U.S. Center at COP28 Schedule 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of State 

Climate impacts on human health are regionally distinct.  This panel will examine how the United States approaches climate-health a) within regions of the United States and b) in coordination with regional entities around the world, including in pan-African and pan-Pacific contexts. The event will also identify key avenues for expanded regional cooperation on climate-health moving forward.  

U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of State, and International Institute for Sustainable Development 

Climate change can act as a significant and rapidly growing challenge to stability, and many of the world’s most fragile and conflict-affected countries are in regions that are also most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.  Given this reality, conflict and peacebuilding communities globally have recently initiated the integration of climate considerations into policy and programming; similarly, the global climate community has begun to incorporate conflict sensitivity and considerations of fragility more generally into its work. This event will bring together a diverse panel to discuss approaches integrating conflict and climate sensitivities into climate adaptation and peacebuilding, early warning data for policy and decision-making, and the importance of international and local partnerships to address this cross-cutting issue. 

U.S. Department of State

The U.S. State Department, The Rockefeller Foundation, and the Bezos Earth Fund will present the Energy Transition Accelerator (ETA), an innovative high-integrity carbon crediting initiative aimed at catalyzing private capital to support ambitious just energy transition strategies in developing countries.  The ETA will help participating countries speed their transition from fossil fuel to clean power and achieve their nationally determined contributions.  The ETA partners will be joined by senior representatives of countries and companies expressing their interest in participating in the ETA.  

Learn about the U.S. Center Exhibits here.

A talk with NASA Earth Science Division Director Dr. Karen St. Germain.

Assistant Secretary Julieta Valls Noyes will talk to ICRC Director General Robert Mardini to discuss the ways in which climate change impacts mobility and to highlight shared priorities for addressing climate change and human mobility in the context of conflict situations. 

U.S. International Development Finance Corporation and ClimateWorks Foundation 

In support of the President’s Emergency Plan for Adaptation and Resilience (PREPARE), the U.S. government, philanthropic organizations, and the private sector are working together to mobilize additional financing for small businesses addressing climate adaptation and resilience in developing countries around the world. This event will explore the unique tools and experiences different financial actors bring to international climate adaptation work, what has been successful to date, and where to go from here. Participants will learn about new tools and partnership ideas that will help the United States and our partners build a pipeline of bankable adaptation projects.

Learn about the U.S. Center Exhibits here.

U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Energy, and U.S. Department of State 

This panel discussion will highlight U.S. commitments and concrete actions to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement by supporting methane emission reductions in the oil and gas sector. High level officials from across the U.S. government and a leading global environmental nongovernmental organization will announce new developments and actions they are taking in the U.S. and globally to reduce methane emissions.

U.S. Agency for International Development and U.S. Department of State 

The Blended Finance for the Energy Transition (BFET) program is competitively awarding funding to private sector-led blended finance structures. With catalytic co-funding from the Government of Denmark, and engagement by DFC, BFET aims to mobilize over $1 billion of capital to accelerate emerging markets’ just energy transition efforts and limit global average temperature rise to 1.5°C. U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate John Kerry will be joined by Minister of Foreign Affairs for Denmark Lars Løkke Rasmussen, and Secretary of State Jochen Flasbarth to announce the winners of the BFET competitive award process. The event, including the panel discussion following high-level remarks, will showcase how innovative blended finance structures—and collaborative efforts to support them—can help catalyze investment in emerging and developing economies.

Learn about the U.S. Center Exhibits here.

U.S. Department of State 

Women, girls, gender-diverse persons, and other marginalized populations play a critical role in addressing the climate crisis —a fact that is reflected in the new United States Strategy to Respond to the Effects of Climate Change on Women and the National Strategy on Gender Equity and Equality.  This session will connect COP28’s gender and finance themes by showcasing the U.S. commitment to: (1) address disproportionate impacts of the effects of climate change on women and girls; and (2) empower women and girls as leaders in addressing climate change.  The U.S. government is making a series of commitments at COP28, including new deliverables under the Women in the Sustainable Economy (WISE) Initiative.  This session will feature announcements from WISE partners and young women’s inspirational efforts to advance climate action.  

Learn about the U.S. Center Exhibits here.

U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Office of Management and Budget

A White House Office of Management and Budget official and partner finance ministers will discuss whole-of-government approaches to integrating climate considerations into the budget and policy process. Panelists will highlight the successes and challenges their nations have experienced in tackling the climate crisis. 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NASA, EPA, NOAA, and NIST will discuss its their initiatives to demonstrate prototype capabilities that contribute to high quality data and information to support reductions in GHG emissions, with a preliminary focus on methane and carbon dioxide.

U.S. International Development Finance Corporation 

The United States is focused on deploying innovative finance models in developing countries as part of the President’s Emergency Plan for Adaptation and Resilience (PREPARE) effort to bolster adaptation and resilience to the climate crisis. This session will discuss how governments and development finance institutions can be central to advancing development in emerging markets. Highlighting their shared work on debt conversions as key examples, the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) and The Nature Conservancy (TNC) will speak toward transformative partnerships to unlock the power of innovative finance tools. Together, DFC and TNC will provide updates on nature-based solutions that continue to grow in scope and enhance efforts toward climate resilience, disaster mitigation, and—in certain instances—relieve debt distress in partner countries. 

United Airlines and U.S. Department of Labor 

The United States, through measures such as the bipartisan Inflation Reduction Act, is committed to promoting job quality, access, and equity as it takes decisive action to address climate change.  This session will highlight how such policy frameworks enable a just transition including through public-private partnerships – in areas such as establishing apprenticeships, investing in communities, developing skills-based hiring approaches, and sharing best practices. These approaches are essential to developing the diverse and inclusive workforce needed to lead the deployment of low-carbon technologies in hard-to-abate sectors. 

U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S. Trade and Development Agency, and Investor Leadership Network

The session will announce the creation of a strategic partnership between U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) and an institutional investor consortium that will work together over the next three years to accelerate pension fund and institutional investments in emerging and developing economies in the critical areas of energy transition and sustainable infrastructure. Principals from ILN, ILN-member financial institutions, U.S. Treasury, and USTDA will discuss concrete steps being taken to increase financing for transformational infrastructure development in emerging economies and highlight the important role that project preparation can play in structuring bankable, investment-ready infrastructure projects to accelerate the energy transition and increase resilience to climate change.

The Millennium Challenge Corporation  

Since 2015, the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) has partnered with 22 countries to develop and implement $3.7 billion of climate related programs, directly funding climate programs prioritized by our country partners while also working with them to ensure the right financial and policy reforms are undertaken to build the enabling environment required to catalyze additional private sector investments.   This event will highlight how five of MCC’s country partners have seen the benefits of this approach firsthand: receiving a total of $2 billion in Compact Program funding – of which $1.2 billion (or roughly 60%) was dedicated to climate related programs, and then leveraged those programs to catalyze substantial additional private sector investment.  In this session, MCC’s CEO Alice Albright will highlight how this was achieved, hosting Government Ministers from Morocco, Benin, Indonesia, Nepal, and Mozambique as they share their unique perspectives on the benefits of this approach. 

Learn about the U.S. Center Exhibits here.

A talk with NASA Earth Science Division Director Dr. Karen St. Germain.

U.S. Department of Transportation Deputy Assistant Secretary Ann Shikany and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary Solomon Greene will discuss the most urgent issues when it comes to decarbonizing the transportation sector through mobility and housing solutions.

NDN Collective 

What does it mean for governments, philanthropy and the private sector to give Indigenous Peoples the autonomy to pursue the building of a better world, informed by practices and cultures of justice, care and trust? In this session, we unpack how NDN Collective is addressing extractive finance systems in government and philanthropy while paving a just and equitable path for impact investment, climate finance and grant making. We will also discuss how policies such as Justice 40 and 30×30 can be strengthened when connected to justice-based climate finance that supports the self-determination of Indigenous Peoples and frontline communities across all ecosystems. 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Successful public research and development (R&D) investments have created pathways toward massive decarbonization, but deployment still lags behind technical potential. The United States’ Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) coupled with the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) are supporting game-changing, new ways to commercialize technologies, such as revenue backstops and advanced market commitments, that are creating an environment for the private sector to act as a force multiplier – turning billions in public investment into trillions of private sector investment for the clean energy transition.

This session will bring together leaders in climate investment, energy markets, and energy policy to discuss how we are partnering to unlock abundant and affordable, global clean energy solutions.

U.S. Department of State

The next generation of advanced nuclear technologies, including small modular reactors (SMRs), can provide safe, reliable, and affordable clean energy to the grid and help decarbonize hard to abate industrial activities. This event will highlight new U.S. government tools that will jump start the deployment of advanced nuclear energy and support our partners’ climate and energy security goals. It will feature announcements from EXIM Chair Reta Jo Lewis and Under Secretary of State Bonnie Jenkins, the perspectives of new entrants considering nuclear energy for their countries, and the private actors helping shape the future of nuclear power.

U.S. Department of Transportation 

This event will showcase the United States’ commitment to inclusive, innovative, and ambitious maritime decarbonization with a focus on ports, which are key economic drivers and sources of greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants. A senior official from the United States Department of Transportation will provide opening remarks presenting a strategic vision for decarbonizing marine ports, focusing on actions and opportunities in the U.S. A moderated panel will then discuss strategies and key areas for port decarbonization, which may include topics on sustainable fuels and workforce. The event will focus on the U.S., but in the context of the global agenda for maritime decarbonization.

U.S. Agency for International Development 

Recent analysis by the UNFCCC suggests that developing countries require at least $6 trillion in finance to address the climate crisis. While public climate finance has fallen short of this goal to date, support is also not adequately reaching the countries and communities most vulnerable to climate risks and impacts. Estimates suggest that only 10% of climate finance reaches local levels. This panel will bring together key government and private sector stakeholders to discuss approaches that are answering the call for much needed finance such as increasing local and direct access to new institutional capital, leveraging donor capital and capacity support, including through the new Green Guarantee Company (GGC), and other approaches to mobilizing and localizing investments, including through the elevation of the Principles for Locally Led Adaptation.

Export-Import Bank of the United States, International Trade Administration, and U.S. Trade and Development Agency 

The United States is a global leader in innovation, commercialization, and the development of solutions that can sustainably, efficiently, and reliably support global climate goals. U.S. companies are not only deploying these solutions at home but are also utilizing them to advance the climate goals of our trading partners. This session will highlight how U.S. companies and the U.S. government partner to deploy clean energy solutions to meet energy access, energy security, and climate goals in developing markets. The session will also discuss U.S. government project development tools, including export finance, available to U.S. companies that facilitate these transactions.

Learn about the U.S. Center Exhibits here.

A talk with NASA Chief Scientist Dr. Kate Calvin and the U.S. Department of Transportation.

U.S. Department of Energy 

Global energy leaders will discuss how Net Zero World, the flagship U.S. initiative to decarbonize the economies of key partner countries, is delivering on its climate ambitions and helping to keep the 1.5-degree goal within reach. The event will focus on the achievements of the initiative since its launch at COP26 and new work to help partner countries reach their climate and clean energy goals.

U.S. Department of State and U.S. Agency for International Development 

Our planet is already 1.1 degrees Celsius warmer on average than it was a century ago, resulting in unprecedented impacts, with more warming to come. There has never been a greater need for the innovations, technologies, services and finance instruments at scale that the private sector can mobilize in support of resilient infrastructure, water, health, and food security. As part of the implementation of the President’s Emergency Plan for Adaptation and Resilience (PREPARE), this event will introduce a new cohort of companies responding to the Call to Action to the Private Sector and showcase how key private sector actors are taking bold action in support of climate-vulnerable communities. It will include a discussion of how the private sector can collaborate with organizations and communities at the local level.

U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Department of Transportation, and U.S. Department of State 

Research shows that over half the actions that need to be taken to tackle the climate crisis must be led by or involve local governments. This event, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), will discuss the U.S. Government’s domestic and international efforts to empower local governments to provide a low-carbon, climate-resilient future for their citizens. USDOT and USAID leadership will open the event with a fireside chat on how subnational climate actions are advancing President Biden’s Emergency Plan for Adaptation and Resilience (PREPARE) and national mitigation goals, followed by a moderated panel discussion that includes mayors from around the world. The panel will respond to questions on how subnational governments have worked towards achieving local climate objectives, including through innovative policy approaches and effective resource mobilization.

U.S. Department of State

This event will highlight the progress that has been in hard-to-abate sectors within the United States. Conversation will highlight not only how major legislation has pushed forward industry, but also how the demand signal set by the First Movers Coalition is pushing forward projects, highlighting how top corporations who have made ambitious demand signals are progressing forward.

U.S. Department of State 

The Department of State with founding and future partners of the Coalition for Climate Entrepreneurship (CCE) partnership (launched at COP26) will hold their second pitch competition at COP. This year, CCE will showcase women climate entrepreneurs with early-stage solutions ready to scale. The CCE pitch competition hosted at the U.S. Center during COP is an avenue to highlight climate entrepreneurs as well as to showcase USG commitment to identifying and implementing climate solutions.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, White House Council on Environmental Quality, Smithsonian Institution, U.S. Department of the Interior, and U.S. Agency for International Development 

This session will feature young people sharing powerful personal experiences with leaders from departments and agencies in order to listen, learn, and brainstorm together — reversing the typical roles of “speaker” and “listener” and elevating youth perspectives. The discussion will center around ocean justice, climate literacy, and other topics important to youth, and feature announcements from the Biden-Harris Administration.

A talk with NASA Senior Research Scientist Dr. Wenying Su.

Grace Sanke, 2023 Miss America winner, will discuss nuclear energy and women in STEM.

Learn about the U.S. Center Exhibits here.

A talk with NASA Associate Program Manager Laura Rogers.

The Aspen Institute, International Union for Conservation of Nature, The Ocean Foundation, Searious Business, and U.S. Department of State 

Plastic pollution is a global crisis which transcends national boundaries, affecting our natural world and its biodiversity. To protect the health of our planet and its inhabitants, we must act now to end plastic pollution. EPPIC is a new public-private partnership hosted by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature with partners the Aspen Institute, The Ocean Foundation, and Searious Business, in partnership with the U.S. Department of State. EPPIC seeks to galvanize global action on plastic pollution by supporting projects around the world to make the full lifecycle of plastic more sustainable and convene stakeholders to create opportunities that no single philanthropy, NGO, company, or national government could create on its own. 

White House Council on Environmental Quality and Office of the Federal Chief Sustainability Officer 

The Net-Zero Government Initiative commits governments to achieve net-zero emissions from national government operations by no later than 2050 and deliver roadmaps that outline the pathway for achieving this commitment. By joining the Initiative, countries demonstrate the critical role of governments to lead by example in catalyzing economy-wide climate actions and supporting their countries’ achievement of broader climate targets. This event will showcase Roadmaps that outline country-specific pathways for achieving net-zero emissions from government operations and announce new countries that have joined the Initiative since COP27. 

U.S. Department of State and the Global Methane Hub

Satellite observations have helped show that real-world methane emissions are higher than self-reported. Next year new satellites will supercharge our capacity to detect emissions. The UN Environment Programme’s International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO) has shown how effective the Methane Alert Response System can be in detecting and repairing leaks in the oil and gas sector. This session will address the challenges of turning data into action, and contribute to urgent methane mitigation, and provide transparency and integrity to mitigation commitments.

U.S. Department of State, C40 Cities, and the Aspen Institute

Since its launch at COP27 in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, the Biden/Harris Administration’s Green Shipping Challenge has spurred cross-value chain action toward ensuring the maritime shipping sector is on a Paris-aligned trajectory. This panel will feature representatives from across the maritime shipping value chain speaking to the role of first mover efforts and ambitious policy action to drive the sector toward a zero-emission future.

U.S. Department of State and U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Launched at COP26, the Agriculture Innovation Mission for Climate (AIM for Climate) is a joint initiative launched by the United States and the United Arab Emirates that with the support of over 500 partners has mobilized new investments in climate-smart agriculture and food systems innovation to enable as many solutions as possible at the intersection of food security and climate change. 

Molly E. Hellmuth of Winrock International and Farhan H. Akhtar of the U.S.  Department of State will discuss the findings of the International Chapter of the Fifth National Climate Assessment. The chapter focuses on interdependent risks, national security, economics, and sustainable development. Audience questions are welcome. 

A talk with NASA Chief Scientist Dr. Kate Calvin, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Under Secretary for Research, Education, and Economics and Chief Scientist Chavonda Jacobs Young.

U.S. Department of State and Children and Youth Pavilion 

This dynamic session, hosted at the US Center in partnership with the Children and Youth Pavilion, is dedicated to fostering collaboration and dialogue among young leaders from across the North American region. Designed as an interactive and inclusive space, this networking session provides a relaxed environment for youth to engage with the U.S. delegation, share ideas, discuss regional concerns, and showcase their creative initiatives with the goal of empowering youth in shaping solutions to climate-related challenges. 

A talk with NASA Associate Program Manager Laura Rogers.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

The International Partnership on MPAs, Biodiversity and Climate Change was an outcome from COP25 to provide leadership and international scientific collaboration to advance the role marine protected areas (MPAs) play in conserving biodiversity and mitigating and addressing climate change. This event will speak to the importance of international collaboration on ocean nature-based solutions to address climate change and announce deliverables that advance the understanding of the role MPAs play.

Federal Emergency Management Agency, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, U.S. Agency for International Development, and U.S. Department of the Interior 

Harnessing the power of nature-based solutions (NbS) that support climate mitigation and adaptation, reverse biodiversity loss, and produce social, economic, and environmental benefits is a growing priority for the international community.  

The United States, through domestic action and via the President’s Emergency Plan for Adaptation and Resilience (PREPARE), is leaning forward in partnership with international stakeholders to accelerate the implementation of whole-community approaches to NbS.  

This session will raise NbS ambition, celebrate whole-community successes, and expand knowledge on NbS, while highlighting current and planned NbS initiatives and investments that contribute to building a resilient future for communities in the United States and abroad.

White House Council on Environmental Quality and U.S. Department of the Interior 

To address the interrelated climate and biodiversity crises, the Biden-Harris Administration launched, in 2021, the America the Beautiful initiative, a decade-long campaign to conserve and restore our nation’s lands and waters through locally led and voluntary conservation efforts.  The cornerstone of this initiative is President Biden’s national conservation goal to conserve and restore at least 30 percent of American lands and waters by 2030; recently, governments across the globe collectively committed to an international version of this goal. In this session, leaders will showcase U.S. leadership and whole-of-government-and-society progress toward the goal and offer an update on the new American Conservation and Stewardship Atlas.

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

USDA is partnering with rural America to transform agriculture, address climate change, and expand markets, including through once-in-a-generation investments like the Biden-Harris Administration’s Inflation Reduction Act that supports rural communities and their infrastructure needs, while responding and adapting to the climate crisis. Partnerships are at the core of USDA’s voluntary, incentive-based approach to reducing emissions from the agriculture and forest sectors – partnerships with agricultural producers, industry, farm associations, non-governmental organizations, businesses, academia, and communities. Over the past year,  USDA has collaborated with a wide range of partners to advance its climate-smart agriculture and forestry  strategy, including through the Partnerships for Climate-Smart Commodities funding opportunity to create new  market opportunities for climate-smart commodities, through new investments in the science, data,  infrastructure and technology to support improved measurement, monitoring, reporting and verification  (MMRV) of emissions in the sector, and through increased assistance to support farmers, ranchers, and private  forest landowners in reducing GHG emissions and to make clean, affordable, and reliable energy accessible to  rural America through historical investments from the Inflation Reduction Act. This event will bring together key partners to discuss the critical roles they play in the collaborative effort to scale up climate-smart agriculture and forestry and meet U.S. agriculture’s climate commitments—all while creating new revenue opportunities for farmers, ranchers, forested landowners, and rural communities as they continue to produce the food, feed and fiber required to meet food security needs in the U.S. and around the world. 

U.S. Senate Congressional Delegation

A cohort of U.S. Senators will speak at this event on Congress’s accomplishments to advance U.S. climate commitments; what opportunities and challenges are ahead for the remainder of the 118th Congress; and what should Congress prioritize in the years ahead to ensure a lasting U.S. commitment to addressing the climate crisis. The represented Senators are some of the Senate’s fiercest climate champions who have fought for decades to advance comprehensive U.S. climate action. They’ve experienced both the high and lows of this ongoing effort and share their perspectives on Congress’s achievements and how we build on these successes.

A conversation between Peace Corps Senior Climate Advisor Alexandra Sutton Lawrence and Peace Corps Associate Director Scott Beale discussing the challenges and opportunities of advancing climate adaptation globally – including the role of innovation, collaboration, and inclusion. 

A talk with NASA Senior Research Scientist Dr. Wenying Su.

Learn about the U.S. Center Exhibits here.

A talk with NASA Associate Program Manager Laura Rogers.

American Geophysical Union, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, U.S. Agency for International Development, and U.S. Global Change Research Program 

The United States is a leader in developing and delivering actionable climate services, including early warning systems, for all. This session will show key examples of how U.S. investments in early warning systems and climate information services are helping communities in adaptation, mitigation, and resilience efforts across multiple scales and sectors. This panel will highlight partnerships and international collaborations on climate services that advance locally-tailored, decision-relevant approaches.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Department of State, and U.S. International Development Finance Corporation 

Most people will first experience climate impacts through water, making water security a key component in combatting the climate crisis that truly puts nature, people, lives, and livelihoods at the heart of climate action. USG principals will provide concrete examples of water interventions directly leading to improved adaptation and mitigation efforts and make specific recommendations for action by highlighting U.S. programs and deliverables on water globally. Highlighting applications and implementation of the White House Action Plan on Global Water Security and the U.S. Global Water Strategy, this event will emphasize the vital role fresh water plays in adaptation and mitigation as well as the unique and cross-cutting role water plays in agriculture, food security, infrastructure, early warning systems, scientific modeling, and biodiversity and nature through multilevel action.

Conservative Climate Foundation 

This event will highlight how the Energy and Commerce Committee is working to advance a new era of innovation and American leadership to reduce emissions, bolster energy security, and raise people’s standard of living. 

International Trade Centre 

Small businesses, particularly those led by women, young people, and indigenous communities bear the brunt of climate change impacts, necessitating a just transition.  This panel will delve into how trade can play a pivotal role in fostering an inclusive and equitable transition aligned with the Paris Agreement’s goals, fostering social, economic and environmental benefits.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory on behalf of the Global Climate Action Partnership 

This event will showcase ambitious climate action leadership by countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean in accelerating resilient, just and inclusive net-zero transitions. The event will demonstrate the power of collaboration to advance NCDs and LTS goals via robust regional communities of practice and leadership groups on clean energy, clean mobility, and sustainable livestock practices. It will also present the Global Climate Action Partnership activities and services available to all climate practitioners around the world. 

Stay tuned for event description! 

A talk with NASA Senior Research Scientist Dr. Wenying Su.

Learn about the U.S. Center Exhibits here.

A talk with NASA Associate Program Manager Laura Rogers.

U.S. Department of State 

Today’s innovation is the seed of tomorrow’s climate solutions. The IEA estimates that 35 percent of the emissions reductions needed to reach net zero will come from technologies that are not fully commercialized. Although this number has declined from 50 percent in 2021, continued innovation is critical, with the public sector and private sector working together. This panel will feature a conversation with the developers of these much-needed climate solutions. They are at different stages of development and addresses different aspects of the climate crisis, but have in common recent, tangible developments in the commercialization and deployment of their technology.