2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Samoa

a. Arbitrary Deprivation of Life and Other Unlawful or Politically Motivated Killings

There were no reports the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings.

b. Disappearance

There were no reports of disappearances by or on behalf of government authorities.

c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and Other Related Abuses

The constitution prohibits such practices, and there were no credible reports government officials normally employed them.

Impunity was not a significant problem in the security forces.

Prison and Detention Center Conditions

There were no reports regarding prison or detention center conditions that raised human rights concerns.

Administration:  Authorities permitted prisoners and detainees to submit complaints to judicial authorities and the Office of the Ombudsman and request investigation of alleged problematic conditions.  Authorities investigated such allegations, documented them, and made the results publicly accessible.  The government generally investigated and monitored prison and detention center conditions.

Independent Monitoring:  The government permitted monitoring visits by independent human rights observers.  During the year there were multiple visits by international organizations and diplomats.

d. Arbitrary Arrest or Detention

The constitution and laws prohibit arbitrary arrest and detention and provide for the right of any person to challenge the lawfulness of his or her arrest or detention in court, and the government generally observed these requirements.

Arrest Procedures and Treatment of Detainees

Courts issue arrest warrants based on compelling evidence.  The law provides for the right to a prompt judicial determination of the legality of detention, and authorities generally respected this right.  Officials informed detainees within 24 hours of the charges against them or else released them.  There was a functioning bail system.  The government allowed detainees prompt access to a lawyer of their choice, provided indigent detainees with a lawyer upon request, and did not hold suspects incommunicado or under house arrest.

e. Denial of Fair Public Trial

The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the government generally respected judicial independence and impartiality.

Trial Procedures

The constitution provides for the right to a fair public trial, and an independent judiciary generally enforced this right.

Village councils handled many civil and criminal matters, but the councils varied considerably in decision-making styles and the number of matai involved in decisions.  The law recognizes the decisions of village councils and provides for limited appeal to the Lands and Titles Court.  The nature and severity of a dispute determines which court receives an appeal.

Political Prisoners and Detainees

There were no reports of political prisoners or detainees.

Civil Judicial Procedures and Remedies

Individuals or organizations may generally seek civil remedies for human rights violations through the courts, although the Land and Titles Bill precludes civil and criminal courts from ruling on customary Land and Titles Court decisions.

f. Arbitrary or Unlawful Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence

The laws prohibit such actions, and there were no reports the national government failed to respect these prohibitions. There was little privacy in villages, where there could be substantial societal pressure on residents to grant village officials access to their homes without a warrant.

a. Freedom of Expression, Including for Members of the Press and Other Media

The law provides for freedom of expression, including for members of the press and other media, and the government generally respected this right.  An independent media, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combined to promote freedom of expression, including for members of the media.  The law stipulates imprisonment for any journalist who, despite a court order and a court finding that disclosure is in the public interest, refuses to reveal a confidential source.

Freedom of Expression:  The law authorizes the Samoa Tourism Authority to file suit against any person who publishes what it judges to be false information that it deems prejudicial to the country’s reputation as a tourism destination.  Violators are subject to a fine or maximum imprisonment of three months if they fail to retract the information or to publish a correction when ordered to do so by the authority.  The authority did not exercise this power during the year.

Libel/Slander Laws:  Libel may be prosecuted as a criminal offense.  Local media regarded the law as an obstacle to press freedom.  In July, an Australia-based Samoan radio broadcaster was arrested and charged by police in Samoa in connection with a libel complaint lodged by the ruling Fa’atuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi (Samoa United by Faith in God) (FAST) party arising from the broadcaster’s comments during the 2021 political impasse.  In September, charges were dismissed by the District Court for lack of evidence.

Internet Freedom

The government did not restrict access to the internet or censor online content, and there were no credible reports the government monitored private online communications without appropriate legal authority.

b. Freedoms of Peaceful Assembly and Association

The constitution provides for the freedoms of assembly and association, and the government generally respected these rights. A Supreme Court ruling stipulates that village councils may not infringe upon villagers’ freedom of religion, speech, assembly, or association. Village councils, however, consistently ignored this ruling, including by banishing some residents from villages.

c. Freedom of Religion

See the Department of State’s International Religious Freedom Report at  “https://www.state.gov/religiousfreedomreport/”  “https://www.state.gov/religiousfreedomreport/” hhttps://www.state.gov/religiousfreedomreport/.

d. Freedom of Movement and the Right to Leave the Country

The constitution provides for freedom of internal movement, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation, and the government generally respected these rights.

In-country Movement: There were reports some village councils banished individuals or families from villages. In May media reported that a man charged with assaulting his pregnant wife was banished from the village of Toamua by the village council.

e. Protection of Refugees

There were no requests for asylum or refugee status, and the government had no interaction with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, whose regional representation is based in Canberra, or with other humanitarian organizations in providing protection and assistance to asylum seekers and refugees. Government officials were cooperative with several domestic and international human rights groups dealing with a variety of other matters.

Access to Asylum: The law does not specify a process for granting refugee status, and the government has not established a system for providing protection to refugees. There were no requests for asylum or refugee status.

The constitution provides citizens the ability to choose their government in free and fair periodic elections held by secret ballot and based on universal and equal suffrage.

Elections and Political Participation

Recent Elections:Observers considered the April 2021 general election free and fair on the day, but post-election disputes and a resulting political impasse caused some observers to question the legitimacy of the electoral process. The election initially resulted in a tie, with the FAST party and the Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP) each initially winning 25 seats and an independent candidate winning one seat. The independent parliamentarian-elect opted to join FAST, which declared victory, while court decisions and resignations forced by-elections in six constituencies originally won by the HRPP. The HRPP accepted defeat after the Court of Appeal affirmed FAST’s victory in July 2021. The election ended the HRPP’s string of seven consecutive electoral victories, and Fiame Naomi Mata’afa became the country’s first woman prime minister. There were widespread reports of cash and noncash bribes paid during the campaign by both parties.

Political Parties and Political Participation: The constitution gives all citizens older than age 21 the right to vote; however, only the more than 17,000 persons with a matai title, the chiefly leaders of extended families, may run for parliament or serve on village councils. Matai are appointed, not elected, to the councils. Although both men and women may become matai, most matai were men.

In addition to the restrictions favoring matai, all candidates must satisfy a three-year period of monotaga (services rendered through participation and physical contributions) in their respective villages to be eligible to run. The government stated the law was to provide that candidates fulfilled cultural and other commitments to their village or church and could not just use their matai status or make large, last-minute contributions to their villages to garner votes. The monotaga requirement led to several court petitions and the disqualification of multiple candidates in 2021 deemed not to have met the requirement. The cases exposed deficiencies in the requirement since monotaga is poorly defined and can mean different types of service (or exemption from service for certain matai) in different villages. Some saw such subjective disqualifications as human rights abuses.

Participation of Women and Members of Minority Groups: No laws limit participation of women or members of historically marginalized or minority groups in the political process, and they did participate. The constitution mandates that at least 10 percent of parliamentarians be women, and the 53-seat parliament includes six women. Fiame Naomi Mata’afa became the country’s first woman prime minister in July 2021.

The law provides criminal penalties for corruption by officials, and the government generally implemented the law effectively.  The maximum penalty for corruption is 14 years’ imprisonment.  There were isolated reports of government corruption during the year, mostly involving candidates for parliament offering bribes in exchange for votes.  Officials infrequently engaged in corrupt practices with impunity.  The law provides for an ombudsman to investigate complaints against government agencies, officials, or employees, including allegations of corruption.  The ombudsman may require the government to provide information relating to a complaint.  The Attorney General’s Office prosecutes criminal corruption cases on behalf of the Public Service Commission.  The Ombudsman’s Office and the commission operated effectively.  The Ombudsman’s Office included academics and other members of civil society among the members of its commissions of inquiry.

Corruption:  There was public discontent throughout the year at significant delays in the submission of annual audit reports to parliament and the lack of punitive action.  For example, state-owned Samoa Airways has failed to submit an annual report since 2019.

Several domestic and international human rights groups generally operated without government restriction, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases.  Government officials were cooperative and responsive to their views.

Government Human Rights Bodies:  Observers considered the Office of the Ombudsman generally effective and able to operate free from government or political party interference.  The government usually adopted its recommendations.  The Office of the Ombudsman also houses the National Human Rights Institute.

Women

Rape and Domestic Violence: The constitution prohibits the abuse of women. Rape of women and men is a crime. The criminalization of “unlawful sexual connection” with another person without that person’s consent applies to spouses and is punishable by 14 years in prison. The courts treated rape seriously, and the conviction rate was high. The penalty for rape is up to life imprisonment, but no court has ever imposed a life sentence.

When police received complaints from abused women, authorities generally investigated and charged the offender. Authorities charge domestic violence as common criminal assault, with a maximum penalty of 10 years’ imprisonment. Village councils typically punished domestic-violence offenders only if they considered the abuse extreme, such as when there were visible signs of physical harm. In the past few years, several villages have taken the extra step of incorporating specific fines into their village bylaws.

The government acknowledged that rape and domestic abuse were of significant concern. The report National Public Inquiry into Family Violence, released by the government in 2018, revealed that 86 percent of women experienced some form of physical violence from an intimate partner, and that 24 percent had experienced choking. Many cases of rape and domestic abuse went unreported because societal attitudes discouraged such reporting and tolerated domestic abuse. Social pressure and fear of reprisal typically caused such abuse to go unreported.

The Ministry of Police’s Domestic Violence Unit works in collaboration with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and focuses on combating domestic abuse. The Ministry of Justice and Courts Administration and the Ministry of Education, Sports, and Culture, in collaboration with NGOs, carried out educational activities to address domestic violence, sexual abuse, and human rights awareness.

Sexual Harassment: No law specifically punishes sexual harassment, although the law permits an employee who experiences harassment to break an employment contract. There were no reliable statistics on the incidence of sexual harassment. The lack of legislation and a cultural constraint against publicly shaming or accusing someone reportedly caused sexual harassment to be underreported. Victims had little incentive to report instances of sexual harassment, since doing so could jeopardize their career or family name.

Reproductive Rights: There were no reports of coerced abortion or involuntary sterilization on the part of government authorities.

According to a 2019-2020 study released by the Samoa Bureau of Statistics and UNICEF, and a 2020 report from the World Bank, while 86 percent of women ages 15-49 had knowledge of modern contraceptive methods, 39 percent of married women in that age cohort had an unmet need for contraception. The government worked with the NGO Samoa Victim Support Group to provide access to sexual and reproductive health services for survivors of sexual violence. Emergency contraception was available to survivors of sexual violence and to the general population.

Discrimination: Women and men have equal rights under the constitution and statutory law, but traditional attitudes continued to consign some women to subordinate roles. Women faced discrimination including in interactions with police and in some judicial processes. The government generally enforced the law effectively.

Systemic Racial or Ethnic Violence and Discrimination

The constitution states that all persons are equal before the law and entitled to equal protection under the law, and it bars discrimination on grounds of descent, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, social origin, place of birth, or family status. There were no reports of racial or ethnic violence during the year.

Some villages, however, banned ownership by Chinese nationals of shops on village-owned land (more than 80 percent of the land in the country).

Children

Birth Registration: A child is a citizen by birth in the country if at least one parent is a citizen. The government also may grant citizenship by birth to a child born in the country if the child would otherwise be stateless. Citizenship also derives by birth abroad to a citizen parent who either was born in the country or resided there at least three years. By law children without a birth certificate may not attend primary schools, but authorities did not strictly enforce this law.

Child Abuse: Law and tradition prohibit abuse of children, but both tolerate corporal punishment. The law prohibits corporal punishment in schools; a teacher convicted of corporal punishment of a student may face a maximum one-year prison term. In 2020 a school principal was convicted and fined for caning six students with a hose as punishment for the students’ posting pictures of themselves to social media wearing their school uniforms. Following the incident, the minister of education, sports, and culture publicly spoke out against corporal punishment.

The government aggressively prosecuted reported cases of child abuse.

The report National Public Inquiry into Family Violence, released in 2018, found that nine out of 10 children in the country experienced violence in their lifetime. Press reports indicated continued high levels of child abuse, especially of incest and indecent assault cases; the reports appeared to be due to citizens’ increased awareness of the importance of reporting physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children. In July, a man was jailed for 13 months after pleading guilty to sexually abusing his minor niece.

Child, Early, and Forced Marriage: The legal minimum age for marriage is 18 for both men and women. Consent of at least one parent or guardian is necessary if either party is younger than 21. Early marriage did not generally occur.

Sexual Exploitation of Children: The minimum age for consensual sex is 16. Under the law the maximum penalty for sexual relations with children younger than age 12 is life imprisonment and for children between ages 12 and 15 the maximum penalty is 10 years’ imprisonment. The law contains a specific criminal provision regarding child pornography, and authorities generally enforced the law. The law specifies a maximum seven-year prison sentence for a person found guilty of publishing, distributing, or exhibiting indecent material featuring a child. Because 16 is the age of majority, the law does not protect persons ages 16 and 17.

Although comprehensive data on the sexual abuse of children was not available, it remained a widespread problem, and the number of incidents reported by local media during the year remained high. In the 2018 report National Public Inquiry into Family Violence, nearly 10 percent of women respondents reported they were raped as children by a family member. Social pressure and fear of reprisal meant this number likely represented a significant underreporting.

Antisemitism

The country had a small Jewish community, and there were no known reports of antisemitic acts.

Trafficking in Persons

There were no confirmed reports during the year that traffickers exploited domestic or foreign victims in Samoa or that traffickers exploited victims from Samoa abroad.

Acts of Violence, Criminalization, and Other Abuses Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity or Expression, or Sex Characteristics

Criminalization: “Sodomy” is illegal, with a maximum penalty of five years’ imprisonment. The law also prohibits renting, leasing, occupying, or managing any premises used for the commission of “indecent acts” between males, with a maximum penalty of seven years’ imprisonment. Authorities did not enforce these provisions regarding consensual same-sex sexual conduct between adults.

Violence against LGBTQI+ Persons: There were no reports of acts of violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or intersex (LGBTQI+) persons.

Discrimination: Although there were no reports of societal violence based on sexual orientation or gender identity, there were isolated cases of discrimination. The law does not prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or sex characteristics; nor does it recognize LGBTQI+ individuals, couples, and their families. There are no hate crime or antigay propaganda laws, nor are there criminal justice mechanisms to aid in the prosecution of bias-motivated crimes against members of the LGBTQI+ community. Although society accepted the traditional Polynesian fa’afafine (transgender, nonbinary) community, which plays a prominent role in the country, members of the community reported instances of social discrimination.

Availability of Legal Gender Recognition: There is no mechanism for legal gender recognition or changing one’s name or gender assigned at birth on official documents.

Involuntary or Coercive Medical or Psychological Practices Specifically Targeting LGBTQI+ Individuals: Pathologization or treatment of sexual orientation by health care professionals was not reported. Other so-called conversion therapy practices and intersex normalization surgeries are not explicitly banned.

Restrictions of Freedom of Expression, Association, or Peaceful Assembly: There were no restrictions on those speaking out about LGBTQI+ matters, such as so-called antigay propaganda laws, “hate speech” laws, and restrictions on the ability of LGBTQI+ organizations to legally register or convene events such as Pride festivities.

Persons with Disabilities

Persons with disabilities were unable to access education, health services, public buildings, and transportation on an equal basis with others. Government information and communication on disability concerns was not provided in accessible formats.

While no law prohibits discrimination against persons with physical, sensory, intellectual, and mental disabilities in the provision of public services, the law does prohibit disability-based discrimination in employment. There were no reports of violence, harassment, intimidation, or abuses against persons with disabilities.

Most public buildings were accessible to persons with disabilities.

Some children with disabilities attended regular public schools, while others attended one of at least three schools in the capital created specifically to educate students with disabilities.

a. Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining

The law protects the rights of workers to form and join independent unions and collectively bargain. The law provides for the right of private-sector workers to conduct legal strikes. The law states that a public-sector employee who engages in a strike or any other industrial action is considered “dismissed from [their] employment.” The law prohibits antiunion discrimination such as contract conditions that restrict freedom of association. The law addresses a range of fundamental rights and includes the establishment of a national tripartite forum that serves as the governing body for labor and employment matters in the country.

The government effectively enforced laws on unionization, and the government generally respected freedom of association. Penalties were commensurate with those under other laws involving denials of civil rights, such as discrimination. Penalties were regularly applied against violators. The Public Service Association functioned as a union for all government workers. Unions generally conducted their activities free from government interference.

Workers exercised the right to organize and bargain collectively. The Public Service Association engaged in collective bargaining on behalf of government workers, including on wages. Arbitration and mediation procedures were in place to resolve labor disputes, although such disputes rarely arose.

There were no reports of strikes.

b. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor

The law prohibits forced or compulsory labor, and the government generally enforced such laws. There is an exception in the constitution for service required by local custom. A key feature of the matai system is that non-matai men perform work in their village in service to their families, church, or the village. The matai may compel those who do not wish to work, including children.

In 2020 the International Labor Organization noted that the law empowers fono a matai (village councils) to order any person to undertake work to develop village land for the economic betterment of the village, including as a form of punishment.

In 2020 the International Labor Organization noted that the law provides for the possibility of imprisonment involving forced labor for “a person who uses or speaks words, or publishes anything, with the intention of, inter alia, undermining the authority of the Government of Samoa or changing any matter affecting the laws, Government, or Constitution or any religious observance of Samoa, in circumstances where there is a present risk of lawlessness and disorder.”

The government effectively enforced the law. Aside from the cultural exception noted above and street vending by children, forced labor was not considered a problem. The Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Labor (Labor Ministry) received no complaints and found no violations of forced labor law during inspections conducted of workplaces.

c. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment

See the Department of Labor’s Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor at  “https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/findings”  “https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/findings” hhttps://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/findings.

d. Discrimination with Respect to Employment and Occupation

The law prohibits discrimination, direct or indirect, against an employee or an applicant for employment based on ethnicity, race, color, sex, gender, religion, political opinion, national extraction, social origin, marital status, pregnancy, family responsibilities, real or perceived HIV status, and disability. Discrimination based on age is not explicitly prohibited but may be barred by general language prohibiting discrimination on any arbitrary grounds.

The government effectively enforced the law, and penalties were commensurate with those under laws related to civil rights, such as election interference. The Labor Ministry received complaints regarding unfair hiring practices during the year. No cases drew public attention. Penalties were rarely applied against violators.

e. Acceptable Conditions of Work

Wage and Hour Laws: There were separate minimum wage scales for the private and public sectors. Both minimum wages were below the official estimate of the poverty income level for a household.

The law covers private-sector and public-sector workers differently. For the private sector, the law specifies overtime pay at time and a half, with double time for work on Sunday and public holidays. For some parts of the public sector, there is no paid overtime, but authorities give compensatory time off for overtime work.

Occupational Safety and Health: The law establishes certain rudimentary occupational safety and health (OSH) standards for workplaces that the Labor Ministry is responsible for enforcing. The law also covers nonworkers who are lawfully on the premises or within the workplace during work hours. The law contains provisions for the identification and assessment of, and risk control for, workplace hazards and hazardous substances. The commissioner of labor investigates reported cases of hazardous workplaces. OSH experts actively identified unsafe conditions, including lack of personal protective equipment against COVID-19 in addition to responding to workers’ OSH complaints. Workers are legally able to remove themselves from situations that endanger health or safety without jeopardy to their employment.

OSH laws do not generally apply to agricultural service rendered to the matai or work in a family enterprise. Government employees have coverage under different and more stringent regulations, which the Public Service Commission enforced adequately.

Wage, Hour, and OSH Enforcement: The Labor Ministry is responsible for enforcement of wage and hour laws. The government generally enforced wage laws, and penalties were commensurate with those for similar crimes, such as fraud. Penalties were sometimes applied against violators. The number of inspectors was not sufficient to fully enforce compliance.

The Labor Ministry enforced OSH laws. It investigated work accidents when it received reports. The number of inspectors was generally sufficient to deter violations. Inspectors were able to make unannounced inspections and initiate sanctions. Penalties for violations of OSH laws were commensurate with those for crimes like negligence. Penalties were sometimes applied against violators.

Many agricultural workers had inadequate protection from pesticides and other dangers to health. Government education and awareness programs sought to address these concerns by providing appropriate training and equipment to some agricultural workers.

The Labor Ministry investigated any potential labor law violations in response to complaints. The police and education ministries may assist if needed; the Public Service Commission handled all government labor matters.

Informal Sector: Approximately 75 percent of the working population worked in the subsistence economy and had no formal employment. The informal economy included small-scale trading, market vending, fishing, and agriculture. Informal workers were legally covered by labor laws and were eligible for social support including the country’s pension system.