote financial protection, efficiency, and affordability of health services in general; ensure the quality or availability of an essential package of prevention, promotion, treatment and care services; enhance equitable access to priority services by under-served, marginalized and other high priority groups; and ensure responsiveness to people's expectations. Such activities strengthen the core health systems functions/building blocks (leadership and governance; finance; human resources for health; medicines, vaccines and technology; and service delivery). Note 1: Operating Units should report activities that address specific element goals under other elements, reserving the use of this cross-cutting health systems strengthening element for overarching activities that are supported with multiple health element funding. Note 2: Operating units should report activities that strengthen the information function of the health system under the Host Country Strategic Information Systems element.

Program Element HL.4.7: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (GHSD)

Definition: Establish and strengthen host country health information systems, and build host country capacity to collect, analyze, disseminate, and use data for decision making. Includes support to routine health information systems (RHIS) and processes such as facility-based health management information systems (HMIS), surveillance, vital statistics and civil registration, and program monitoring. Includes censuses and surveys, needs assessments, baseline studies, and targeted evaluations. Includes data quality assessments, and data analysis, dissemination, and use activities supporting the host country systems, including civil society engagement for accountability. Includes support for mapping and for geographic and electronic information systems. Covers programs across the spectrum from population-based health services to personalized medical care. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included. Does not include activities in support of meeting USG reporting requirements.

PROGRAM AREA HL.5: Other Public Health Threats

Definition: Address neglected tropical diseases and other public health threats posed by infectious diseases not targeted elsewhere in the Framework as well as significant non-communicable health threats of major public health importance.

Program Element HL.5.1: Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Infectious Diseases

Definition: Control and reduce the burden of targeted neglected tropical diseases (onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthes, lymphatic filariasis, and trachoma) and other infectious diseases and issues of public health importance (e.g., Japanese encephalitis, dengue hemorrhagic fever). Also included are efforts for the containment of antimicrobial resistance, disease surveillance and response, implementation of pharmacovigilance approaches, and the introduction of new diagnostics and treatment modalities. This element also includes efforts for effective and timely implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005).

Program Element HL.5.2: Non-Communicable Public Health Threats Including Injuries

Definition: Support cost-effective, evidence-based interventions that address health conditions that have very significant negative impact on morbidity of men and women in the workforce, mortality, and productivity and that are not addressed in other health program elements. These may include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers, mental health, birth disabilities, sexual and domestic violence, environmental and occupational health and safety, and injuries, such as auto accidents and drowning, with attention to differing susceptibility of and impact on men and women, boys and girls.

Program Element HL.5.3: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (Other Health)

Definition: Promote sustainable improvements in health outcomes by reducing key health systems constraints to achieve the goals and objectives of multiple health elements and the health area overall. Activities coded here aim to promote financial protection, efficiency, and affordability of health services in general; ensure the quality or availability of an essential package of prevention, promotion, treatment and care services; enhance equitable access to priority services by under-served, marginalized and other high priority groups; and ensure responsiveness to people's expectations. Such activities strengthen the core health systems functions/building blocks (leadership and governance; finance; human resources for health; medicines, vaccines and technology; and service delivery). Note 1: Operating Units should report activities that address specific element goals under other elements, reserving the use of this cross-cutting health systems strengthening element for overarching activities that are supported with multiple health element funding. Note 2: Operating units should report activities that strengthen the information function of the health system under the Host Country Strategic Information Systems element.

Program Element HL.5.4: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (Other Health)

Definition: Establish and strengthen host country health information systems, and build host country capacity to collect, analyze, disseminate, and use data for decision making. Includes support to routine health information systems (RHIS) and processes such as facility-based health management information systems (HMIS), surveillance, vital statistics and civil registration, and program monitoring. Includes censuses and surveys, needs assessments, baseline studies, and targeted evaluations. Includes data quality assessments, and data analysis, dissemination, and use activities supporting the host country systems, including civil society engagement for accountability. Includes support for mapping and for geographic and electronic information systems. Covers programs across the spectrum from population-based health services to personalized medical care. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included. Does not include activities in support of meeting USG reporting requirements.

PROGRAM AREA HL.6: Maternal and Child Health

Definition: Increase the availability and use of proven life-saving interventions that address the major killers of mothers and children and improve their health status, including effective maternity care and management of obstetric complications; prevention services including newborn care, routine immunization, polio eradication, safe water and hygiene; and treatment of life-threatening childhood illnesses. Note that nutrition interventions are budgeted in HL.9 or EG.3.3.

Program Element HL.6.1: Birth Preparedness and Maternity Services

Definition: Support registration of pregnancies, infection prevention, self-care practices, education about need for a skilled birth attendant and recognition of complications, promotion of healthy practices during pregnancy including safe hygiene and good nutrition, development of individualized birth plans, constructive engagement of partners and families in support of pregnant women, community based-financing of deliveries, and organization for transport. Support facility-based and outreach services, improving the quality and equitable coverage of antenatal, delivery and postpartum care services, including periodic evaluation of the progress of pregnancy, labor support, use of the partogram, clean delivery, and active management of the third stage of labor.

Program Element HL.6.2: Treatment of Obstetric Complications and Disabilities

Definition: Support education about recognition of complications during labor, delivery and post-partum and treatment of obstetric complications by women, their partners and the community, such as post-abortion care, management of hypertension, induction or augmentation of labor, assisted delivery, blood transfusion, surgery (including cesarean section, repair of lacerations, and management of postpartum hemorrhage); and management of pregnancy-related disabilities including case identification, medical management of chronic problems such as anemia, and surgical repair and postoperative rehabilitation of obstetric fistula.

Program Element HL.6.3: Newborn Care and Treatment

Definition: Improve care of newborns by identifying and treating serious infections and other neonatal complications, including immediate care at birth (resuscitation, thermal stabilization, cord care, breastfeeding), the provision of routine essential care, special care for low birth weight and premature infants, increasing family and health worker recognition of newborn danger signs, and increasing access to appropriate treatment when required.

Program Element HL.6.4: Immunization

Definition: Strengthen routine immunization service delivery, increase equitable coverage and contribute to disease control strategies when appropriate, including improvement of planning vaccine forecasting and management, cold chain and logistics, vaccine-preventable disease surveillance, lab capacity and quality, injection safety, and non-polio specific immunization campaigns.

Program Element HL.6.5: Polio

Definition: Support planning, implementation and monitoring of supplemental immunization activities for polio eradication; improve surveillance for Acute Flaccid Paralysis and laboratory capacity for diagnosis, analysis and reporting; improve communication and advocacy; support certification, containment, post-eradication and post-certification policy development; improve information collection and use for continuous program improvement.

Program Element HL.6.6: Treatment of Child Illness

Definition: Increase boys' and girls' access to and utilization of appropriate treatment for diarrhea, pneumonia, and other potentially life-threatening childhood illnesses, including improved recognition of serious illness, community and facility-based treatment of uncomplicated pneumonia, recognition and treatment of severe and complicated pneumonia, Oral Rehydration Therapy, including ORS plus zinc for diarrhea control, antibiotic treatment of dysentery, management of persistent diarrhea, and counseling on actions that promote good health and prevent disease. Nutrition programs should be budgeted under HL.9 Nutrition.

Program Element HL.6.7: Household Level Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Environment

Definition: Increase household-level actions to prevent disease regardless of the state of public service infrastructure, including point-of-use water treatment, safe water storage and handling, sanitation marketing and promotion, promotion of hand washing with soap, reduction of exposure to indoor smoke from cooking and to local sources of environmental toxins such as lead. (Note that this element addresses behavior, while Area HL.8 addresses other elements to Water and Sanitation.)

Program Element HL.6.8: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening

Definition: Promote sustainable improvements in health outcomes by reducing key health systems constraints to achieve the goals and objectives of multiple health elements and the health area overall. Activities coded here aim to promote financial protection, efficiency, and affordability of health services in general; ensure the quality or availability of an essential package of prevention, promotion, treatment and care services; enhance equitable access to priority services by under-served, marginalized and other high priority groups; and ensure responsiveness to people's expectations. Such activities strengthen the core health systems functions/building blocks (leadership and governance; finance; human resources for health; medicines, vaccines and technology; and service delivery). Note 1: Operating Units should report activities that address specific element goals under other elements, reserving the use of this cross-cutting health systems strengthening element for overarching activities that are supported with multiple health element funding. Note 2: Operating units should report activities that strengthen the information function of the health system under the Host Country Strategic Information Systems element.

Program Element HL.6.9: Anti-microbial Resistance (MCH)

Definition: Slow the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in child and maternal health. Improving pharmaceutical management will increase access to and the correct use of quality essential medicines for MCH priorities. This element will also strengthen quality assurance of essential medicines, community case management for childhood illnesses, and development of treatment guidelines for priority childhood diseases.

Program Element HL.6.10: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (MCH)

Definition: Establish and strengthen host country health information systems, and build host country capacity to collect, analyze, disseminate, and use data for decision making. Includes support to routine health information systems (RHIS) and processes such as facility-based health management information systems (HMIS), surveillance, vital statistics and civil registration, and program monitoring. Includes censuses and surveys, needs assessments, baseline studies, and targeted evaluations. Includes data quality assessments, and data analysis, dissemination, and use activities supporting the host country systems, including civil society engagement for accountability. Includes support for mapping and for geographic and electronic information systems. Covers programs across the spectrum from population-based health services to personalized medical care. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included. Does not include activities in support of meeting USG reporting requirements.

PROGRAM AREA HL.7: Family Planning and Reproductive Health

Definition: Expand access to high-quality voluntary family planning (FP) services and information, and reproductive health (RH) care. This element contributes to reducing unintended pregnancy and promoting healthy reproductive behaviors of men and women, reducing abortion, and reducing maternal and child mortality and morbidity.

Program Element HL.7.1: Service Delivery

Definition: Expand sustainable provision of FP/RH service in clinical and non-clinical programs including those in the public, private, NGO and PVO sectors, and at the community level; activities that help improve the quality of the services and care provided including pre- and in-service training of providers and application of evidence-based service delivery norms and standards; and availability of a wide range of contraceptive options (temporary methods, fertility awareness methods, long-acting reversible and permanent methods) for men and women. (N.B. Commodity procurement/ supply chain assistance is HL.7.6, a separate element.) Improve responsiveness to client needs including the FP/RH needs of youth and men, women and girls affected by violence, refugees/IDP, and other underserved populations. Included are activities that integrate FP and related RH care, including integrated FP/MCH services, especially provision of postpartum FP, FP information within the ANC setting, and post-abortion care; FP in the context of HIV/AIDS/STI prevention, treatment, care and support; fistula prevention and repair; prevention and mitigation of gender-based violence in the context of FP/RH programs; and programs that encourage abandonment of female genital cutting and other harmful traditional practices associated with negative RH outcomes. Facility construction and renovation specifically for FP/RH service delivery improvements is also included in this element.

Program Element HL.7.2: Communication and Knowledge Management (FP/RH)

Definition: Increase awareness of the availability of FP/RH services including through mass media, community mobilization, outreach, and/or national campaigns; behavior change interventions to encourage constructive engagement of men, equitable gender norms and adoption of healthy reproductive behaviors by women/girls and men/boys; and provision of information on family planning options, benefits, and side-effects to enable male and female clients to make an informed choice. Strengthen knowledge and information use, adaptation and exchange among FP/RH health program managers and health service providers. Also included are: syntheses of information and learning from research, program experience and evaluation for the purpose of disseminating evidence-based practices and lessons learned; and the sharing of expertise and experiential knowledge.

Program Element HL.7.3: Policy Analysis and Capacity Building

Definition: Create an enabling environment for effective FP/RH programs through policy and advocacy, dialogue, analysis and evidence for decision-making, planning, finance, multi-sectoral and civil society engagement, and attention to equity; organizational and human capacity development (e.g., recruitment, deployment, retention etc.), and management and leadership of FP/RH programs in public, private and non-governmental environments. Included are activities specifically focused on FP/RH that improve management, efficiency and organization of services, increase equity, address structural barriers to services, and promote community and civil society participation in finding solutions to local problems. Note: Operating units should code only those activities that address the Family Planning earmark and not activities that support multiple health elements.

Program Element HL.7.4: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (FP/RH)

Definition: Promote sustainable improvements in health outcomes by reducing key health systems constraints to achieve the goals and objectives of multiple health elements and the health area overall. Activities coded here aim to promote financial protection, efficiency, and affordability of health services in general; ensure the quality or availability of an essential package of prevention, promotion, treatment and care services; enhance equitable access to priority services by under-served, marginalized and other high priority groups; and ensure responsiveness to people's expectations. Such activities strengthen the core health systems functions/building blocks (leadership and governance; finance; human resources for health; medicines, vaccines and technology; and service delivery). Note 1: Operating Units should report activities that address specific element goals under other elements, reserving the use of this cross-cutting health systems strengthening element for overarching activities that are supported with multiple health element funding. Note 2: Operating units should report activities that strengthen the information function of the health system under the Host Country Strategic Information Systems element.

Program Element HL.7.5: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (FP/RH)

Definition: Establish and strengthen host country health information systems, and build host country capacity to collect, analyze, disseminate, and use data for decision making. Includes support to routine health information systems (RHIS) and processes such as facility-based health management information systems (HMIS), surveillance, vital statistics and civil registration, and program monitoring. Includes censuses and surveys, needs assessments, baseline studies, and targeted evaluations. Includes data quality assessments, and data analysis, dissemination, and use activities supporting the host country systems, including civil society engagement for accountability. Includes support for mapping and for geographic and electronic information systems. Covers programs across the spectrum from population-based health services to personalized medical care. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included. Does not include activities in support of meeting USG reporting requirements.

Program Element HL.7.6: Procurement and Supply Chain (FP/RH)

Definition: Ensure the near- and long-term availability of high quality short- and long-acting contraceptives, including condoms for family planning, and other related products as appropriate. (N.B. Condoms purchased with HIV/AIDS funds should be captured under the HIV/AIDS Area structure). The activities include assistance with specifications, forecasting, financing, procurement, quality assurance, order management, delivery, inventory management, distribution, human resources, information systems and reporting to improve the design and performance of country FP/RH supply chains (whether stand-alone or integrated) that manage and deliver contraceptives (including condoms purchased with FP/RH funds) and related products for public and private FP/RH services. Stakeholder engagement for improved FP/RH commodity security, including collaborations with governments, NGOs, FBOs, civil society, private commercial organizations, donors, foundations, and international and technical organizations on issues such as standards, division of labor, indicators of performance, information sharing, and building or utilizing common platforms for increased efficiency.

Program Element HL.7.7: Research (FP/RH)

Definition: Conduct biomedical research to refine existing contraceptive methods to make them more acceptable, affordable, and accessible. Develop new contraceptive methods that fill gaps in the existing method mix to better meet the needs of women and their families. Conduct implementation research on topics such as addressing barriers that underlie nonuse of contraception among women with an unmet need for family planning, improving programming for youth, postpartum and other underserved women, improving the efficiency, effectiveness and reach of FP/RH services, and developing new and innovative approaches to FP/RH service delivery and communications including integration with health and non-health platforms. This element also includes and systematic reviews.

PROGRAM AREA HL.8: Water Supply and Sanitation

Definition: Ensure broadly accessible, reliable and economically sustainable water and sanitation services for health, security, and prosperity. (Note that this Area does not include the household behavior aspects found in Element HL.6.6 or water issues directly relating to Agriculture – found in Element HL.6.7 or water issues.)

Program Element HL.8.1: Safe Water Access

Definition: Increase access to water of appropriate quantity and quality for use in households, schools, health facilities, and industrial/commercial facilities through protection of existing water sources, sustainable development of new sources (e.g., well drilling and spring capping); expansion and rehabilitation of water supply infrastructure, such as pumps and distribution systems; implementation of appropriate community-based approaches to design, construction, operation and maintenance.

Program Element HL.8.2: Basic Sanitation

Definition: Increase access to and use of sanitation services for safe human waste disposal to protect human health and environmental quality. Support effective approaches to building demand for sanitation-related products and services and test innovative, low-cost approaches which show promise of effectiveness. Facilitate private sector participation in providing sanitation products and services. Where applicable, promote sustainable solutions for wastewater treatment and reuse.

Program Element HL.8.3: Water and Sanitation Policy and Governance

Definition: Improve policy, laws, and regulations to expand service delivery and treatment, and to ensure national standards for tariff setting, licensing, benchmarking, and performance monitoring. Improve water utility operations and service delivery through strengthening corporate governance and management of utilities, private sector participation, and demand management; achieving cost recovery tariffs while addressing affordability and access issues; and increasing operating efficiency to achieve economies of scale as well as responsiveness to users. Promote appropriate involvement of various users of water (domestic supply, industrial users, agriculture) in decision-making so that all sectoral interests have access to and ownership of water resource management decisions.

Program Element HL.8.4: Sustainable Financing for Water and Sanitation Services

Definition: Increase mobilization of domestic public and private sector financing for water and sanitation sector development and increased access to services. Develop financially sustainable options for wastewater treatment.

Program Element HL.8.5: Water Resources Productivity

Definition: Increase efficiency and promote productive, multiple uses of water in domestic and industrial sectors.

Program Element HL.8.6: Science and Technology Cooperation

Definition: Build the scientific, technological and information capacity necessary for science-based decision-making in water supply, conservation and management and in sanitation.

Program Element HL.8.7: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (Water)

Definition: Establish and strengthen host country health information systems, and build host country capacity to collect, analyze, disseminate, and use data for decision making. Includes support to routine health information systems (RHIS) and processes such as facility-based health management information systems (HMIS), surveillance, vital statistics and civil registration, and program monitoring. Includes censuses and surveys, needs assessments, baseline studies, and targeted evaluations. Includes data quality assessments, and data analysis, dissemination, and use activities supporting the host country systems, including civil society engagement for accountability. Includes support for mapping and for geographic and electronic information systems. Covers programs across the spectrum from population-based health services to personalized medical care. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included. Does not include activities in support of meeting USG reporting requirements.

Program Element HL.8.8: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (Water)

Definition: Promote sustainable improvements in health outcomes by reducing key health systems constraints to achieve the goals and objectives of multiple health elements and the health area overall. Activities coded here aim to promote financial protection, efficiency, and affordability of health services in general; ensure the quality or availability of an essential package of prevention, promotion, treatment and care services; enhance equitable access to priority services by under-served, marginalized and other high priority groups; and ensure responsiveness to people's expectations. Such activities strengthen the core health systems functions/building blocks (leadership and governance; finance; human resources for health; medicines, vaccines and technology; and service delivery). Note 1: Operating Units should report activities that address specific element goals under other elements, reserving the use of this cross-cutting health systems strengthening element for overarching activities that are supported with multiple health element funding. Note 2: Operating units should report activities that strengthen the information function of the health system under the Host Country Strategic Information Systems element.

PROGRAM AREA HL.9: Nutrition

Definition: Increase availability and use of proven nutrition interventions to reduce mortality, morbidity, and food insecurity, including nutrition education to improve maternal diets, nutrition during pregnancy, exclusive breastfeeding, and infant and young child feeding practices; fortified or biofortified staple foods, and specialized food products to improve consumption of quality food; and delivery of nutrition services including micronutrient supplementation and community management of acute malnutrition. Strengthen host country capacity by advancing supportive nutrition and food security policies and improving nutrition information systems.

Program Element HL.9.1: Promotion of Improved Nutrition Practices

Definition: Improve maternal and child nutrition through prevention programs targeted to women, children under two, and the very poor. These activities may include but are not limited to: community-based social and behavior change communication programs that focus on key nutrition practices related to maternal nutrition, exclusive and continued breastfeeding, and appropriate infant and young child feeding; promoting consumption of fortified or biofortified staple foods and specialized food products; partnering with public and private sectors to ensure food quality and supporting food-based and woman-centered programs that improve dietary quality for women and children.

Program Element HL.9.2: Population-based Nutrition Service Delivery

Definition: Support delivery of nutrition services through sustainable platforms. This element includes but is not limited to micronutrient supplementation programs, community management of acute malnutrition, production of fortified foods, and strengthening nutrition service delivery systems as part of primary health care systems. This element does not include zinc as treatment for diarrhea (included in HL.6.6).

Program Element HL.9.3: Nutrition Enabling Environment and Capacity

Definition: Strengthen institutions, policies, and practices that support sustained, locally-led improvements in nutrition. Advance the capacity of public and private institutions, including the health system, to assess, plan, design, implement, monitor, and evaluate nutrition programs. This element includes supporting an enabling environment and capacity strengthening specifically targeted to women and the very poor.

Program Element HL.9.4: Cross-cutting Health Systems Strengthening (Nutrition)

Definition: Promote sustainable improvements in health outcomes by reducing key health systems constraints to achieve the goals and objectives of multiple health elements and the health area overall. Activities coded here aim to promote financial protection, efficiency, and affordability of health services in general; ensure the quality or availability of an essential package of prevention, promotion, treatment and care services; enhance equitable access to priority services by under-served, marginalized and other high priority groups; and ensure responsiveness to people's expectations. Such activities strengthen the core health systems functions/building blocks (leadership and governance; finance; human resources for health; medicines, vaccines and technology; and service delivery). Note 1: Operating Units should report activities that address specific element goals under other elements, reserving the use of this cross-cutting health systems strengthening element for overarching activities that are supported with multiple health element funding. Note 2: Operating units should report activities that strengthen the information function of the health system under the Host Country Strategic Information Systems element.

Program Element HL.9.5: Host Country Strategic Information Systems (Nutrition)

Definition: Establish and strengthen host country health information systems, and build host country capacity to collect, analyze, disseminate, and use data for decision making. Includes support to routine health information systems (RHIS) and processes such as facility-based health management information systems (HMIS), surveillance, vital statistics and civil registration, and program monitoring. Includes censuses and surveys, needs assessments, baseline studies, and targeted evaluations. Includes data quality assessments, and data analysis, dissemination, and use activities supporting the host country systems, including civil society engagement for accountability. Includes support for mapping and for geographic and electronic information systems. Covers programs across the spectrum from population-based health services to personalized medical care. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included. Does not include activities in support of meeting USG reporting requirements.

Return to Health Definitions

EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SERVICES: To help nations achieve sustainable improvements in the well-being and productivity of their populations through effective and accountable investments in education and other social services. Promote equitable, effective, accountable, and sustainable formal and non-formal education systems.

 

SUMMARY

PROGRAM AREA ES.1: Basic Education

Program Element ES.1.1: Pre-Primary Education

Program Element ES.1.2: Primary Education

Program Element ES.1.3: Lower Secondary Education

Program Element ES.1.4: Learning for Out-of-School Youth

Program Element ES.1.5: Literacy and Numeracy for Youth and Adults

Program Element ES.1.6: Upper Secondary Education

Program Element ES.1.7: Education Systems

Program Element ES.1.8: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity (Basic Ed)

PROGRAM AREA ES.2: Higher Education

Program Element ES.2.1: Engaging Higher Education Institutions in Research and Development

Program Element ES.2.2: Access to Tertiary Education and Professional Development to Strengthen Higher Education

Program Element ES.2.3: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity (Higher Ed)

Program Element ES.2.4: Engaging Tertiary Institutions in Workforce Development

Program Element ES.2.5: Systemic Reform of Tertiary Institutions

Program Element ES.2.6: Access to Higher Education Opportunities

PROGRAM AREA ES.3: Social Policies, Regulations, and Systems

Program Element ES.3.1: Social Policy Governance

Program Element ES.3.2: Research Capacity

Program Element ES.3.3: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity for Social Services Policy

PROGRAM AREA ES.4: Social Services

Program Element ES.4.1: Vulnerable Children

Program Element ES.4.2: Victims of War

Program Element ES.4.3: Victims of Torture

Program Element ES.4.4: Other Targeted Vulnerable Groups

Program Element ES.4.5: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity for Social Services Programs

PROGRAM AREA ES.5: Social Assistance

Program Element ES.5.1: Targeted Financial Assistance to Meet Basic Needs for the Poorest

Program Element ES.5.2: Conditional Cash Transfers

Program Element ES.5.3: Targeted Subsidies for Low-Income Households

Program Element ES.5.4: Self-Help Programs

Program Element ES.5.5: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity for Targeted Cash or In-Kind Social Assistance

Return to Education and Social Services Summary

DEFINITIONS

PROGRAM AREA ES.1: Basic Education

Definition: Improve early childhood education, primary education, and secondary education, delivered in formal or non-formal settings. It includes literacy, numeracy, and other basic skills programs for youth and adults.

Program Element ES.1.1: Pre-Primary Education

Definition: Introduce very young children, generally aged at least 3 years, to pre-academic readiness. A structured and purposeful set of learning activities are provided either in a formal institution or as part of a non-formal child development program.

Program Element ES.1.2: Primary Education

Definition: Provide children an education in reading, writing, and mathematics, and the basic skills of problem-solving, cooperative learning, and communication to develop pupils’ ability to obtain and use information they need about their home, community, and country. Activities typically utilize a formal school curriculum in or outside of a school. Primary education is also sometimes called elementary education.

Program Element ES.1.3: Lower Secondary Education

Definition: Provide more advanced basic learning and basic skills that include critical thinking, assessing solutions, team cooperation, and effective communication, beyond the primary level. The teaching is typically more subject-focused, requiring more specialized teachers and materials for each subject area. The end of this level often coincides with the end of compulsory education. Lower secondary education is sometimes referred to as junior high school, middle school, or junior secondary school.

Program Element ES.1.4: Learning for Out-of-School Youth

Definition: Provide learners, generally 13 to 24 year olds, an alternative education that integrates reading, writing, and mathematics with basic skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, team building, and effective communication. These complementary learning activities are typically designed to reintegrate youth back into a formal school setting or provide an equivalent primary or secondary school diploma. Activities funding through this program element should also contribute to the Youth Development Key Issue.

Program Element ES.1.5: Literacy and Numeracy for Youth and Adults

Definition: Provide individuals, 18 years or older, basic skills in reading, writing, and mathematics. It requires a unique set of learning activities with specialized instruction. Activities may be formal or non-formal, but are typically outside of the formal school setting.

Program Element ES.1.6: Upper Secondary Education

Definition: Continue basic subject area learning and skills, including critical analysis, problem solving, and complex communication, beyond lower secondary level. The instruction is highly organized along subject lines, as are textbooks, and teachers need a higher level of subject-specific qualifications. In most countries, this level is the final stage of basic education. Upper Secondary Education is sometimes referred to as high school, senior high school, or senior secondary school. If appropriate, activities can be attributed to the Youth Development Key Issue. Please see the Key Issues Guidance for more information.

Program Element ES.1.7: Education Systems

Definition: Contribute to sustained improvements in education quality, efficiency, and equity through strengthened education policy, governance, financing, facilities, human resources, public information, and management of education services. A range of activities may target the national, regional, district, and community levels of the education system; pre-primary, primary, lower-secondary, upper secondary, and non-formal education; and public or private education.

Program Element ES.1.8: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity (Basic Ed)

Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program element. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.

PROGRAM AREA ES.2: Higher Education

Definition: Improve the quality, contributions and accessibility of higher education. Higher education includes but is not limited to: teaching; training; curricula; degree programs; pedagogy; research; policy analysis and participation in policy development; workforce development; second-chance learning opportunities; skills certification programs; community service; extension; applied technology; professional development; exchange programs; institutional linkages; program linkages; institutional governance; financial planning; administration; management; and policy that is developed, conducted, and/or implemented by universities, colleges, community colleges, upper secondary schools, public and private technical and vocational training institutions, public and privately led skills development programs, teacher-training colleges and institutes, research institutes, and/or relevant ministries. This program area places a special emphasis on ensuring equitable access to tertiary education and workforce development programs, especially for youth from lower income and marginalized groups including girls and young women and students with disabilities. As such, activities reported against this program area should also contribute to the Youth Development Key Issue, and be reported as such.

Program Element ES.2.1: Engaging Higher Education Institutions in Research and Development

Definition: Engage higher education institutions in addressing social and economic development challenges through research, development, and extension services. Programs include, but are not limited to, applied research, community outreach, and service delivery. These programs have direct and indirect impacts on other sectors such as health, the environment, agriculture, and economic growth.

Program Element ES.2.2: Access to Tertiary Education and Professional Development to Strengthen Higher Education

Definition: Strengthen access to professional development opportunities in the field of higher education, such as faculty development programs in technical disciplines and programs in higher education leadership, administration, and management, including outreach to the private sector and other non-academic partners. The primary intent of these programs is to strengthen the host country's higher education system.

Program Element ES.2.3: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity (Higher Ed)

Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program element. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.

Program Element ES.2.4: Engaging Tertiary Institutions in Workforce Development

Definition: This element complements broader workforce development activities conducted under EG.6, with a particular emphasis on the role of tertiary education institutions in promoting youth employment, skills development, and workforce readiness. Activities include the capacity development of public and private tertiary education institutions to promote demand-driven skills training and workforce preparedness; industry-led certification programs; private-public partnerships; internship and job placement services; mentoring; entrepreneurship training and support; second-chance learning opportunities; career development; ongoing support services to youth; monitoring and evaluation; labor market information; and employment policy efforts. Programs attributed to this element should also report on the Youth Development Key Issue.

Program Element ES.2.5: Systemic Reform of Tertiary Institutions

Definition: Develop policies and laws that improve the quality, contributions and accessibility of tertiary education; support their effective implementation and monitoring; and ensure the participation of tertiary education institutions, the private sector, civil society, and other interested parties in the development and implementation of such policies and laws. This would include, but not be limited to, national policies that support more equitable access to tertiary education, greater competition, enhanced autonomy, improved transparency in admissions, more effective collaboration with the private sector and civil society, improved accountability, and increased transparency with regard to revenue generation, expenditures, and financial management. Within systems change, the capacity of institutions themselves must also be strengthened. Programs under this element increase higher education institutions’ ability to contribute to social and economic development and realize system reform by strengthening their organizational effectiveness. Organizational effectiveness includes, but is not limited to, improving management and administration, research capacity and methods, facilities, degree programs, curricula, and pedagogy.

Program Element ES.2.6: Access to Higher Education Opportunities

Definition: Increase access of individuals to focused higher education opportunities. This includes scholarships, grants, or payments made to support students' education at universities, colleges, and other higher education institutions. The primary intent of these programs is to support human capacity development in sectors and disciplines other than higher education (also see ES 2.2 Access to Tertiary Education and Professional Development to Strengthen Higher Education and EG.6 Workforce Development).

PROGRAM AREA ES.3: Social Policies, Regulations, and Systems

Definition: Address society-wide norms, policies, laws, and capacities to develop or reform safety nets except as covered in other more specific elements (e.g., health elements above). Build the frameworks for identifying populations in need or at-risk; devise criteria for eligibility; direct resources to public and private organizations for program administration; set standards for the delivery of effective assistance and services; and track the impact on target populations.

Program Element ES.3.1: Social Policy Governance

Definition: Create or improve legislation essential to the operation of effective safety nets. It includes supporting laws on behalf of specific groups to protect their rights; reducing intentional acts of discrimination, exploitation or exclusion; and improving their access to programs that meet basic needs. It also strengthens government capacity to deliver essential assistance, services, and insurance, including formulating financing and outsourcing guidelines; acquiring the technology needed to carry out means testing and improved targeting; developing accreditation standards and regulations for service providers; administering oversight mechanisms to ensure quality, control costs, and reduce the incidence of malfeasance or corruption. Promote policies and increase public awareness aimed at decreasing temporary or chronic poverty by addressing underlying causal factors for vulnerability.

Program Element ES.3.2: Research Capacity

Definition: Develop or strengthen the quantity and quality of host country capacity to measure the incidence and depth of poverty and factors contributing to social exclusion; to identify groups most adversely affected; to assess the effectiveness of interventions to rehabilitate, protect, promote, or integrate vulnerable and at-risk groups; and to develop innovative programs for early warning to reduce vulnerability and mitigate risk factors.

Program Element ES.3.3: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity for Social Services Policy

Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) for social services policy, as well as their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program element. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.

PROGRAM AREA ES.4: Social Services

Definition: Assist special populations which may be vulnerable or at-risk on a temporary or chronic basis whose needs are not addressed under emergency humanitarian assistance or other programs. These include groups such as the disabled; orphans, children and at-risk youth; victims of trafficking; victims of gender-based violence; refugees, returnees, ethnic minorities, internally displaced or other socially excluded groups; the elderly; and female heads of household. Depending on circumstances, services may intend to protect groups; mitigate adverse conditions they face, or to remove barriers to help integrate them into society. Components may include measures to increase the capacity of local service and advocacy NGOs and/or professional social workers; to establish public/private service delivery partnerships as well as family and community focused service models; to establish effective referral networks; to develop appropriate service protocols and methods for screening prospective recipients; or to improve public understanding and sensitivity to the needs of the vulnerable. While services provided should not exclude victims of trafficking in persons, programs designed specifically for this group fall under the Peace and Security Objective under Program Area PS.5 Trafficking in Persons.

Program Element ES.4.1: Vulnerable Children

Definition: Strengthen the capacity of families, communities and host-country governments to provide care, support, and protection for orphans, unaccompanied minors, children in exploitative labor and war-affected children. Note: activities aimed at care and support for HIV/AIDS orphans and vulnerable children should be reported under the Orphans and Vulnerable Children element of the HIV/AIDS area (HL.1.8).

Program Element ES.4.2: Victims of War

Definition: Remove barriers to enable the full participation of victims of war in supportive communities. Help people obtain prosthetics and rehabilitation as well as training to return as functioning members of society and to be able to provide for themselves and their families after suffering injuries caused by conflict or the remnants of conflict, including landmines and other unexploded ordinance [which may be linked to the Peace and Security Category, specifically PS.7 Conventional Weapons Security and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)].

Program Element ES.4.3: Victims of Torture

Definition: Address the physical and psychological effects of torture on victims, families and communities. Activities will be cross-cutting and include treatment, rehabilitation, re-integration, and advocacy.

Program Element ES.4.4: Other Targeted Vulnerable Groups

Definition: Remove barriers to enable the full participation of vulnerable people in supportive communities. Activities will be cross-cutting and range from community advocacy and strengthening family reunification/foster care, to supporting disability-appropriate infrastructure modifications and apprenticeship programs, and the integration of disabled or socially excluded workers into the workforce.

Program Element ES.4.5: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity for Social Services Programs

Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) for social services programs, as well as and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program element. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.

PROGRAM AREA ES.5: Social Assistance

Definition: Cash or in-kind transfers to the poor or to those suffering from temporary shocks. Health services provided in-kind should be captured under the respective Health Area(s).

Program Element ES.5.1: Targeted Financial Assistance to Meet Basic Needs for the Poorest

Definition: Provide financial or technical support for programs that provide income transfers (cash, food rations or vouchers, supplementary feeding) to the neediest households, including the chronically poor, to maintain their survival.

Program Element ES.5.2: Conditional Cash Transfers

Definition: Provide financial or technical support for programs that provide poor households with cash, food, or other benefits on condition that they keep children in school, attend health clinics, or make other desired behavioral changes. Paying for school uniforms and school fees is not captured here, but directly under the Basic Education Program Area.

Program Element ES.5.3: Targeted Subsidies for Low-Income Households

Definition: Subsidize costs of key services such as water, power, or the provision of basic housing (either through subsidies or undertaking direct costs associated with housing infrastructure) with “lifeline” rates for poor families.

Program Element ES.5.4: Self-Help Programs

Definition: Provide financial or technical support for food-for-work or cash-for-work programs that provide temporary employment to workers suffering transitional unemployment in post-conflict or post-disaster settings, economic recession, and shifts in labor demand resulting from economic reform, while at the same time contributing to road construction and maintenance, irrigation works, reforestation, soil conservation. Ex-belligerents and their families are covered in the Peace and Security Category under the Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Element.

Program Element ES.5.5: Host Country Strategic Information Capacity for Targeted Cash or In-Kind Social Assistance

Definition: Establish and/or strengthen host country institutions’ management information systems (MIS) for targeted cash or in-kind social assistance, as well as and their development and use of tools and models to collect, analyze and disseminate a variety of information related to the program element. These may include, but are not limited to MIS for government ministries or other host country institutions, needs assessments, baseline studies, censuses and surveys, targeted evaluations, special studies, routine surveillance, data quality assessments, and operational research. This element may also include developing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned and testing demonstration and/or pilot models. Related training, supplies, equipment, and non-USG personnel are included.

Return to Education and Social Services Definitions


 

ECONOMIC GROWTH: To generate rapid, sustained, and broad-based economic growth.

 

SUMMARY

PROGRAM AREA EG.1: Macroeconomic Foundation for Growth

Program Element EG.1.1: Fiscal policy

Program Element EG.1.2: Monetary policy

PROGRAM AREA EG.2: Trade and Investment

Program Element EG.2.1: Trade and Investment Enabling Environment

Program Element EG.2.2: Trade and Investment Capacity

PROGRAM AREA EG.3: Agriculture

Program Element EG.3.1: Agricultural Enabling Environment

Program Element EG.3.2: Agricultural Sector Capacity

Program Element EG.3.3: Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture

PROGRAM AREA EG.4: Financial Sector

Program Element EG.4.1: Financial Sector Enabling Environment

Program Element EG.4.2: Financial Sector Capacity

PROGRAM AREA EG.5: Private Sector Productivity

Program Element EG.5.1: Business Enabling Environment

Program Element EG.5.2: Private Sector Opportunity

PROGRAM AREA EG.6: Workforce Development

Program Element EG.6.1: Systemic and Institutional Reform

Program Element EG.6.2: Partnership Development

Program Element EG.6.3: Workforce Readiness

Program Element EG.6.4: Technical/Vocational Training for Employment

PROGRAM AREA EG.7: Modern Energy Services

Program Element EG.7.1: Expanded Access to Modern Energy Services

Program Element EG.7.2: Energy Infrastructure Development

Program Element EG.7.3: Energy Policy and Institutions

PROGRAM AREA EG.8: Information and Communications Technology Services

Program Element EG.8.1: Expanded Access to Information and Telecommunications Services

Program Element EG.8.2: Improved Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy and Institutions

PROGRAM AREA EG.9: Transport Services

Program Element EG.9.1: Expanded Access to Transportation Services in Rural and Low Income Areas

Program Element EG.9.2: Transportation Infrastructure Development

Program Element EG.9.3: Transport Planning, Policy, and Institutions

PROGRAM AREA EG.10: Environment

Program Element EG.10.1: Clean Productive Environment

Program Element EG.10.2: Biodiversity

Program Element EG.10.3: Natural Resource Management

Program Element EG.10.4: Land Tenure & Sustainable Land Management

PROGRAM AREA EG.11: Climate Change – Adaptation

Program Element EG.11.1: Climate Science and Analysis

Program Element EG.11.2: Climate Governance

Program Element EG.11.3: Climate-resilient Practices

PROGRAM AREA EG.12: Climate Change - Clean Energy

Program Element EG.12.1: Low Emissions Development Planning for Energy

Program Element EG.12.2: Clean Energy Investment, Implementation, and Use

PROGRAM AREA EG.13: Climate Change - Sustainable Landscapes

Program Element EG.13.1: Low Emission Development Planning in Land Use and/or REDD+

Program Element EG.13.2: Implementation of Low Emission Development Strategies, including Sustainable Landscapes and REDD+

Return to Economic Growth Summary

DEFINITIONS

PROGRAM AREA EG.1: Macroeconomic Foundation for Growth

Definition: Establish a stable and predictable macroeconomic environment that encourages the private sector to make productivity- and growth-enhancing investments. A solid macroeconomic foundation for growth consists of stable fiscal and monetary policies and institutions and the ability of the government to utilize such policies to productively influence the economy.

Program Element EG.1.1: Fiscal policy

Definition: Encourage and help countries to apply sustainable and efficient fiscal policies, which consist of establishing revenue and expenditure structures and develop management techniques that allow a government to manage the economy through the expansion and contraction of government spending.

Program Element EG.1.2: Monetary policy

Definition: Support monetary policy by strengthening the capacity of the government to manage the economy through appropriate adjustments to the money supply. This may include the training of officials, advising on institutional reforms, or analyzing the effectiveness of prospective adjustments in reserve ratio, discount rate, bond issuance, or other monetary policy instruments.

PROGRAM AREA EG.2: Trade and Investment

Definition: Support the institution of international agreements and trade facilitation techniques to allow countries to exchange goods and services and make financial investments without fear of loss. This is done through supporting public and private sector efforts to participate effectively in international trade and investment agreements and institutions, implement international agreements, adjust to changing trade conditions, and take full advantage of trade and investment to generate economic growth and reduce poverty.

Program Element EG.2.1: Trade and Investment Enabling Environment

Definition: The policies, laws, regulations, and administrative practices affecting international trade and investment and the public and private sector institutions that support sustained, locally driven improvements in the trade environment that benefit both men and women.

Program Element EG.2.2: Trade and Investment Capacity

Definition: The collection of services, technologies, equipment, and techniques used to enhance private sector response to international trade and investment opportunities.

PROGRAM AREA EG.3: Agriculture

Definition: Support the science and practice of food, feed, and fiber production (including forestry, wildlife, fisheries, aquaculture and floriculture) and its relationships to natural resources, processing, marketing, distribution, utilization (including nutrition), and trade.

Program Element EG.3.1: Agricultural Enabling Environment

Definition: Support agricultural policies, laws and regulations, and institutions that: foster adoption of improved technology; promote investment in infrastructure at all levels, and enhance the natural resource base in ways that respond to the needs of men and women producers.

Program Element EG.3.2: Agricultural Sector Capacity

Definition: Sustain the productivity of the agricultural sector through investments that foster increasing returns to land, labor, and capital. Targeted interventions to male and female producers provide improvements in technology and management practices, expanded access to markets and credit, increased organizational and market efficiency, and restoration and protection of resiliency in production and livelihood systems.

Program Element EG.3.3: Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture

Definition: Improve nutrient quality, dietary diversity, and safety of food supply across agriculture value chains during production, post-harvest processing and storage; build awareness of agriculture sector actors at national and local levels on nutrition; promote the production and utilization of nutritious biofortified crops at the household farm level; and promote markets for foods that are particularly important for nutrition and that smallholder farmers produce.

PROGRAM AREA EG.4: Financial Sector

Definition: Support the establishment of a sound private, well-functioning, equitable financial sector that fulfills critical roles in a market economy, most importantly financial intermediation – the efficient generation and allocation of savings to their most productive use.

Program Element EG.4.1: Financial Sector Enabling Environment

Definition: Improve the capacity of and coordination among regulators, professional bodies, and stakeholder groups in order to continuously improve laws, regulations, standards, and administrative practices that ensure a sound, competitive, equitable, inclusive, and innovative financial sector.

Program Element EG.4.2: Financial Sector Capacity

Definition: Improve policies, laws, and regulations affecting the performance of the financial sector, providing for appropriately sequenced liberalization of financial markets that: expand the role of the private sector in providing services; enlarge the range, improve the quality, and enhance the equitable accessibility of financial services, especially to the poor; provide equitable access to women, men and other social groups; maintain the stability of the financial sector; and, optimize coordinated, unified, and effective supervision across all sub-sectors of the financial system. Improve financial sector capacity to support equitable access to financial services of diverse providers (including banks, credit unions, NGOs, non-bank financial institutions, buyers, and suppliers) by all groups, including low-income families and female- and male-owned microenterprises.

PROGRAM AREA EG.5: Private Sector Productivity

Definition: Improve policies, laws, regulations, and administrative practices affecting the private sector’s ability to compete nationally and internationally. All the elements include not only the adoption and implementation of policies, but also their oversight by elected officials, NGOs, and the private sector. Improve the capacity of private sector entities to respond and link to markets. This Area includes work to link the poor to markets through effective and economically sustainable systems and relationships.

Program Element EG.5.1: Business Enabling Environment

Definition: Improve policies, laws, regulations, and administrative practices affecting the private sector. Includes reducing barriers to competition and unwarranted distortions to market prices; reducing policy and regulatory barriers to establishing, operating, and closing businesses, including micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs); strengthening the legal framework surrounding property rights that is fair to men and women, the poor, and other disadvantaged groups so that they can protect and accumulate assets; contract enforcement and dispute resolution, along with the administration of those laws; reducing incentives for corruption and promoting transparent business practices; strengthening the legal framework surrounding intellectual property rights; and improving laws and regulations affecting the creation, dissemination, and use of technology. It also includes improving policies and regulations affecting technology choices and production behaviors with environmental impacts; and improving policies, laws, and regulations affecting hiring and firing of workers, wages, working conditions, and labor-management relations. Includes support for specific improvements and for related data collection and studies as well as efforts to strengthen the institutions that contribute to designing and implementing further improvements. Activities the primary focus of which is combating corruption should be recorded under DR.2.4 Anti-Corruption Reforms.

Program Element EG.5.2: Private Sector Opportunity

Definition: Improve the capacity of businesses, including the self-employed poor; micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs); and high growth potential entrepreneurs, to start or grow and integrate into domestic and international markets through increases in productivity and improvements in corporate governance and the development and application of modern technology and marketing practices. Enhance the capacity of businesses and business associations in terms of their corporate governance capabilities and their application of best practices and technologies to achieve increased production and marketing of products and services. It includes adoption of efficient production processes, improved labor productivity, environmentally-sound management of natural resources and the development of accounting and management systems that can help the company and industry group implement business, labor, product and process standards that enhance business competitiveness. Business capacity development programs may include activities that help men- and women-owned firms and associations respond to these international markets and create regional alliances.

PROGRAM AREA EG.6: Workforce Development

Definition: Build educational institutions that form a productive and self-reliant labor force and leaders in productive sectors such as science, technology, management, and governance. Assist youth and adults in acquiring knowledge and developing skills and behaviors to find legitimate jobs, establish viable self-employment ventures, and/or stay employed and productive in a changing economy, including through creation of policies, programs, and systems that respond to labor market demands in the formal and informal sectors. Assist institutions that form future leaders for a well-governed, innovative society and economy, and that provide professional skills for innovation and adaptation to opportunities and challenges of the modern world. Create workforce development policies, programs, and systems that respond to labor market demands in the formal and informal sectors.

Program Element EG.6.1: Systemic and Institutional Reform

Definition: Promote policies and strengthen systemic capacity to provide quality, demand-driven formal and non-formal workforce development opportunities, with special consideration of gender issues and access to workforce education programs for male and female and/or economic or otherwise marginalized youth. These activities will strengthen workforce development governance, resource management, and incentive systems; sex and age-disaggregated data collection for strategic decision-making; and institutional capacity for service delivery, including broad collection and dissemination of information on labor market trends and projections for both employers and job-seekers.

Program Element EG.6.2: Partnership Development

Definition: Increase participation and establish networks among public and private civil society stakeholders to identify work force needs and coordinate efforts to create and sustain equitable, effective workforce development programs, especially for youth. This will be accomplished by building collaborative dialogue and action groups among stakeholders such as business and industry, government, public and private education providers, labor associations, youth groups, and NGOs to plan, design and implement workforce development programs.

Program Element EG.6.3: Workforce Readiness

Definition: Create and sustain pre-employment and employability programs for male and female youth and men and women in formal and non-formal settings. These programs develop foundational (pre-requisite or threshold) skills that are adaptable and necessary for entrance into the labor force, vocational training programs, and career-oriented higher education; skills such as critical thinking, teamwork, and communication. Workforce readiness programs may target out-of-school and marginalized youth and adults, or students in general education systems. Programs include labor market and social support services, and linkages with further technical skills development and career opportunities for both young men and women.

Program Element EG.6.4: Technical/Vocational Training for Employment

Definition: Create and sustain career-enhancing education and training programs that are responsive to the current and future labor needs of local, regional, and international employers, both formal and nonformal, including through financial sustainability. Generally, these programs certify competence of male and female learners in accordance with industry standards and provide labor market and social support services. In contexts where the private sector is weak, technical/vocational training may be oriented towards self-employment.

PROGRAM AREA EG.7: Modern Energy Services

Definition: Increase the efficiency, reliability, diversity, and transparency of energy services and promote investment in the development, transport, processing, and utilization of indigenous energy sources and imported fuels.

Program Element EG.7.1: Expanded Access to Modern Energy Services

Definition: Support for expanded access to energy, measured by the number of persons that receive increased modern energy services (electricity, gas, improved cookstoves) as a result of USAID programs.

Program Element EG.7.2: Energy Infrastructure Development

Definition: Support for construction or deployment of physical energy systems, measured by Megawatts of conventional generation capacity constructed with USAID assistance and number of new distribution connections built using USAID assistance.

Program Element EG.7.3: Energy Policy and Institutions

Definition: Support for legal, regulatory, structural, or institutional changes to the energy sector. This requires a qualitative description of results in the following categories: energy-related laws passed, national, regional or minigrid utilities strengthened, major sector reforms including corporatization and sector restructuring.

PROGRAM AREA EG.8: Information and Communications Technology Services

Definition: Strengthen and support information and communication technologies (ICTs) and networks.

Program Element EG.8.1: Expanded Access to Information and Telecommunications Services

Definition: Support extension of modern voice and data networks to underserved economic groups and geographic areas, as well as the creation of locally relevant content for underserved groups, through private sector expansion, targeted subsidies and e-government initiatives.

Program Element EG.8.2: Improved Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy and Institutions

Definition: Assist governments and stakeholders in the preparation of laws, regulations, and national policies in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, promoting competition and investment while ensuring access and service reliability and quality to customers. Promote the multi-stakeholder system of Internet governance and participation in global Internet institutions. Encourage participation in international standards bodies, and the adoption of international standards.

PROGRAM AREA EG.9: Transport Services

Definition: Support and strengthen reliable and affordable transport systems.

Program Element EG.9.1: Expanded Access to Transportation Services in Rural and Low Income Areas

Definition: Support for improved access to transportation services in rural and under-serviced urban areas, including working with both public and private sector initiatives to deliver efficient and cost effective transportation options.

Program Element EG.9.2: Transportation Infrastructure Development

Definition: Support for new transportation infrastructure development and operation and maintenance efficiency plans for existing transportation systems to foster economic growth.

Program Element EG.9.3: Transport Planning, Policy, and Institutions

Definition: Support for legal, regulatory, structural, or institutional changes to the transport sector, including institutional modernization and introduction of all mode transportation innovation.

PROGRAM AREA EG.10: Environment

Definition: Ensure that the environment and the natural resources upon which human lives and livelihoods depend are managed in ways that sustain productivity growth, a healthy population, as well as the intrinsic spiritual and cultural value of the environment.

Program Element EG.10.1: Clean Productive Environment

Definition: Improve sustainability of a productive and clean environment by reducing risks to the health of the workforce and the population in general, communities, and ecosystems from environmental pollution and other environmental risks associated with industrial and agricultural production, urbanization, energy use, transport, and other human activity.

Program Element EG.10.2: Biodiversity

Definition: Conserve biodiversity and manage natural resources in ways that maintain their long-term viability and preserve their potential to meet the needs of present and future generations. Activities include combating illegal and corrupt exploitation of natural resources and the control of invasive species. Programs in this element should be integrated with the Agriculture Area under Economic Growth and Conflict Mitigation and Reconciliation Area under the Peace and Security Category, when applicable and appropriate.

Program Element EG.10.3: Natural Resource Management

Definition: Ensure that natural resources are managed in ways that sustain productivity, economic growth and healthy people and ecosystems. Activities include natural resource governance, resource based enterprises, and integrated water resource management. Program in this element should be integrated with the Climate Change, Biodiversity and Agriculture Areas and Elements under the Economic Growth Category.

Program Element EG.10.4: Land Tenure & Sustainable Land Management

Definition: Ensure that land resources are managed in ways that promote economic growth, sustain ecological function, and reduce conflict over land resources. Activities include land policy, formalization of land tenure, improved governance of land resources, and land use planning. Programs should be integrated with Agriculture, Climate Change and Biodiversity Areas and Elements.

PROGRAM AREA EG.11: Climate Change – Adaptation

Definition: Adaptation programs enhance resilience and reduce vulnerability to climate change of people, places, and livelihoods. They may undertake activities in the following areas: improving access to science and analysis for decision making in climate-sensitive areas or sectors; establishing effective governance systems to address climate-related risks; and identifying and disseminating actions that increase resilience to climate change by decreasing exposure or sensitivity or by increasing adaptive capacity.

Program Element EG.11.1: Climate Science and Analysis

Definition: Improves climate data and predictions, analysis, and decision support tools; increases stakeholders' access to climate data and predictions, analysis, and decision support tools; and improves capacity of stakeholders to use and analyze climate data and predictions, analysis, and decision support tools.

Program Element EG.11.2: Climate Governance

Definition: Increases public, civil society, and private sectors’ awareness of and participation in climate change adaptation policy and action; strengthens the capacity of public institutions to integrate climate change adaptation into policy and administration; and improves coordination by government institutions on climate change adaptation policy.

Program Element EG.11.3: Climate-resilient Practices

Definition: Tests and disseminates actions and strategies that increase resilience to climate change, includes evaluating and communicating information about effective adaptive strategies and reducing barriers to widespread adoption of effective adaptation strategies.

PROGRAM AREA EG.12: Climate Change - Clean Energy

Definition: Clean Energy programs reduce greenhouse gas and other climate-warming emissions while improving livelihoods. Clean energy practices include: development of low emission development plans; renewable energy; end use efficiency; greenhouse gas accounting and inventory systems; enabling environment and energy sector reforms necessary to support sustainable investments and energy systems; enhanced transmission, distribution, and operating systems; flared gas reduction; and renewable energy generation grid integration. Linkages may be made to Area EG.7 Modern Energy Services but the same funding should not be counted in both parts of the SPSD.

Program Element EG.12.1: Low Emissions Development Planning for Energy

Definition: Supports the establishment of international, national and sub-national frameworks for low emission development. This includes building capacity to create or improve low emissions energy development strategies; improving data and analytical tools for low emission energy planning; and building or improving monitoring, reporting, and verification systems.

Program Element EG.12.2: Clean Energy Investment, Implementation, and Use

Definition: Enables clean energy use and investment. This includes developing and implementing enabling policies, laws, and regulations; building the capacity of institutions to implement low emission energy development; addressing social and environmental issues for clean energy; removing financial and institutional barriers to clean energy investment; and demonstrating clean energy technologies and practices.

PROGRAM AREA EG.13: Climate Change - Sustainable Landscapes

Definition: Sustainable Landscapes programs promote sustainable land use practices through the development of low emissions development plans and/or Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) strategies; improved data and analytical tools; monitoring, reporting, and verification systems; enabling laws and policies; effective implementing institutions; social and environmental safeguards; economic incentives; and demonstration activities. Sustainable Landscapes programs may work with both public and private sector entities to help sustainable land use systems. Sustainable Landscapes work encompasses practices at all spatial scales to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Practices encompassed in this program area should ultimately contribute to the capacity for and development and implementation of cohesive national sustainable land management systems.

Program Element EG.13.1: Low Emission Development Planning in Land Use and/or REDD+

Definition: Supports the creation or improvement of international, national, and sub-national frameworks for low emission development and/or Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+). This includes building capacity to create or improve low emission development strategies; improving data and analytical tools used for low emission planning; building or improving monitoring, reporting, and verification systems; and establishing effective institutions that support low emission development and/or REDD+.

Program Element EG.13.2: Implementation of Low Emission Development Strategies, including Sustainable Landscapes and REDD+

Definition: Supports the implementation of geographically-based projects or programs to advance low emission development strategies in the land-use sector and/or Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) approaches. This includes developing and implementing enabling policies, laws, and regulations; building the capacity of institutions to implement low emission development; developing safeguard information systems and grievance redress mechanisms; establishing economic incentives for land use practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions; and supporting REDD+ projects intended to generate verified emissions reductions, sustainable land use and agriculture projects that mitigate land-based emissions, projects to implement the land-sector elements of low emission development strategies, and similar activities.

Return to Economic Growth Definitions


HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE: To save lives, alleviate suffering, and minimize the economic costs of conflict, disasters and displacement. Humanitarian assistance is provided on the basis of need according to principles of universality, impartiality and human dignity. It is often organized by sectors, but requires an integrated, coordinated and/or multi-sectoral approach to be most effective. Emergency operations will foster the transition from relief, through recovery, to development, but they cannot and will not replace the development investments necessary to reduce chronic poverty or establish just social services.

 

SUMMARY

PROGRAM AREA HA.1: Protection, Assistance and Solutions

Program Element HA.1.1: Protection and Solutions

Program Element HA.1.2: Assistance and Recovery

PROGRAM AREA HA.2: Disaster Readiness

Program Element HA.2.1: Capacity Building, Preparedness, and Planning

PROGRAM AREA HA.3: Migration Management

Program Element HA.3.1: Protection and Assistance

Program Element HA.3.2: Institutional Support and Capacity-building

Return to Humanitarian Assistance Summary

DEFINITIONS

PROGRAM AREA HA.1: Protection, Assistance and Solutions

Definition: The provision of effective protection, assistance, and durable solutions for refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), stateless persons, and other victims of conflict and disasters.

Program Element HA.1.1: Protection and Solutions

Definition: Ensure full respect for the rights of the individual and communities in accordance with the letter and the spirit of the relevant bodies of law (international humanitarian, human rights, and refugee law). This involves both legal and practical approaches for implementation in humanitarian situations, including efforts to ensure humanitarian access, incorporate protection strategies in assistance programming and other measures to reduce vulnerability and uphold human dignity for all victims of conflict and disasters. Activities should allow forcibly displaced persons to rebuild their lives in dignity and peace. For refugees, durable solutions include voluntary repatriation, local integration, and third-country resettlement. Activities should be designed to support transition to more sustainable services where possible.

Program Element HA.1.2: Assistance and Recovery

Definition: Provide goods, food, personnel, services, cash, vouchers, family tracing and other assistance to meet basic human needs in order to foster transition from relief according to principles of universality, impartiality and human dignity, as well as implement risk reduction and resilience activities within a disaster response context. This element should be selected when possible as part of an integrated, coordinated and/or multi-sectoral approach.

PROGRAM AREA HA.2: Disaster Readiness

Definition: Improvement of the capacity of the USG, host countries and the international community to reduce vulnerabilities to disasters and respond better to humanitarian emergencies.

Program Element HA.2.1: Capacity Building, Preparedness, and Planning

Definition: Activities improve the ability of the USG, host countries and other partners to prepare for and mitigate the effects of disasters. Activities include any efforts to enhance the capacities and operational readiness of the USG (in Washington and in the field), humanitarian assistance providers, national host-country authorities, and local communities to engage in disaster reduction and response activities. Activities consist of standardized and coordinated assessments, monitoring, information sharing, data and situational analysis, joint planning; enhancement of coping mechanisms, including the capacity to address adaptation to constantly changing situations on the ground including climate variability and climate change. Activities may also reduce the likelihood that a shock will occur, limit the damage caused by a shock, and increase the affected population’s resilience to future shocks.

PROGRAM AREA HA.3: Migration Management

Definition: Build the capacity of governments and civil society for effective, orderly, and humane migration management policies and systems at the national and regional levels, including programs and activities to protect and assist vulnerable migrants. This includes support for the resettlement in Israel of humanitarian migrants from the former Soviet Union, countries in Eastern Europe, Africa and the Near East, and other countries of distress. Jews who face anti-Semitism and risks to their safety are resettled with assistance to achieve self-sufficiency and integrate into Israeli society.

Program Element HA.3.1: Protection and Assistance

Definition: Ensure full respect for the human rights of migrants in accordance with law, as well as the provision of goods, personnel support, and services to meet basic needs of vulnerable migrants.

Program Element HA.3.2: Institutional Support and Capacity-building

Definition: Strengthen national and regional capacities to manage migration effectively. Also includes the U.S. Government’s institutional relationship with the International Organization for Migration (IOM) including formulation and coordination of U.S. policy positions related to the organization’s administrative budget, management and operations, and participation in IOM governing bodies.

Return to Humanitarian Assistance Definitions


PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND OVERSIGHT: To provide the general management support required to ensure completion of U.S. foreign assistance objectives by facilitating program management, accounting and tracking for costs.

 

SUMMARY

PROGRAM AREA PO.1: Program Design and Learning

Program Element PO.1.1: Program Design and Learning

PROGRAM AREA PO.2: Administration and Oversight

Program Element PO.2.1: Administration and Oversight

PROGRAM AREA PO.3: Evaluation

Program Element PO.3.1: Evaluation

Return to Program Development and Oversight Summary

DEFINITIONS

PROGRAM AREA PO.1: Program Design and Learning

Definition: This program area covers components of program design and performance management and learning. This area supports assessment, special studies and analysis, strategic planning, program and project design, program monitoring (to include baseline studies and other data collection needs) and activities that support learning, knowledge transfer and adaptation of projects. Assessment includes the examination of the state of a country or sector context to inform project design but does not include evaluation of USG-funded activities (please see Program Area PO.3 for a definition of evaluation). Special studies or analysis could support strategic or project planning or include research for general learning that is not necessarily related to the performance of USG-funded activities. This program area may also include the preparation of strategic plans and other short-term programming tasks, assessment of the potential of information and communication technologies to enhance performance throughout the program cycle or dissemination of best practices and lessons learned.

Program Element PO.1.1: Program Design and Learning

Definition: Same as Area.

PROGRAM AREA PO.2: Administration and Oversight

Definition: Supports the following illustrative program-funded costs: salaries of US, FSN, and TCN and other staff such as PSCs, RSSAs, PASAs, CASUs working for the US Government managing, administering, and supporting programs and their program-funded benefits such as housing, travel, transportation, education allowances etc; institutional contractors that provide such staff, rent, IT services, the program-funded share of utilities, staff training costs and the cost of developing and administering training programs, equipment and supplies, ICASS, vehicle fuel and maintenance, maintenance contracts, janitorial services, operational unit web page development and maintenance, outreach such as publications and the cost of their preparation (including staff costs), and technical assistance to ensure USG compliance with regulations.

Program Element PO.2.1: Administration and Oversight

Definition: Same as Area.

PROGRAM AREA PO.3: Evaluation

Definition: Evaluation is the systematic collection and analysis of information about the characteristics and outcomes of programs and projects as a basis for judgments, to improve effectiveness and inform decisions about current and future programming. Evaluations are distinct from (a) needs assessments, which are designed to examine country or sector context to inform project design, (b) internal informal reviews of projects and (c) audits (conducted either internally or by an external audience). Such efforts should not be included in PO.3. However, evaluability assessments -- those assessments completed with the purpose of determining whether or not an evaluation of an activity can be conducted -- should be included in PO.3. This program area should include all evaluations designed and funded with foreign assistance funding, including the components of contracts with task orders for evaluations (regardless of the mechanism). It should also include all independent contractors hired solely to produce an evaluation(s); all other contractors (e.g., those whose job responsibilities may include support or management of evaluation but not the production of an evaluation as a deliverable) should be placed in PO.2.

Program Element PO.3.1: Evaluation

Definition: Same as Area.

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