2022 Investment Climate Statements: Micronesia

Policies Towards Foreign Direct Investment

There are many structural impediments to increasing foreign investment in the FSM.  The FSM has no department dedicated to promoting investment nor any ongoing dialogue with potential investors.  These challenges, both regulatory and political, affect foreign investment and economic progress in general, and addressing them requires a constitutional and political will to change that is unlikely in the foreseeable future.  Some political leaders at the state and national levels are owners of the largest businesses on the islands and strongly oppose the required structural changes that would result in increased competition.  The FSM scores in the lowest quintile in almost all measures and international indices of economic activity and climate for doing business.

In theory, the country’s courts support contractual agreements, but enforcement of judicial decisions is weak.  Foreign firms doing business in the FSM have difficulty collecting debts owed by FSM governments, companies, and individuals, even after obtaining favorable judgments.  For these reasons, the World Bank ranked the FSM very low in protecting minority investors (185th of 190 countries) and enforcing contracts (183rd of 190 countries).  U.S. companies and individuals considering doing business with parties in the FSM should exercise due diligence and negotiate credit and payment arrangements that fully protect their interests.

Limits on Foreign Control and Right to Private Ownership and Establishment

All four of the FSM states have limits on foreign ownership of small- and medium-sized businesses.  Large projects are assessed by the respective state governments on a case-by-case basis.  Each state requires a separate application for foreign investment permits. Foreign investment is strictly limited by local ownership requirements (51-60 percent minimum, depending on sector) and residency requirements of more than five years.  Financing through bank loans is limited due to a weak financial sector.  Local small- and medium-sized businesses are protected from foreign competition through legal restrictions.  Larger projects in competition with a business sector already owned by public figures face strong political opposition.  Politicians enthusiastically receive large and unrealistic development proposals, but do not move forward primarily due to land issues and traditional landowner disputes.  The FSM does not maintain an investment screening mechanism for inbound foreign investment.

Other Investment Policy Reviews

N/A

Business Facilitation

FSM lacks a single window for online business registration or information portals providing comprehensive business registration information.  The FSM Department of Resources and Development (R&D) maintains information on trade and investment on its website.  However, all information is woefully out of date.  Post understands obtaining licenses and permits in a timely manner may depend more on the relationship of the investor (or local legal counsel) with the official in charge, rather than any clear procedure or timeline.  The World Bank’s 2020 Ease of Doing Business report ranked the FSM as 158th of 190 countries globally in terms of procedures to register a business (Note: The World Bank is currently gathering data for its Business Enabling Environment Report that will replace the Ease of Doing Business Report).

Outward Investment

The FSM government does not promote, incentivize, or restrict outward investment. Given the small population and lack of capital formation, outward investment is negligible.

There is no bilateral investment or taxation agreement between FSM and the United States. The 2003 Amended Compact of Free Association is the only applicable guidance, with additional information available online.  Under this treaty, articles imported from the United States into the FSM are guaranteed to receive treatment that is no less favorable than any other foreign country.  Articles exported from the FSM to the United States are duty exempt, with a few exceptions as listed in Article IV, Section 242 of the Compact.  The FSM is not a member of the OECD Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting.

Transparency of the Regulatory System

The FSM is not a signatory to any convention on transparency in international investment. Transparency of government actions is typically based more on personalities than on the law. Regulatory bodies sometimes involve themselves in issues beyond their jurisdiction. Conversely, other regulations are not uniformly enforced.  It is often difficult to obtain public records, although some states and government organizations do require open meetings.  While basic laws are accessible on the internet, text or summaries of proposed regulations are published before enactment but are not printed in an official journal or publication, and there is no appeal or administrative review process. In addition, government audits and statistical reports are not prepared promptly, and timely data are often unavailable (the most recent publications Using three or four year old data).

The websites that provide the most relevant economic data on FSM are:

National Public Auditor http://www.fsmopa.fm 

Department of Resources & Development http://www.fsmrd.fm  

FSM Statistics http://www.fsmstatistics.fm 

International Regulatory Considerations

The FSM signed on to the Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA) in 2001 but did not ratify the agreement.  PICTA is a free trade agreement on trade in goods among 14 members of the Pacific Islands Forum (excluding Australia and New Zealand).  Eleven countries – Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu — have ratified PICTA.  The FSM is not a member of any regional economic block, nor is it a member of the WTO.

Legal System and Judicial Independence

The FSM follows the U.S. common law system and uses U.S. case law as precedent.  There are no specialized courts except for Land Courts in Pohnpei and Kosrae.  All four states have State Courts and State Supreme Courts.  The judicial system remains independent of the executive branch, but is reported to be slow, weak, and lacking the ability to enforce judgments properly.  Regulations or enforcement actions are appealable. Appeals may be adjudicated in either the State or National courts.

Laws and Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment

In September 2018, the Pohnpei State Legislature overrode the Governor’s veto of a bill on foreign investment regulations.  The bill became state law over the objection of several local business leaders.  The new law placed all decision-making power into the hands of one person, the Registrar of Corporations.

FSM national and state governments use a “traffic light” system to regulate businesses, with red for prohibited, amber for restricted, and green for unrestricted.  Industry classifications in this system vary from state to state. The individual states directly regulate all foreign investment, except in the areas of deep ocean fishing, banking, insurance, air travel, and international shipping, which are regulated at the federal level.  Thus, a prospective investor who plans to operate in more than one state must obtain separate permits in each state, and often follow different regulations as well.

The following are the regulations pertaining to restrictions by sector in each of the states:

FSM National

Red: Arms manufacture, minting of currency, nuclear power, radioactive goods.
Amber: Increased scrutiny before approval for non-traditional banking services and insurance.
Green: Banking, fishing, air transport, international shipping.

Kosrae State

Red: manufacture of toxic or biohazard materials, gambling, casinos, fishing using sodium/cyanide or compressed air.  (Note: There is also currently a ban on all business transactions on Sundays in the capital town. End Note.)
Amber: Real estate brokerage, non-ecology-based tourism, trade in reef fish, coral harvesting.
Green: Eco-tourism, export of local goods, professional services.

Pohnpei State

Red: None presently defined, determined by board from among amber candidates.
Amber: Everything not classified as green.
Green: Businesses with greater than 60 percent FSM ownership, initial capitalization of $250,000 or more, professional services with capitalization of $50,000 or more, and Special Investment Sector businesses with 51 percent FSM ownership in retail, trade, exploration, development, and extraction of land or marine based mineral resources or timber.

Chuuk State

Red:  Determined by the Director, none codified in law.
Amber:  Casinos, lotteries, and industries that pollute the environment, destroy local culture and tradition, or deplete natural resources.
Green:  Eco-tourism, professional services, intra-state airline services, exports of local goods.

Yap State

Red:  Manufacture of toxic materials, weapons, ammunition, commercial export of reef fish, activities injurious to the health and welfare of the citizens of Yap.
Amber:  None at present.
Green:  All others.

Competition and Anti-Trust Laws

There is no law or agency governing competition in the FSM nor does the government require environmental, social, or governance disclosure to help investors and consumers distinguish between high-and-low quality investments.

Expropriation and Compensation

The FSM Foreign Investment Act of 1997 guarantees no compulsory acquisition or expropriation of property of any foreign investment for which a Foreign Investment Permit is issued, except for violation of laws and regulations and in certain extraordinary circumstances.  Those extraordinary circumstances include cases in which such action would be consistent with existing FSM eminent domain law, when such action is necessary to serve overriding national interests, or when either the FSM Congress or the FSM Secretary of Resources and Development has initiated expropriation.  There has been no history of expropriation involving foreign investors or U.S. companies.

Dispute Settlement

ICSID Convention and New York Convention

Since 1993, the FSM has been a member of the International Convention on Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID) but is not a party to the New York Convention of 1958 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards.  To date, there have been no ICSID cases.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement

The FSM is not a signatory to a treaty or investment agreement in which binding international arbitration of investment disputes is recognized.  Disputes take years to resolve and still may not produce concrete results.  Some cases have been on the docket, with little or no movement, for 30 years or more.

International Commercial Arbitration and Foreign Courts

There are no provisions under FSM Federal law for alternative dispute resolution.  This is also true of the states, except for Kosrae, where an alternative dispute resolution system has taken the place of a small claims court.  Judgments from foreign jurisdictions are not enforceable in FSM courts.

Bankruptcy Regulations

A bankruptcy law has been in existence since 2005, but was used only three times, generally to avoid taxes.

Investment Incentives

There are currently no government programs or incentives to attract foreign investment.

There is no government agency tasked with developing an industrial strategy; however, the FSM government has made recommendations for growth in several sectors, most notably tourism, fishing, and aquaculture, without substantive measures to realize those goals.  The telecommunications sector was opened to meet World Bank conditions for broadband development.  However, rivalries between the state-owned telecom operator and the state-owned infrastructure operator have held back the development of broadband infrastructure to meet the needs of both businesses and consumers.  The largest state-owned enterprise, Vital Energy, the parent of FSM Petroleum Corporation (FSMPC), built its first solar power plant in Guam in 2013 and plans to expand its renewable energy capacity into FSM in the future.

Politicians have called for expansion of the tourism sector, but have created no tax, licensing, or leasing incentives to encourage investment.  Although there is considerable potential for growth in the tourism sector, the remoteness of the FSM, land ownership prohibitions, business ownership restrictions, and the current lack of hotel facilities and tourism services mean growth in the tourism sector is unlikely to meet local expectations.  Data prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic show that growth fell in the areas of scuba diving, boating, and fishing.  The March 2020 FSM border closure brought the sector to a standstill, where it currently remains due to onerous quarantine restrictions.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) adopted the significant archaeological site of Nan Madol as a World Heritage Site in 2016 and has been working toward designating other sites in Yap, Kosrae, and Chuuk.  Other efforts, including those by the U.S. Embassy and National Geographic Society, are underway to highlight the considerable cultural heritage extant in the FSM.

The government currently does not offer incentives for green energy investments.

Foreign Trade Zones/Free Ports/Trade Facilitation

There are no Foreign Trade Zones, Free Trade Zones, Special Economic Zones, or Free Ports in the FSM.

Performance and Data Localization Requirements

The FSM government mandates local employment when qualified individuals are available. U.S. citizens may reside in and work in the FSM indefinitely.  Citizens of other countries must apply for the appropriate permits. (Note: The Philippine government in 2017 imposed restrictions on the entry of new Filipino workers into the FSM under the Philippines Overseas Worker Program.  Filipinos make up the vast majority of foreign workers in the FSM).  There are no defined performance requirements for investments.

Real Property

The most important impediments to foreign direct investment (FDI) are derived from land and contract issues.  Foreign ownership of land is prohibited; most land is owned and passed on within the clan structure, leading to conflicting title claims, the need to negotiate leases with multiple parties, and the possibility of changes when the original senior lessor dies.  Dual citizenship is illegal, so Micronesian citizens born in the United States are unable to inherit or own property unless they renounce their U.S. citizenship. There is no system for land title insurance in any of the country’s four states.  The combination of these factors ranked the FSM at 187th out of 190 countries globally in the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business report’s assessment of registering property.

Although foreign nationals, including corporations, cannot own real property, they can own buildings or other structures and lease the land beneath on a long-term basis.

Intellectual Property Rights

Intellectual property rights (IPR) in the FSM are nominally protected and the country is a member state of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).  The country is not listed in the USTR Special 301 Report, nor is it listed in the Notorious Market Report. The Embassy has not received complaints from U.S. firms regarding IPR issues, and the only U.S. corporations currently operating in FSM are United Airlines and Matson Shipping.  The only three U.S. chains present (Ace Hardware, True Value Hardware, and NAPA auto parts) are 100 percent locally owned franchises.

For additional information about national laws and points of contact at local IP offices, please see WIPO’s country profiles at http://www.wipo.int/directory/en/ .

Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment

There are no stock or commodities exchanges in the FSM.

Money and Banking System

The two commercial banks operating in the country, the Bank of Guam and the Bank of the FSM, can only make small, short-term unsecured loans because of the prohibition of using land or businesses as collateral, difficulties inherent in collecting debts, and the inability to identify collateral that can be attached and sold in the event of default.  There are no credit reporting agencies.  The Bank of the FSM is prohibited by its charter from investing in any securities not insured by the U.S. government, so the bulk of its holdings are in U.S. Treasury bonds.  The Bank of Guam operates as a deposit collector and transactions facilitator in the FSM, with most of its loans made in Guam.

The Bank of the FSM is protected from takeover by a trigger from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) that will cancel its insurance status if foreign ownership exceeds 30 percent.  Foreigners are not allowed to open accounts with the bank unless they provide proof of local residence and work permits and fulfill U.S. Treasury “know thy customer” requirements.

Money exchange companies such as Western Union operate within FSM and handle the majority of remittances.

Since most businesses are family owned, there are no shares that can be acquired for mergers, acquisitions, or hostile takeovers. The FSM enacted a secured transaction law in 2005 and established a filing office in October 2006 primarily to serve the foreign corporate registration market.

Foreign Exchange and Remittances

Foreign Exchange

The currency of the FSM remains the U.S. dollar.  The only two commercial banks operating in the country at present are the Bank of Guam and the Bank of the FSM, both FDIC insured.

Remittance Policies

There are no specific restrictions on repatriating profits from a business, except in the state of Chuuk, where an amount greater than $50,000 requires state approval.

Statistics on family-level and personal remittances are difficult to obtain, with various studies reporting figures ranging from $3 million to $14 million per year entering the FSM.  However, remittances travel into and out of the country with Micronesians working abroad and in the United States sending money to their families in the FSM, while Filipino professionals and laborers working in FSM send money to their families in the Philippines. The World Bank estimates a drop in remittances of 3.3 percent for FY2020 due to reductions in employment attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic.  It does not, however, provide monetary estimates of remittance flows.

Sovereign Wealth Funds

The FSM has no sovereign wealth fund, but the government established a national trust fund modeled on the Compact Trust Fund to provide additional government income after 2023. That fund is managed by a U.S.-based commercial fund manager.

The FSM has established state monopolies and maintains state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in the areas of fuel distribution, telecommunications, and copra production.  These companies are Vital Energy (the parent of FSM Petroleum Corporation, FSMPC), the FSM Telecommunications Corporation, the FSM Telecommunications Cable Corporation, and the FSM Coconut Development Authority, which was folded into Vital Energy in 2014.  Legislation passed in 2016 opened the telecom market to private companies to qualify for World Bank funding for broadband development, including a submarine fiber optic cable to Yap and Palau.  Other prominent SOEs include the National Fisheries Corporation, the FSM Development Bank, the College of Micronesia, and Caroline Islands Air, Inc.

FSM does not currently adhere to the convention on the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines on corporate governance of SOEs.

Privatization Program

There is currently no privatization program in the FSM.

There is little awareness or definition of responsible business conduct (RBC) in the FSM.  However, most local businesses are small and generally responsive to the community in which they operate.  The two U.S.-based companies in the FSM generally follow RBC principles.  The host government does not promote RBC or factor it into evaluations for public contracts, nor does the country adhere to the convention on OECD guidelines for multinational enterprises.

Additional Resources

Department of State

• Country Reports on Human Rights Practices;
• Trafficking in Persons Report;
• Guidance on Implementing the “UN Guiding Principles” for Transactions Linked to Foreign Government End-Users for Products or Services with Surveillance Capabilities;
• U.S. National Contact Point for the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; and;
• Xinjiang Supply Chain Business Advisory 

Department of the Treasury

• OFAC Recent Actions

Department of Labor

• Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor Report;
• List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor;
• Sweat & Toil: Child Labor, Forced Labor, and Human Trafficking Around the World and;
• Comply Chain.

Climate Issues

The FSM Climate Change Policy Assessment (CCPA) takes stock of the Federated States of Micronesia’s climate response plans, from the perspective of their macroeconomic and fiscal implications.  CCPA explores the possible impact of climate change and natural disasters and the cost of FSM’s planned response.  It suggests macroeconomically relevant reforms that could strengthen the national strategy and identifies policy gaps and resource needs.  FSM has made progress toward its Nationally Determined Contribution mitigation pledge by beginning to expand renewable power generation and improve its efficiency. The authorities plan to continue this and encourage the take-up of energy efficient building design and appliances. Accelerating adaptation investments is paramount, which requires addressing critical capacity constraints and increasing grant financing.  It is recommended that FSM needs to increase its capacity to address natural disaster risks following the expiry of Compact-related assistance in 2023.  It is advised to improve climate data collection and use, including on the costs of high and low intensity disasters and disaster response expenditure.

The FSM government has not introduced any policies to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 as the FSM is a negligible contributor to global emissions.  Hence, there are no regulatory incentives that target mitigation.  Public procurement policies are focused on adaptation and climate resilience, namely reducing and responding to climate-induced natural disasters.  Sea level rise and increased salinity in ground water has already begun to affect agricultural production on the country’s more remote outer islands.

Accelerating adaptation investments is paramount, which requires addressing critical capacity

constraints and increasing grant financing.  FSM’s overall planning for adaptation is fragmented

and individual sectoral projects include varying levels of adaptation measures.  Progress has been hindered by capacity constraints, particularly in investment project execution at the state level.  However, FSM has a financing gap of $400–500 million over the next 15 years between its ambitious climate change investment plans and currently available grant funding.

The FSM has laws prohibiting corruption and there are penalties for corrupt acts.  The National Office of the Public Auditor, with support from the Department of Justice, is the entity most active in anti-corruption activities.  Several senior ex-FSM Government officials were convicted of corruption under the FSM Financial Management Act, usually involving procurement fraud.  An FSM government transportation official pled guilty April 3, 2019, in U.S. District Court to conspiring to launder bribe money he accepted from a U.S.-citizen president of a Honolulu civil engineering company.  The official was then-FSM President Christian’s son-in-law who served 18 months in prison in the United States and was subsequently deported back to the FSM in 2021.  Corruption is not a predicate offense under the money laundering statute.  Bribery is punishable by imprisonment for not more than 10 years in addition to disqualification from holding any government position.  Traditional custom permits a lawbreaker to ask and receive forgiveness by paying a fine to those victimized.  Given many FSM national, state, and municipal government officials also own businesses, there exists significant potential for conflicts of interest.

The degree to which government officials accept direct bribes is unknown but believed to be commonplace, especially deriving from state actors.  Pohnpei State and Yap State are currently prosecuting corruption cases. The Yap State governor and lieutenant governor reported receiving cash envelopes in inauguration presents which they promptly handed to Yap State’s Acting Attorney General who conducted an investigation.  The FSM has not signed or ratified the UN Convention on Corruption or the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery.

Resources to Report Corruption

The FSM has no government agency specifically assigned with responsibility for combatting corruption.  State prosecutors are the usual avenue for prosecuting corruption, with several cases brought to trial in the last few years, especially in Pohnpei State.  The Public Auditor highlighted irregularities but relies on government prosecutors for enforcement capability. The Department of Justice in prior years prosecuted cases, but activity in this area recently has been varied; Pohnpei State and Yap State have been more active.

The principal contact for these types of cases is:

Joses Gallen
Attorney General, FSM Department of Justice
Palikir, Pohnpei
+691-320-2608
jrg.fsm@gmail.com 

There are no non-governmental “watchdog” organizations in the FSM that monitor corruption.

FSM enjoys a stable, democratic form of government with no history of civil or political strife. The islands became part of a UN Trust Territory under U.S. administration following World War II, after periods of Spanish, German, and Japanese control.  In 1979, the islands adopted a constitution, formally becoming the Federated States of Micronesia.  Independence came in 1986 under a Compact of Free Association with the United States that was amended and renewed in 2004 and portions related to financial assistance currently are being renegotiated.  Under this agreement, the U.S. Government guarantees the FSM’s external security.

The country’s last presidential election was held in March 2019, in which incumbent Peter Christian lost his bid for a second term to current President David W. Panuelo.  The population’s main concerns during the campaign season were related to the high unemployment rate, depletion of marine resources from overfishing, corruption, and a reliance on foreign aid.

Wages in FSM are low with minimum wage laws for government employees in all states and the federal government.  Only Pohnpei has a minimum wage for the private sector at $1.75 per hour.  However, employers report that they cannot hire employees for less than $3.00 per hour.  Employment in the public sector is preferred because the wages are significantly higher.  The minimum hourly wage for employment with the national government was $2.65.  The minimum hourly wage for government workers in the individual states was: Pohnpei $2.00, Chuuk $1.25, Kosrae $1.42 and Yap $1.60.  The FSM’s minimum wage was last adjusted January 1, 2015.

There are no laws regulating hours of work (although a 40-hour work week is standard practice, with 32 hours standard in Kosrae State), nor are there enforceable standards of occupational safety and health.  While there was one federal regulation that required that employers provide a safe workplace, neither the Department of Health nor the Environmental Protection Agency has enforcement capability, resulting in varying working conditions.  There is no law for either the public or private sector that permits workers to remove themselves from dangerous work situations without jeopardizing their continued employment.

Skilled labor in FSM is limited, with few FSM citizens trained to perform tasks of any technical nature.  Foreign workers, primarily Filipinos, are typically hired to fill roles requiring technical skills. In September 2018, after having banned all Filipino workers from working in the FSM in mid-2018, the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs revised its deployment ban on Philippine labor coming to the FSM to ban only new recruits, exempting the 2,000 Filipino workers already in country.  Philippine overseas foreign workers were FSM’s main source for educated and skilled labor but, with the ban in place, this pool can no longer be replenished.

A labor dispute at a privately run hospital in Pohnpei led to the dismissal or resignation of several doctors and surgeons, all from the Philippines.  As a result, service hours were cut and capacities are in doubt. The hospital is one of the embassy’s preferred medical providers, as the island’s only other hospital did not meet hygienic standards, although the medical care itself was generally adequate for non-specialized treatment.  Likewise, wage disputes in Yap state resulted in the mass resignation of 40 doctors and nurses from the Yap State Hospital, triggering a state of emergency and frantic search for replacement medical personnel.

Most doctors, nurses, accountants, lawyers, engineers, construction foremen, and heavy equipment operators are overseas workers from the Philippines.

The FSM has no collective bargaining or strikes.  Unemployment is high, and workers are easily replaced.  There is no child labor, except in small family businesses.  Occupational safety and health standards are low.

N/A

Table 3: Sources and Destination of FDI
Data not available.

Table 4: Sources of Portfolio Investment
Data not available.

Frank Talluto
Economic/Consular Officer
1286 U.S. Embassy Place, Kolonia, Pohnpei 96941
+691 320-2187
TallutoFP@state.gov